Article(id=1242175005488939600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240463, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722009600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730476800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-02, onlineDate=1774087199803, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087199803, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087199803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087199803, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=362, endPage=370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175006944363145, articleId=1242175005488939600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of nutrient restriction on growth and triterpene synthesis of Inonotus obliquus, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Carbon and nitrogen sources play an important role in providing the energy required for fungal growth and increasing secondary metabolite production. This study aims to investigate the effects of carbon and nitrogen restriction on the growth of Inonotus obliquus and the production of triterpenoid secondary metabolites. [Methods] l-glutamine and d-anhydrous glucose were used as the nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. A nutrient-sufficient medium (0.877 g/L l-glutamine and 20.000 g/L of d-anhydrous glucose) served as the control group (CK). The experimental groups included a nitrogen-limited medium (N-L) with 0.044 g/L l-glutamine and a carbon-limited medium (C-L) with 2.000 g/L d-anhydrous glucose. In the plate experiment, inoculated plates were incubated at 28 ℃ in a constant temperature incubator, and colony diameters were measured and recorded daily. In the shake flask fermentation experiment, samples were collected on the 5th and 10th days to measure biomass, triterpene content, and the expression levels of triterpene synthesis-related genes. [Results] The plate experiment showed that the C-L group had the fastest mycelium extension, but the mycelium was sparse, and the aging was greatly delayed. The N-L group exhibited faster mycelium extension than the CK group but slower than the C-L group, with the fastest mycelium aging. The shake flask fermentation results showed that the N-L group had the highest biomass. qPCR results demonstrated an upregulation trend in most triterpenoid synthase genes under C-L and N-L conditions. GC-MS analysis revealed that both lanosterol and inotodiol content increased in the C-L and N-L groups compared to the CK group. [Conclusion] Nutritional restriction conditions stimulate the accumulation of triterpenes in I. obliquus.

, correspAuthors=Xiaoying CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CAO Xiaoying, Tel: +86-516-83656598, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Limei ZENG, Qiao LIU, Hui WU, Mengyuan YANG, Shujia CAO, Xuqin YANG, Jihong JIANG, Xiaoying CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175011113501485, articleId=1242175005488939600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=营养限制对桦褐孔菌生长及三萜合成的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】碳源和氮源在提供真菌所需的能量和增加次级产物代谢方面具有重要的作用。本研究旨在确认碳、氮限制对桦褐孔菌生长及三萜类次级代谢产物生产的影响。【方法】以L-谷氨酰胺和D-无水葡萄糖分别作为氮源和碳源,以营养充足培养基(0.877 g/L L-谷氨酰胺,20.000 g/L无水葡萄糖)作为对照组,实验组分为添加0.044 g/L L-谷氨酰胺的N元素限制培养基(N-L)和添加2.000 g/L无水葡萄糖的C元素限制培养基(C-L)。平板实验中,接种后的平板置于28 ℃恒温培养箱培养,每天测量并记录其菌落直径。摇瓶发酵实验中,摇瓶接种后分别于5 d和10 d收样,测定生物量、三萜含量及三萜合成相关基因的表达量。【结果】平板实验结果显示,C-L组菌丝延伸速度最快,但菌丝稀疏,菌丝的老化速度也得到较大延缓,N-L组菌丝延伸速度较CK组快但低于C-L组,菌丝老化速度最快;摇瓶发酵实验结果显示,N-L组生物量最高;RT-qPCR结果显示,C-L和N-L条件下,多数三萜类合成酶基因出现上调趋势;GC-MS结果显示,与CK组相比,C-L和N-L组中羊毛甾醇以及桦褐孔菌醇含量均有所上升。【结论】营养限制条件下会刺激桦褐孔菌三萜类化合物的积累。

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Natural triterpenoids for the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a review Natural Product Communications 2016,11(10):1579-1586., articleTitle=Natural triterpenoids for the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300012227149909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, doi=10.1007/s11418-016-1002-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=70, issue=4, pageStart=721, pageEnd=730, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Natural Medicines, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO FQ, XIA GY, CHEN LX, ZHAO JL, XIE ZF, QIU F, HAN G. 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Influences of mineral element deficiency on the mycelial growth rate and colonial morphology of Pleurotus ostreatus Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 1995,15(2):149-153 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Influences of mineral element deficiency on the mycelial growth rate and colonial morphology of Pleurotus ostreatus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300014584348904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, doi=10.1128/EC.00351-07, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=7, issue=2, pageStart=187, pageEnd=201, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=Eukaryotic Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TEICHERT S, RUTHERFORD JC, WOTTAWA M, HEITMAN J, TUDZYNSKI B. Impact of ammonium permeases mepA, mepB, and mepC on nitrogen-regulated secondary metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi Eukaryotic Cell 2008,7(2):187-201., articleTitle=Impact of ammonium permeases mepA, mepB, and mepC on nitrogen-regulated secondary metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300014701789423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, doi=10.1128/EC.00039-06, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=5, issue=10, pageStart=1807, pageEnd=1819, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=Eukaryotic Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TEICHERT S, WOTTAWA M, SCHÖNIG B, TUDZYNSKI B. Role of the Fusarium fujikuroi TOR kinase in nitrogen regulation and secondary metabolism Eukaryotic Cell 2006,5(10):1807-1819., articleTitle=Role of the Fusarium fujikuroi TOR kinase in nitrogen regulation and secondary metabolism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300014827618551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, doi=10.1128/AEM.02211-09, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=76, issue=8, pageStart=2633, pageEnd=2640, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=Applied and Environmental Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TEICHMANN B, LIU LD, SCHINK KO, BÖLKER M. Activation of the ustilagic acid biosynthesis gene cluster in Ustilago maydis by the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor Rua1 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2010,76(8):2633-2640., articleTitle=Activation of the ustilagic acid biosynthesis gene cluster in Ustilago maydis by the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor Rua1, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300015007973632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=艾斯卡尔·艾拉提. 灵芝菌胞外多糖生物合成的氮源调控及其纳米微粒的应用[D]. 无锡: 江南大学博士学位论文, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300015163162888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Eschal Erati. Nitrogen source regulation of extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis by Ganoderma lucidum and application of nanoparticles[D]. Wuxi: Doctoral Dissertation of Jiangnan University, 2019 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243300008255144903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, awardId=32030072, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32030072), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243300008422917074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, awardId=32030072, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32030072), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243299999463883200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243299999472271812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, companyId=1243299999463883200, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243299999480660420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, companyId=1243299999463883200, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏师范大学 生命科学学院, 江苏省药食植物生物技术国家重点实验室(培育), 江苏 徐州 221116)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243300005222662992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The growth of mycelium in plate experiment., figureFileSmall=m+RTACQQZsaisWuQhBa4uA==, figureFileBig=Or5G6id1sa1OsX6WcdDDmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300005310743384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=CN, label=图1, caption=平板实验菌丝体生长情况  , figureFileSmall=m+RTACQQZsaisWuQhBa4uA==, figureFileBig=Or5G6id1sa1OsX6WcdDDmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300005482709865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Change of mycelial ring diameter in plate experiment. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=IJrWSLnfIJG1GalTAe5yFw==, figureFileBig=aaDoM8S93lytf9IOW3WgyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300005583373167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=CN, label=图2, caption=平板实验菌丝圈直径变化, figureFileSmall=IJrWSLnfIJG1GalTAe5yFw==, figureFileBig=aaDoM8S93lytf9IOW3WgyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300005709202294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Variation of biomass in shake flask fermentation., figureFileSmall=+pG+Ctk54RHdpL8XQBSBGQ==, figureFileBig=G2+mkUHRbvQwqzE6xZgpyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300005809865600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=CN, label=图3, caption=摇瓶发酵生物量变化, figureFileSmall=+pG+Ctk54RHdpL8XQBSBGQ==, figureFileBig=G2+mkUHRbvQwqzE6xZgpyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300005918917514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Relative expression of terpenoid synthase genes in shaken bottle fermentation. A: Relative expression of terpenoid synthase genes in shaken bottle fermentation at 5 days; B: Relative expression of terpenoid synthase genes in shaken bottle fermentation at 10 days. **: P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=HYTntEanwPrGwvvw9KqudQ==, figureFileBig=8HtFhMjXxiPHzU50fjVv6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300006032163726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=CN, label=图4, caption=摇瓶发酵萜类合成酶基因相对表达量。

A:摇瓶发酵5 d萜类合成酶基因相对表达量;B:摇瓶发酵10 d萜类合成酶基因相对表达量。

, figureFileSmall=HYTntEanwPrGwvvw9KqudQ==, figureFileBig=8HtFhMjXxiPHzU50fjVv6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300006145409947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Changes in the contents of lanosterol and inotodiol at 5 days and 10 days after shaking bottle fermentation. A: Changes in the contents of lanosterol; B: Changes in the contents of inotodiol. **: P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=Gd+qdkL+qTUpaNC+4jNSiQ==, figureFileBig=zYyIHdbtXoCaKqVe2Me0+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300006275433382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=CN, label=图5, caption=摇瓶发酵5 d、10 d羊毛甾醇、桦褐孔菌醇含量变化。

A:羊毛甾醇含量变化;B:桦褐孔菌醇含量变化。

, figureFileSmall=Gd+qdkL+qTUpaNC+4jNSiQ==, figureFileBig=zYyIHdbtXoCaKqVe2Me0+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300007860880305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers for qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名缩写
Abbreviation of gene name
基因名全称
Full name of gene
引物序列
Primer sequences (5′→3′)
SQSSqualene synthase geneF: GTTGGTCATTCGCAGGAAAC
R: GCGGTAAGAAGAAGGGAGAAG
SQESqualene epoxidase geneF: AACTCGGAGACCGATACCA
R: TCAAACGCCTCCTCCAATAC
LADLanosterol 14α-demethylase geneF: CAGTACGGAAATGACCCAATCA
R: CCTAACGCAACCACCATCTT
FPPSFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthase geneF: GCCAACTCGTCGATCTTATCA
R: GGAGTAGAACGCAGTCTTGTATAG
MVDMevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase geneF: CGGGACACGAAACTCATTCT
R: CCAAAGTCTGTCCTGCTTGA
LSSLanosterol synthase geneF: AAGGTCTGGCTGTCGATACT
R: CACCACCGATGAGGATGTAATG
18S rRNA18S rRNA geneF: CCTTGACACTACGAGGGATAAC
R: TCCATCATCAATCCCGAACAA
), ArticleFig(id=1243300007965737911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175005488939600, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

  本研究所用qPCR检测引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名缩写
Abbreviation of gene name
基因名全称
Full name of gene
引物序列
Primer sequences (5′→3′)
SQSSqualene synthase geneF: GTTGGTCATTCGCAGGAAAC
R: GCGGTAAGAAGAAGGGAGAAG
SQESqualene epoxidase geneF: AACTCGGAGACCGATACCA
R: TCAAACGCCTCCTCCAATAC
LADLanosterol 14α-demethylase geneF: CAGTACGGAAATGACCCAATCA
R: CCTAACGCAACCACCATCTT
FPPSFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthase geneF: GCCAACTCGTCGATCTTATCA
R: GGAGTAGAACGCAGTCTTGTATAG
MVDMevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase geneF: CGGGACACGAAACTCATTCT
R: CCAAAGTCTGTCCTGCTTGA
LSSLanosterol synthase geneF: AAGGTCTGGCTGTCGATACT
R: CACCACCGATGAGGATGTAATG
18S rRNA18S rRNA geneF: CCTTGACACTACGAGGGATAAC
R: TCCATCATCAATCCCGAACAA
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营养限制对桦褐孔菌生长及三萜合成的影响
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曾丽梅 , 柳巧 , 武慧 , 杨梦媛 , 曹舒佳 , 杨绪勤 , 蒋继宏 , 曹小迎 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(1): 362-370
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(1): 362-370
营养限制对桦褐孔菌生长及三萜合成的影响
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曾丽梅, 柳巧, 武慧, 杨梦媛, 曹舒佳, 杨绪勤, 蒋继宏, 曹小迎*
作者信息
  • 江苏师范大学 生命科学学院, 江苏省药食植物生物技术国家重点实验室(培育), 江苏 徐州 221116
Effects of nutrient restriction on growth and triterpene synthesis of Inonotus obliquus
Limei ZENG, Qiao LIU, Hui WU, Mengyuan YANG, Shujia CAO, Xuqin YANG, Jihong JIANG, Xiaoying CAO*
Affiliations
  • The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240463
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【目的】碳源和氮源在提供真菌所需的能量和增加次级产物代谢方面具有重要的作用。本研究旨在确认碳、氮限制对桦褐孔菌生长及三萜类次级代谢产物生产的影响。【方法】以L-谷氨酰胺和D-无水葡萄糖分别作为氮源和碳源,以营养充足培养基(0.877 g/L L-谷氨酰胺,20.000 g/L无水葡萄糖)作为对照组,实验组分为添加0.044 g/L L-谷氨酰胺的N元素限制培养基(N-L)和添加2.000 g/L无水葡萄糖的C元素限制培养基(C-L)。平板实验中,接种后的平板置于28 ℃恒温培养箱培养,每天测量并记录其菌落直径。摇瓶发酵实验中,摇瓶接种后分别于5 d和10 d收样,测定生物量、三萜含量及三萜合成相关基因的表达量。【结果】平板实验结果显示,C-L组菌丝延伸速度最快,但菌丝稀疏,菌丝的老化速度也得到较大延缓,N-L组菌丝延伸速度较CK组快但低于C-L组,菌丝老化速度最快;摇瓶发酵实验结果显示,N-L组生物量最高;RT-qPCR结果显示,C-L和N-L条件下,多数三萜类合成酶基因出现上调趋势;GC-MS结果显示,与CK组相比,C-L和N-L组中羊毛甾醇以及桦褐孔菌醇含量均有所上升。【结论】营养限制条件下会刺激桦褐孔菌三萜类化合物的积累。

桦褐孔菌  /  营养限制  /  生长  /  羊毛甾醇  /  桦褐孔菌醇

[Objective] Carbon and nitrogen sources play an important role in providing the energy required for fungal growth and increasing secondary metabolite production. This study aims to investigate the effects of carbon and nitrogen restriction on the growth of Inonotus obliquus and the production of triterpenoid secondary metabolites. [Methods] l-glutamine and d-anhydrous glucose were used as the nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. A nutrient-sufficient medium (0.877 g/L l-glutamine and 20.000 g/L of d-anhydrous glucose) served as the control group (CK). The experimental groups included a nitrogen-limited medium (N-L) with 0.044 g/L l-glutamine and a carbon-limited medium (C-L) with 2.000 g/L d-anhydrous glucose. In the plate experiment, inoculated plates were incubated at 28 ℃ in a constant temperature incubator, and colony diameters were measured and recorded daily. In the shake flask fermentation experiment, samples were collected on the 5th and 10th days to measure biomass, triterpene content, and the expression levels of triterpene synthesis-related genes. [Results] The plate experiment showed that the C-L group had the fastest mycelium extension, but the mycelium was sparse, and the aging was greatly delayed. The N-L group exhibited faster mycelium extension than the CK group but slower than the C-L group, with the fastest mycelium aging. The shake flask fermentation results showed that the N-L group had the highest biomass. qPCR results demonstrated an upregulation trend in most triterpenoid synthase genes under C-L and N-L conditions. GC-MS analysis revealed that both lanosterol and inotodiol content increased in the C-L and N-L groups compared to the CK group. [Conclusion] Nutritional restriction conditions stimulate the accumulation of triterpenes in I. obliquus.

Inonotus obliquus  /  nutritional restriction  /  growth  /  lanosterol  /  inotodiol
曾丽梅, 柳巧, 武慧, 杨梦媛, 曹舒佳, 杨绪勤, 蒋继宏, 曹小迎. 营养限制对桦褐孔菌生长及三萜合成的影响. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 362 -370 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240463
Limei ZENG, Qiao LIU, Hui WU, Mengyuan YANG, Shujia CAO, Xuqin YANG, Jihong JIANG, Xiaoying CAO. Effects of nutrient restriction on growth and triterpene synthesis of Inonotus obliquus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 362 -370 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240463
桦褐孔菌(Inonotus obliquus),俄语命名为Chaga,属于担子菌亚门层菌纲非褐菌目多孔菌科纤孔菌属,是一种生长在桦树上的寄生真菌,子实体呈深褐色瘤状,直径25−40 cm,表面分布不规则的深色沟痕,质地脆而硬[1]。桦褐孔菌主要分布在北纬40°−50°的地区,包括俄罗斯、芬兰、波兰、北美、中国、日本等地[2-3]。野生桦褐孔菌依靠吸食桦树精华来满足自身营养需求,富含多糖、萜类、多酚等多种生物活性物质[4]。作为中国6种重要的药用真菌之一[5],桦褐孔菌在抗肿瘤、抗氧化、治疗慢性炎症、降血糖等方面的研究逐年成为热点[6-10]
生物的生命活动离不开营养。碳、氮元素广泛存在于自然界中,是合成蛋白质、脂质和核酸的重要营养元素,在真菌的生长发育和代谢中发挥了至关重要的作用。真菌在缺乏碳或氮元素的逆境中,会通过产生次级代谢产物以抵御不良环境。营养限制影响真菌的次级代谢,在黄曲霉菌、构巢曲菌、灵芝等菌种中都有研究[11-13],Lian等[11]研究发现氮限制会高度诱导转录因子GCN4基因的表达,而Wang等[14]的研究表明,GCN4通过直接与GlMPC的启动子结合并激活GlMPC表达来积极调节灵芝中的氮利用,Zhao等[15]的研究表明,适当的氮限制和液体静态培养可以促进灵芝中灵芝酸的积累。真菌营养元素限制的研究主要集中在灵芝方面,而关于营养限制对桦褐孔菌生长及次级代谢产物影响的研究鲜有报道。
三萜类化合物是一种重要的次级代谢产物,广泛分布于自然界中[16],也是桦褐孔菌中有效的生物活性成分之一,在抗肿瘤、抵御癌细胞增殖方面发挥了重要的功能,因此备受研究者关注。目前仍在桦褐孔菌中持续分离出有效的三萜化合物,并验证它们的生物活性。Zhao等[17]从桦褐孔菌菌核中分离到11个羊毛甾烷类化合物,其中inonotusane D和saponaceoic acid I对鼠乳腺癌细胞及人乳腺癌细胞表现出强细胞毒性。Kim等[18]检测出桦褐孔菌菌核外围三萜化合物(包括白桦脂醇、白桦脂酸、桦褐孔菌醇和栓菌酸等)的含量及抗肿瘤增殖活性高于菌核内部。Zou等[19]从桦褐孔菌中分离出9个羊毛甾烷三萜类化合物,其中,inonotsutriol A表现出最有效的神经保护活性,可以通过抑制细胞凋亡来保护SH-SY5Y细胞免受氧化损伤。桦褐孔菌的活性三萜成分主要为羊毛脂烷型三萜类化合物,桦褐孔菌中三萜类化合物的合成包括MVA途径获得的萜类骨架的合成,随后异戊酸焦磷酸和二甲烯异戊二烯焦酸在法尼基焦磷酸合成酶(farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, FPPS)作用下生成法尼基焦磷酸,2个法尼基焦磷酸在鲨烯合酶(squalene synthase, SQS)作用下生成三萜类化合物的前体角鲨烯。角鲨烯在鲨烯环氧酶(squalene epoxidase, SQE)的作用下生成环氧鲨烯,然后羊毛甾醇合酶(lanosterol synthase, LSS)催化生成羊毛甾醇[20]。羊毛甾醇后续已经阐明的催化步骤包括在羊毛甾醇14α-去甲基酶(lanosterol 14α-demethylase, LAD)等一系列酶的催化下生成麦角甾醇等化合物,但桦褐孔菌中的羊毛甾烷类化合物的生物合成途径目前尚缺乏清晰的认识。有文献综合分析桦褐孔菌中羊毛脂烷型三萜的结构相关性及化合物含量,预测其生物合成途径,该途径以主成分羊毛甾醇为起点,在不同酶的催化作用下生成,先由不同的酶催化生成桦褐孔菌醇、3β-hydroxy-lanosta-8, 24-diene-21-al和栓菌酸后,再分别由其他酶催化生成复杂多样的次级代谢产物。因此,羊毛甾醇是合成桦褐孔菌中活性三萜类化合物的重要骨架[20-21],而桦褐孔菌醇是桦褐孔菌中最主要的抗癌活性物质[22]
本研究参考其他真菌在碳、氮限制条件下的发酵研究方法,探究碳、氮限制对桦褐孔菌的生长情况,以及对桦褐孔菌中三萜类化合物积累的影响,研究结果为后续桦褐孔菌发酵高效生产菌丝体及活性代谢产物提供参考。
桦褐孔菌菌种分离自东北长白山的野生桦褐孔菌菌核,保藏于江苏省药食植物生物技术国家重点实验室(培育)。
碳、氮源限制培养基(g/L):KH2PO4 1.000,K2HPO4 2.000,NaCl 0.200, MgSO4·7H2O 1.023,维生素B1 0.050,CaCl2 1.110,L-谷氨酰胺(氮源),D-无水葡萄糖(碳源),琼脂粉20.000 (培养基配方根据Lian等[11]稍作改进)。其中氮限制培养基(N-L) (g/L):L-谷氨酰胺0.044,D-无水葡萄糖20.000;碳限制培养基(C-L) (g/L):L-谷氨酰胺0.877,D-无水葡萄糖2.000;对照培养基(CK) (g/L):L-谷氨酰胺0.877,D-无水葡萄糖20.000。PDB培养基(g/L):葡萄糖20.000,新鲜土豆200.000;PDA培养基(g/L):葡萄糖20.000,新鲜土豆200.000,琼脂粉20.000;各配制好的培养基pH值为6.0左右,115 ℃灭菌30 min后待用。
将斜面保藏的桦褐孔菌于新鲜的PDA平板上活化,待菌丝体直径长至6 cm左右,用直径0.5 cm的琼脂打孔器在菌落边缘用十字交叉法打4个孔,挑取菌丝块至50 mL PDB培养基中,28 ℃、160 r/min培养5 d后匀浆,吸取50 mL匀浆液至新的100 mL PDB培养基中,继续摇瓶培养6−8 d,过滤得菌丝体,用100 mL无菌去离子水重悬匀浆(15 s/次,共3次),此匀浆液为后续种子液。
吸取上述种子液2 μL,点植新的平板培养基中,28 ℃培养箱黑暗培养,每日测量菌丝直径、拍照记录。
分别吸取2 mL种子液至N-L、C-L以及CK组培养基中,28 ℃、160 r/min分别培养5 d及10 d,取出后真空抽滤得菌丝体,冷冻干燥后称重得菌丝体干重,取部分菌丝体用于RNA提取,其余菌丝体研磨成细粉(过60目筛)用于三萜类化合物含量测定。
总RNA提取按照FastPure Universal Plant Total RNA Isolation Kit (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)标准步骤进行,总RNA检测合格后用于后续实验;逆转录按照试剂盒HiScript Ⅱ Q RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper) (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)标准步骤进行;qPCR按照试剂盒ChamQ SYBR Color qPCR Master Mix (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)标准步骤进行,反应体系配制及反应程序参照试剂盒说明书,以18S rRNA基因为内参,qPCR引物见表1
称取1.3中的菌丝体粉0.3 g至100 mL离心管中,加入30 mL乙酸乙酯(料液比=10:1),回流提取2 h以上,取出后过滤,收集滤液浓缩至2 mL,用有机相滤膜过滤浓缩液,取适量浓缩液送GC-MS检测(参考徐明雅等[23]方法进行改进)。GC检测条件,色谱柱:Agilent HP-5MS 19091S-433 (30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm);升温程序:起始温度150 ℃,100 ℃保持1 min;以30 ℃/min升至280 ℃,保持24 min;载气为氦气,流速1 mL/min,分流进样,分流比10:1,进样口温度250 ℃。MS检测条件,质谱条件:电子轰击离子源;离子源温度230 ℃;接口温度250 ℃;电子能量70 eV;质量扫描范围(m/z) 30−500。
采用GraphPad Prism 9软件进行方差分析和作图,所有数据取3次平行试验的平均值,以平均值±标准偏差表示。
菌丝体接种的C、N限制平板实验中,前3天内,实验组和对照组的菌丝状态相差不大;第6天时,对比N-L组和CK组,C-L组生长速度最快,已出现明显差异;第9天时可以看出CK组菌丝较实验组致密,C-L组菌丝圈直径最大,N-L组次之,CK组菌丝圈直径最小。之后,N-L组与CK组菌丝圈直径出现显著差异;第15天时,各组菌丝长满培养基,其中,C-L组菌丝延伸最长且中心部分菌丝体较少,推测在营养限制的条件下,C-L组为了汲取更多的营养成分,促使菌丝体延伸;第18天时,C-L组菌丝纵向生长,中心部分已长满;观察21−45 d的生长情况,各组均出现褐化的现象,其中N-L组褐化最严重,推测N-L组产生了更多的次级代谢产物(图1图2)。
当摇瓶发酵第10天时,发酵液出现褐化现象,因此选取第5天和第10天的菌丝液进行生物量指标测定。图3的生物量结果显示,摇瓶发酵第5天时,N-L组生物量最高,CK组次之,C-L组的生物量最低;第10天时,N-L组生物量仍然最高,CK组次之,C-L组最低。总体说来,N-L组与C-L相对于CK组均无显著差异,说明营养限制的情况下,对摇瓶发酵菌丝体的生物量并无明显影响。
qPCR结果显示,摇瓶发酵5 d时,N-L组中三萜类合成相关酶基因MVDFPPSLSS表达量上调,而SQE表达量下调。C-L组SQS表达量上调,而SQE表达量也下调。摇瓶发酵10 d时,N-L组MVDLSS表达量显著上调,其中MVDLSS表达量分别升高9.70倍和14.09倍,C-L组MVDFPPSLSS表达量显著上调,其中MVDFPPSLSS表达量分别升高12.30倍、6.82倍和11.55倍(图4)。
GC-MS初步鉴定出16种物质,其中,羊毛甾醇和桦褐孔菌醇显示出上调表达,结果见图5。在营养限制5 d时,与CK组相比,C-L组或N-L组羊毛甾醇含量无显著变化;N-L组桦褐孔菌醇含量则是CK组的4.17倍,C-L组未检测到桦褐孔菌醇吸收峰。在营养限制10 d时,N-L组和C-L组菌丝体羊毛甾醇和桦褐孔菌醇均有所提高,其中,N-L组羊毛甾醇含量是CK组的1.81倍,C-L组羊毛甾醇含量是CK组的1.47倍;N-L组桦褐孔菌醇含量是CK组的2.76倍,C-L组桦褐孔菌醇含量是CK组的1.07倍。同时,在桦褐孔菌的培养过程中,培养5 d和10 d时,羊毛甾醇的含量无明显变化,而桦褐孔菌醇在5 d时含量很低,而在10 d时含量有大幅度提高。
真菌的生长发育除了受到本身的遗传特性及温度、光照等环境条件影响外,培养基的组成对菌丝生长、孢子萌发、子实体产量和品质等也会产生重要的影响[24-27]。与其他生物相同,真菌的生长发育需要碳源、氮源、无机盐、生长因子和水等营养要素,其中培养基中的碳含量、氮含量和碳氮比(C/N)对真菌生长发育的影响较为显著[28]。如酵母在营养短缺如较低氮浓度的情况下会发生细胞形态和细胞分裂方式的改变,并导致侵入性丝状生长[24]。平菇在缺N的培养基上生长表现为长势差,菌落极薄,菌丝细弱、稀疏[29]。本研究结果表明在N限制和C限制的情况下桦褐孔菌菌丝会侵入性生长,表现为较正常培养基上的菌丝圈直径增长快,菌丝稀疏。同时C限制较N限制更为明显。平菇菌丝在缺N的培养基上生长,第4天起,培养基中出现黄色分泌物,以种块为中心其范围很快扩大,颜色逐渐加深[29-30]。本研究结果显示,桦褐孔菌菌丝在限N情况下,第21天开始中心出现褐化,很快延伸至整个平板。然而限C和正常培养基褐化程度不高。
近年来,通过营养物质的饥饿胁迫培养,微生物代谢物质的产量得到了显著提高,已成为一种有效的发酵策略。其中,氮饥饿培养是最常用的促进活性代谢产物积累的手段。在藤仓赤霉(Gibberella fujikuroi)中,减少培养基中铵盐的浓度可以大幅提高赤霉素、红色色素比卡韦林、胡萝卜素的合成[31-32];在氮饥饿的条件下,玉米瘤黑粉菌(Ustilago maydis)产生大量的纤维二糖脂类ustilagic acid[33]。灵芝发酵培养基中以谷氨酰胺作为N源,当添加浓度为3 mmol/L时,4种单体灵芝酸较添加浓度为60 mmol/L时分别提高了2.8倍、5.8倍、8.3倍和5.1倍[15]。在5 mmol/L的天冬氨酸浓度作为氮源限制条件时,获得了0.4 g/L的多糖产量,与氮源浓度为20 mmol/L的天冬氨酸相比,产量提高了23.21%[34]。本研究结果表明,除了N限制外,C限制也能提高桦褐孔菌中次级代谢产物的产量。其中,羊毛甾醇在C、N限制时提高幅度最高,在培养10 d时,C限制的羊毛甾醇含量较对照提高了1.47倍,N限制的提高了1.81倍。除此之外,N限制提高了桦褐孔菌醇的产量,在培养5 d时,桦褐孔菌含量较对照提高了4.17倍,而在培养10 d时,桦褐孔菌含量较对照提高了2.76倍。
在营养限制策略调控真菌次级代谢物产量的研究中,需要了解营养限制条件下通过调控哪些真菌次级代谢物合成关键酶达到提高次级代谢物合成的作用,最终从转录水平了解营养限制提高真菌次级代谢物合成的机理。如在氮限制的条件下,灵芝酸产量提高的同时灵芝酸合成途径中4个重要的结构基因3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)、FPSSQSLSS的转录水平在整个灵芝发酵过程中都高于对照,其mRNA的最高水平分别是对照的37.0倍、18.0倍、4.5倍及3.2倍[15]。在氮限制的情况下灵芝多糖含量增加的同时多糖生物合成途径中葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase)、α-磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(α-phosphoglucomutase)、UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase)以及1, 3-β-葡聚糖合成酶(1, 3-β-glucan synthase)等关键酶的基因比氮充足情况下分别上调了30.00%、35.00%、16.67%和17.85%[34]。本研究也检测了各样品中三萜合成途径中的一些关键酶基因的表达情况,结果在培养第5天时,C、N限制的条件下,除SQE表达量下调外,其他5个基因都无显著变化或上调,其中N限制条件下的基因上调情况更显著,这可能是桦褐孔菌醇含量大幅度提高的原因。在培养第10天时,在C、N限制条件下,检测的6个基因中MVDLSS表达量大幅度提高,另外在C限制条件下FPPS表达量也大幅度提高。相比之下,桦褐孔菌醇和羊毛甾醇在N限制条件下含量提高幅度最大,分析原因可能与N限制条件下LSS表达量提升的幅度最高有关。LAD作为羊毛甾醇下游的另外一条途径的第一个催化酶,其基因表达量无显著变化,说明桦褐孔菌的次级代谢调控较为复杂,还需要深入研究探讨。
在缺少氮元素或碳元素的条件下,桦褐孔菌菌丝的延伸速度会加快,菌丝体较松散,且氮元素和碳元素限制可以刺激桦褐孔菌中羊毛甾醇和桦褐孔菌醇的积累。本研究初步证明了氮元素限制、碳元素限制和桦褐孔菌生长及其主要的三萜类次级代谢产物合成之间的关系,相关研究成果可为后续桦褐孔菌液体深层发酵生产活性三萜奠定理论基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32030072)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240463
  • 接收时间:2024-07-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-27
  • 录用日期:2024-11-02
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(32030072)
国家自然科学基金(32030072)
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    江苏师范大学 生命科学学院, 江苏省药食植物生物技术国家重点实验室(培育), 江苏 徐州 221116

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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