Article(id=1242175011629396125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240417, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730476800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-02, onlineDate=1774087201267, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087201267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087201267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087201267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175015651733677, articleId=1242175011629396125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in pathogenicity of two human Pegiviruses, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The first human Pegivirus (HPgV-1) and the second human Pegivirus (HPgV-2) are the only two human Pegiviruses that have been identified until now. They share some common features including similar viral genome structure and low pathogenicity, while they also represent unique biological characteristics. HPgV-1 is called "good virus" because of its ability to slow down disease progression and reduce disease severity when co-infecting with HIV and Ebola virus. In addition, HPgV-1 was recently found to be related with lymphoma and neurological diseases. Therefore, HPgV-1 might be a possible breakthrough point in the treatment of refractory diseases caused by HIV and other viruses. HPgV-2 was firstly discovered from the plasma of a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patient in 2015 and was found to always co-infect with HCV but hardly infect healthy people. However, the underlying mechanism of HPgV-2 and HCV co-infection remains to be elucidated. Distinct from most of RNA viruses, HPgV-2 exhibits low genomic diversity with high sequence identity and low intra-host variation, which give the implication of HPgV-2 as an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of viral genome variations. In conclusion, the human Pegiviruses are worthy of sustaining attention and study.

, correspAuthors=Haiying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WANG Haiying, E-mail:
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目前发现的人类Pegivirus病毒共有2种,这2种病毒本身致病性不强,但均具有独特的生物学特征,可能是病毒学相关研究的重要材料,值得关注。一型人类Pegivirus (the first human Pegivirus, HPgV-1)病毒被称为“good virus”,当其与艾滋病病毒和埃博拉病毒共感染时,可显著减缓相关疾病进程和疾病严重程度。近年来的研究结果发现,该病毒感染还与淋巴瘤和神经系统疾病的发生发展有关,HPgV-1可能会成为艾滋病病毒等引起的、难治愈的病毒病治疗的有效突破点。二型人类Pegivirus (the second human Pegivirus, HPgV-2)病毒于2015年在丙型肝炎患者血液中首次发现,后续研究发现其与丙型肝炎(hepatitis C virus, HCV)病毒感染密切相关,常呈现与HCV共感染,而鲜少形成单独感染。目前,对于HPgV-2与HCV的相互作用机制尚无报道。除此以外,异于大多数RNA病毒,HPgV-2基因组序列表现出高度保守性,种内变异率低,因此,该病毒可能是研究病毒基因组变异规律的理想材料。综上所述,有必要持续关注并针对这2种Pegivirus病毒开展研究。

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两种人类Pegivirus致病性研究进展
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陈淑仪 1 , 万政伟 2 , 丘丽 1 , 王海鹰 2, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(1): 62-72
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(1): 62-72
两种人类Pegivirus致病性研究进展
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陈淑仪1, 万政伟2, 丘丽1, 王海鹰2, *
作者信息
  • 1 广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心, 广东 广州 510623
  • 2 南方医科大学 公共卫生学院, 广东 广州 510515
Research progress in pathogenicity of two human Pegiviruses
Shuyi CHEN1, Zhengwei WAN2, Li QIU1, Haiying WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
  • 2 School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240417
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目前发现的人类Pegivirus病毒共有2种,这2种病毒本身致病性不强,但均具有独特的生物学特征,可能是病毒学相关研究的重要材料,值得关注。一型人类Pegivirus (the first human Pegivirus, HPgV-1)病毒被称为“good virus”,当其与艾滋病病毒和埃博拉病毒共感染时,可显著减缓相关疾病进程和疾病严重程度。近年来的研究结果发现,该病毒感染还与淋巴瘤和神经系统疾病的发生发展有关,HPgV-1可能会成为艾滋病病毒等引起的、难治愈的病毒病治疗的有效突破点。二型人类Pegivirus (the second human Pegivirus, HPgV-2)病毒于2015年在丙型肝炎患者血液中首次发现,后续研究发现其与丙型肝炎(hepatitis C virus, HCV)病毒感染密切相关,常呈现与HCV共感染,而鲜少形成单独感染。目前,对于HPgV-2与HCV的相互作用机制尚无报道。除此以外,异于大多数RNA病毒,HPgV-2基因组序列表现出高度保守性,种内变异率低,因此,该病毒可能是研究病毒基因组变异规律的理想材料。综上所述,有必要持续关注并针对这2种Pegivirus病毒开展研究。

人类 Pegivirus病毒  /  一型人类 Pegivirus (HPgV-1)病毒  /  二型人类 Pegivirus (HPgV-2)病毒  /  致病性

The first human Pegivirus (HPgV-1) and the second human Pegivirus (HPgV-2) are the only two human Pegiviruses that have been identified until now. They share some common features including similar viral genome structure and low pathogenicity, while they also represent unique biological characteristics. HPgV-1 is called "good virus" because of its ability to slow down disease progression and reduce disease severity when co-infecting with HIV and Ebola virus. In addition, HPgV-1 was recently found to be related with lymphoma and neurological diseases. Therefore, HPgV-1 might be a possible breakthrough point in the treatment of refractory diseases caused by HIV and other viruses. HPgV-2 was firstly discovered from the plasma of a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patient in 2015 and was found to always co-infect with HCV but hardly infect healthy people. However, the underlying mechanism of HPgV-2 and HCV co-infection remains to be elucidated. Distinct from most of RNA viruses, HPgV-2 exhibits low genomic diversity with high sequence identity and low intra-host variation, which give the implication of HPgV-2 as an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of viral genome variations. In conclusion, the human Pegiviruses are worthy of sustaining attention and study.

human Pegivirus  /  the first human Pegivirus (HPgV-1)  /  the second human Pegivirus (HPgV-2)  /  pathogenicity
陈淑仪, 万政伟, 丘丽, 王海鹰. 两种人类Pegivirus致病性研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 62 -72 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240417
Shuyi CHEN, Zhengwei WAN, Li QIU, Haiying WANG. Research progress in pathogenicity of two human Pegiviruses[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 62 -72 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240417
Pegivirus属于黄病毒科病毒(Flaviviridae)。截至目前,共发现2种人类Pegivirus病毒(human Pegivirus, HPgV),分别为一型人类Pegivirus (the first human Pegivirus, HPgV-1,又称为庚型肝炎病毒或者GBV-C病毒)和二型人类Pegivirus (the second human Pegivirus, HPgV-2)。2种Pegivirus的基因组均为单链正链RNA,大小约1×104 nt[1-4]。研究发现,HPgV-1病毒不与任何临床疾病关联,但是与艾滋病病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、埃博拉病毒以及拉沙热病毒共感染时可减缓相关疾病进程和疾病严重性,因而被认为是一种“good virus”[5]。近年研究还发现,该病毒感染与淋巴瘤[6-7]、神经系统疾病[8-9]、再生障碍性贫血[6]等疾病的发生有关,从而又引起人们对该病毒的重新关注。HPgV-2病毒于2015年在丙型肝炎(hepatitis C virus, HCV)患者血液中被首次发现[3-4],后续研究发现其与丙型肝炎病毒感染密切相关,呈现出与HCV共感染而鲜少形成单独感染的特点[10]。随后中国[11-12]、越南[13]以及喀麦隆[14]等地也报道了该病毒的存在,并发现HPgV-2基因组序列具有高度保守性、种内变异率低等特点[3-4, 15]。因此,2种人类Pegivirus均具有特殊的、值得关注的生物学特点,可能成为相关病毒病治疗的突破点,以及相关病毒学研究的理想材料。然而,目前对于这2种人类Pegivirus的致病性、感染机制,以及与其他病毒的相互作用机制仍缺乏系统深入研究。因此,本文对这2种人类Pegivirus病毒的生物学特征、致病性和感染机制的相关研究进展予以综述,以期为该领域研究者提供参考与启发。
HPgV-1病毒,又称为庚型肝炎病毒或者GBV-C病毒。GBV-C病毒是于1995年,由Abbott实验室[1]和Genelab实验室[2]分别独立于慢性肝炎患者血浆中发现,由于该病毒的基因组序列与GVB-A和GBV-B病毒相似,因而被命名为GBV-C病毒[1];另外,又因其病毒基因组与黄病毒科病毒具有相似性,因而又被命名为庚型肝炎病毒(hepatitis G virus, HGV)[2]。随后,大量临床和流行病学研究未能确定该病毒与肝炎的关系,却发现GBV-C病毒主要感染脾脏和骨髓的T、B淋巴细胞或者外周血单核细胞,而不是肝组织的肝细胞[16-17]。Stapleton等[18]于2011年将GBV-C病毒正式划分至黄病毒科的Pegivirus属,命名为HPgV病毒。
HPgV-1病毒主要通过血液或者血液制品(如共用注射器或者血液透析)、性接触或者母婴垂直等途径传播[5]。由于具有相同或相似的传播途径,HPgV-1病毒与HIV-1、HCV和HBV病毒合并感染情况较为常见,其合并感染率为3.2%−47.9%[19]
根据国际病毒分类委员会(International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTV)记录,HPgV-1病毒共分为7个基因型,而其患病率则因应不同的地理位置和风险因素而不同[20]。根据2020年一项meta分析发现,HPgV-1病毒的全球感染率为1.7% [95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI), 2.4−4.1];而在北美、南美、欧洲和亚洲,HPgV-1病毒在健康人群中的感染率分别为1.7% (95% CI, 1.1−2.6)、9.1% (95% CI, 6.4−12.7)、2.3% (95% CI, 2.0−2.8)和2.4% (95% CI, 1.4−4.0)[20],可见该病毒在发展中国家/地区具有更高的感染率,某些地区甚至高达20%。通过HPgV-1 E2抗体反映HPgV-1既往感染情况,发达国家5%−13%的献血员能检测到HPgV-2 E2抗体,而发展中国家检出率更高[18]。我国HPgV-1抗体检出率为3.91% (95% CI, 3.18−4.71),核酸检出率为3.25% (95% CI, 2.35−4.26)[21]
近年研究发现,在器官移植(solid-organ transplant)病人和造血干细胞移植(haematopoietic stem cell transplant)病人中,HPgV-1具有比健康人群更高的感染率。在肺、肾、肝和造血干细胞移植病人中,HPgV-1的检出率分别为18.2%[22]、36.1%[23]、14.1%[24]和18.6%[25],显著高于健康人群,推测其原因可能与病毒通过移植器官或输血传播有关,同时也可能与接受移植患者免疫力低下有关,但仍有待更深入研究和证实。
HPgV-1病毒最早发现于肝炎病人体内,因而自该病毒发现以来,大量研究集中于探讨HPgV-1与肝脏疾病的关联,然而研究发现该病毒的感染与慢性肝脏疾病无显著关联[16-17]。单独感染HPgV-1病毒,并不会引起转氨酶水平异常或造成肝损伤,同时也不会引起任何急性或慢性的疾病[18],因此认为HPgV-1不具有明显的致病性。然而,meta分析表明,HPgV-1与非霍奇金式淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, NHL)[6-7]和散发性脑炎(sporadic encephalitis)[8-9]有关。HPgV-1感染会使感染者患上NHL的风险上升2.8倍[6-7];HPgV-1与散发性脑炎的关系仍不清楚,但在一项研究中,在2名散发性脑炎患者的脑组织中检出HPgV-1病毒RNA;在其中一名患者的脑组织中检测到HPgV-1的变异株,其NS2编码区发生删除突变,此突变增强了HPgV-1在星形胶质细胞中的复制效率[8-9]。然而,在健康人群中,HPgV-1是否具有神经细胞嗜性仍无定论。
对HPgV-1进行病毒嗜性研究发现,在感染者的骨髓、脾脏、外周T细胞、外周B细胞、外周单核细胞和NK细胞中均能检测到病毒RNA[16-17, 26];在肝细胞中,尚未检测到病毒RNA,当对HCV/HPgV-1共感染患者进行肝脏切除后,患者体内HCV病毒载量明显下降,而HPgV-1的病毒血症却未减轻[27]。以上研究均表明,HPgV-1具有淋巴细胞嗜性,不具有肝细胞嗜性。
由于具有相似的感染途径,HPgV-1经常与HCV发生共感染,两者的共感染率约为11.8%−37.2%[19]。HPgV-1并不具有肝细胞嗜性且不引起肝炎相关疾病,其与HCV的相互作用仍不明确。然而,HPgV-1与HCV共感染会产生一系列“有益影响”,HPgV-1感染通过下调HCV患者肝脏内T细胞的淋巴细胞特异性酪蛋白激酶(lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase, LCK)、停靠蛋白2 (docking protein 2, DOK2)、白介素受体γ (cytokine receptor γ, IL-2Rγ)以及细胞周期蛋白D3 (cyclin D3, CCND3)等信号通路,显著降低谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平,减少HCV相关的肝脏损伤并降低肝脏疾病的严重程度[28-29]
近年来,临床上应用的直接抗病毒药物(direct anti-acting antivirals, DAAs)针对HCV的治疗,已使得HCV的治愈率达到90%以上。这些药物包括派仑他韦、维帕他韦(HCV非结构蛋白NS5A抑制剂)、格卡瑞韦、莱迪派韦(非结构蛋白NS3/4A抑制剂)和索非布韦(非结构蛋白NS5B的底物类似物)等。由于HPgV-1的结构蛋白与HCV具有一定同源性,因此理论上认为这些药物对HPgV-1也具有一定的清除作用。[30]一项新近的研究发现,派仑他韦/格卡瑞韦联合使用并不能有效清除HPgV-1;而在索非布韦给药2周后,10个受试患者的血液HPgV-1滴度均呈现指数级下降;联合使用莱迪派韦/索非布韦和聚乙二醇干扰素2周后,5个受试患者血液HPgV-1滴度均下降至检测下限以下[30]
HPgV-1在HIV-1感染者中的感染率为5.0%−47.9%[19]。在新近的一项研究中,对土耳其伊斯坦布尔地区(该地区具有更高的HIV感染率)的HPgV-1与HIV的共感染情况进行了调查,发现在351位HIV患者中,HPgV-1的RNA检出率为27.3%,其中92.7% (89/96)均为HPgV-1基因型2a[31]。该研究还发现,在HPgV-1与HIV共感染患者血液中,CD4+ T细胞数量显著高于HIV单独感染患者,而CD8+ T细胞数量则无显著差别;此外,HIV单独感染患者具有更高的HIV病毒载量并更容易发展成获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquiredimmune deficiency syndrome, AIDS),而在共感染患者中,HIV的病毒载量与HPgV-1呈负相关关系[31]
早在2001年,就有研究揭示,HPgV-1与HIV-1共感染能够有效降低HIV-1的发病率与死亡率,主要表现为对抗病毒治疗的反应更好、更换抗HIV-1药物频次更低、病情进展减缓、血液中病毒滴度降低以及生存时间明显延长等特点[32]。然而,HPgV-1抑制HIV-1的机制尚未有明确的定论,可能是涉及多种细胞和分子共同作用的结果。已明确的HPgV-1抑制HIV-1的机制有以下3种。(1) HPgV-1直接抑制HIV的入侵、复制与增殖:HPgV-1 E2蛋白通过与HIV-1融合多肽的相互作用,干扰HIV-1与靶细胞受体的结合以及膜融合,抑制HIV-1进入细胞[33];在CD4+ T细胞中过表达HPgV-1 E2蛋白,可有效抑制HIV-1进入靶细胞,通过删除突变,确定了E2的一段由17个氨基酸构成的肽段是抑制HIV-1入侵的主要区域,如对该区域进行突变,则能逆转HPgV-1对HIV-1入侵的抑制作用[34]。糖基化的HPgV-1 E2蛋白阻断HIV Gag蛋白前体的加工,使其无法向细胞膜转移并停留在细胞质中,从而抑制HIV的组装与释放[35]。HPgV-1 E2蛋白特定结构域的抗体可以与HIV-1病毒颗粒产生交叉反应,并抑制HIV-1病毒颗粒的复制,而这种交叉反应与HIV-1衣壳蛋白无关[36]。(2) HPgV-1增加抗HIV-1的自身免疫水平:HPgV-1的非结构蛋白NS3抑制Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路的激活,这种抑制作用依赖于其丝氨酸蛋白酶活性。NS3的此项功能利于HPgV-1感染过程中的免疫逃逸,同时,Ⅰ型干扰素信号通路是HIV-1致病的重要通路之一,因此,NS3通过下调Ⅰ型干扰素通路,有效抑制HIV-1增殖[37-38]。(3) HPgV-1减少Fas介导的T细胞凋亡,增加CD4+ T细胞的数量。HPgV-1感染可通过降低T细胞的激活和Fas+细胞的数量减少T细胞的凋亡,从而抑制HIV-1感染引起的CD4+ T细胞数量减少[39]。HPgV-1抑制T细胞活化的机制仍未有定论,但可能与HPgV-1能有效降低Lck表达水平,并下调T细胞受体(T cell receptor, TCR)信号通路有关[28]
埃博拉病毒是一种能引起炎症因子风暴的烈性传染病病毒,致死率极高。在埃博拉病毒感染传播的塞拉利昂、利比里亚和几内亚地区,HPgV-1病毒感染率在10%−28%之间[40]。目前对于HPgV-1和埃博拉病毒共感染的研究较少,只有2015年发表的一项研究发现,在49名埃博拉感染者中,有13名感染者(26.5%)与HPgV-1病毒共感染;其中HPgV-1和埃博拉病毒共感染者生存率为53%,而埃博拉病毒单独感染者的生存率仅为22%[40],推测HPgV-1病毒降低埃博拉病毒致病性可能也是通过调节宿主免疫反应来实现,但其共感染和相互作用机制还需要更多研究来证实。
关于HPgV-1与拉沙热病毒(Lassa virus)共感染,目前只有一篇相关报道[41]。该研究利用宏基因组测序的方法,对560例来自尼日利亚的拉沙热病毒患者的外周血进行检测,发现HPgV-1可以与拉沙热病毒发生共感染,共感染率约为5.5% (25/458)。与拉沙热单独感染相比,HPgV-1共感染能显著降低拉沙热病毒的载量并形成更好的预后[41]。以上结果提示,HPgV-1可能具有降低拉沙热病毒致病性的功能,但仍需要更多且更为深入的研究来加以验证。
2015年,HPgV-2是由Kapoor等[3]和Berg等[4]分别独立从HCV患者和反复输血的血友病患者的血液中分离得到的一种新的病毒,其基因组结构兼具有HPgV-1和HCV的部分特征,最初被命名为HHpgV-1和HPgV-2病毒,通过输血传播,并与HCV感染相关。
HPgV-2病毒具有与HCV病毒和HPgV病毒相似的病毒基因组结构。HPgV-2的病毒基因组由单股正链RNA构成,大小约9.8 kb,主要由位于5′-和3′-末端的2个非编码区(5′-UTR、3′-UTR)、结构编码区和非结构编码区构成,其中结构编码区共编码4个结构蛋白(S、E1、E2、X),非编码区共编码6个非结构蛋白(NS2、NS3、NS4A、NS4B、NS5A和NS5B)。
HPgV-2病毒基因组结构的主要特点:(1) 具有Ⅳ型内部核糖体进入位点(internal ribosome entry site, ERIS),该结构与HCV类似,而不同于HPgV-1[3],HPgV-2的包膜蛋白高度糖基化,具有10个以上的糖基化位点,远高于HPgV-1的3−4个,此特征与HCV相类似[3-4];(2) 该病毒基因序列高度保守,分别来自美国、英国和中国的HPgV-2病毒全基因组的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列一致性分别高达96% 和98%[11],尚未发现不同基因型病毒株;(3) HPgV-2核心抗原不完整,相较于HCV的191个氨基酸构成的完整核心抗原以及HPgV-1完全缺失核抗原,HPgV-2病毒只具有由65个氨基酸组成的不完整的核心抗原[3]
现有的流行病学观察性研究表明,HPgV-2在反复输血者和血友病患者中具有更高的感染率,明确血液途径是HPgV-2的主要感染途径[3, 42-43]。2015年,Berg等[4]首次报道HPgV-2病毒感染和HCV相关,在HCV单独感染人群中的核酸阳性率为1.3%。2016年,Bonsall等[44]在英国HCV感染人群中检出HPgV-2核酸阳性率为0.5%。本团队的Wang等[11]收集了中国不同人群横断面血清样本共计8 198份,发现HCV人群中,HPgV-2抗体阳性率为1.23%,为健康献血员的8.2倍[11]。2019年,Rodgers等[45]报道喀麦隆地区HCV单独感染者HPgV-2核酸阳性率为0.66%。目前的研究发现,HPgV-2几乎不能或极少在HIV-1单独感染人群、HBV单独感染人群以及健康献血人群中发生感染[10-11],而通常与HCV合并感染,说明HCV和HPgV-2共感染并非由于经血液感染途径,而可能是HPgV-2感染对HCV存在某种生物学的依赖性[45]
Anh等[13]研究发现,越南地区HPgV-2在HIV-1/HCV共感染人群中的核酸阳性率明显高于HCV单独感染人群。本团队Wang等[12]的研究也发现,HCV/HIV共感染人群中HPgV-2的抗体阳性率为8.91%,核酸阳性率为3.47%,分别是HCV单独感染人群的7.2倍和12.0倍。提示该病毒与HCV感染,尤其是HCV/HIV-1共感染密切相关[12]
本团队Wan等[46]分别对HPgV-2核酸阳性的HCV感染患者和HCV/HIV-1共感染者患者进行纵向观察,发现HPgV-2病毒可以在病人体内形成持续性感染,最长的可达5年[46]。然而针对HCV的直接抗病毒药物(DAAs)治疗,并不能抑制和清除HPgV-2病毒,在DAAs治疗期间及治疗后的半年内,HPgV-2依旧能够在患者体内维持稳定感染状态,研究表明HPgV-2病毒在形成有效感染后,也在患者体内维持单独的持续感染,而不依赖HCV或HIV感染[12, 46]
本团队Wang等[11]和Wan等[46]的研究表明,HPgV-2感染与HCV感染引起的肝损伤不存在关联,主要表现为:(1) HPgV-2感染不影响HCV患者血液丙氨酸转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)水平,HPgV-2核酸或抗体阳性或阴性感染者ALT水平均无显著性差异(P=0.776, P=0.298);HPgV-2抗体水平(OD450≥ 1.0或者OD450 < 1.0)不影响患者血液ALT水平(P=0.623)[11]。(2) DAAs治疗清除HCV后,HPgV-2单独持续感染过程中,并未引起患者的肝脏指标异常或明显肝脏病理特征改变[46]
对HCV/HPgV-2患者肝病理切片进行免疫组化检测HPgV-2病毒抗原,发现HPgV-2抗原主要存在于肝组织浸润的淋巴细胞中。通过RNA正负链原位杂交检测病毒RNA发现,肝细胞中并未检出病毒RNA,而HPgV-2 RNA信号集中于肝组织浸润的淋巴细胞和外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC)中。进一步通过流式分选富集PBMC中的CD4+、CD8+ T细胞和B细胞并分别扩增病毒RNA,发现HPgV-2 RNA主要存在于B细胞中[46]。以上结果表明,HPgV-2病毒具有淋巴细胞嗜性,主要感染B淋巴细胞,且不具有肝细胞嗜性[46]
本团队Chen等[47]和Liang等[15]在前期对HPgV-2研究发现,HPgV-2病毒基因组变异率明显低于其他RNA病毒,主要表现为3个方面。(1) 高度保守性:现有来源于全球不同地区的HPgV-2全基因组序列一致性均为94%−96%,基因组序列随地域的变异率较低[3, 47];(2) 高度稳定性:对HPgV-2患者进行随访,发现不同时间点该病毒全基因组序列一致性均为97%−99%,基因组序列随时间的变异率低[3, 11];(3) 准种水平低:HPgV-2在宿主内准种水平低,基因组序列在群体内变异率低[47, 15]
病毒自身编码的依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRP)是病毒基因组复制的核心酶,也是影响病毒基因组基础突变率的首要因素,RdRP的复制保真性直接影响病毒基因组的复制突变率[47]。本团队利用一系列生化实验手段,通过建立体外RNA合成体系,对比HPgV-2 RdRP与HCV RdRP催化生成错配产物的量,证实了HPgV-2 RdRP的复制保真性高于HCV RdRP,且HPgV-2 RdRP的复制保真性具有较高稳定性,不受底物浓度和反应时间的影响[48]。以上证明,HPgV-2 RdRP的高复制保真性可能是形成HPgV-2低变异率的重要因素,但该结论仍需进一步在HPgV-2的体外培养系统中进行验证并发掘其内在分子机制。
目前,除人类Pegivirus外,已经在多种动物中发现Pegivirus病毒,如非人灵长类动物(SPgV)[49]、马(EPgV)[50]、蝙蝠(BPgV)[51]、啮齿类动物(RPgV)[52]和鹅(唯一非哺乳类动物,GPgV)[53]。建立体外培养系统是深入研究病毒的关键技术路径。然而,由于缺乏有效的Pegivirus体外培养系统,至今对Pegivirus的病毒分子生物学特征、细胞嗜性以及发病机制等方面的了解仍非常有限。
以往的研究中,仅限于SPgV、EPgV和GPgV这3种病毒,通过向其原始宿主动物体内活体注射含有病毒血清/体液或全基因组RNA的方式,拯救出了能够形成持续且有效感染的病毒颗粒,并以此为基础建立了动物模型[53-55]。在对HPgV-1建立体外培养系统的研究中,尝试了包括人肝癌细胞(Huh7.5)、羊肾细胞(MDBK)、仓鼠肾细胞(BHK-J)、非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)和马成纤维细胞(E.Derm)等,均告失败[55]。唯一的例外是,2000年Stapleton课题组报道成功利用PBMC细胞构建了HPgV-1的体外培养系统,可微弱传代12次以上[56]。然而,至今未见其他报道采用该体外培养系统。在新近的一项研究中,尝试建立Pegivirus的C57BL/6J小鼠感染模型,分别使用HPgV-1和RPgV (rat Pegivirus)感染免疫缺陷小鼠并传代,最后成功获取了RPgV的小鼠适应病毒株(maPgV),但HPgV-1被证明在免疫缺陷和野生型小鼠体内均无法形成有效感染[57]
本团队的万政伟[58]尝试在细胞系中建立HPgV-2的体外培养系统,通过分段扩增获得了HPgV-2全基因组序列,并通过连接至骨架载体,获得了HPgV-2全长克隆;将HPgV-2全长克隆经体外转录获得病毒全基因组RNA后分别转染Vero、BHK、Huh7、Huh7.5.1、Raji等不同细胞系,并在Vero细胞中成功拯救出HPgV-2病毒,但该病毒在以上所有细胞系中的复制效率较低,目前尚未获得能够形成持续稳定感染的病毒颗粒。分析可能的原因包括:(1) HPgV-2基因组序列不完整,5′-UTR或3′-UTR存在缺失,影响了病毒复制起始和复制效率;(2) HPgV-2以准种形式存在于宿主体内,需分析病毒准种比例、优化全病毒基因组克隆序列;(3) 与HCV相类似,HPgV-2的有效体外复制可能需要增强突变位点;(4) 已使用细胞不适合HPgV-2的体外培养,需要使用更多种细胞进行尝试,除细胞系外,也应尝试人原代细胞;(5) HPgV-2感染可能依赖于HCV,需要在体外建立HCV/HPgV-2共感染体系,才能使HPgV-2建立有效持续的感染。
因此,建立人类Pegivirus的体外培养系统是研究其病毒学生物特征、细胞嗜性、感染发病机制和与宿主相互作用的关键技术路径,是当前亟待突破的技术难题。
HPgV-1病毒全球感染率较高,目前对其致病性存在争议,仍然有许多问题有待进一步深入研究:(1) 目前仍缺乏有效的体外培养体系和动物模型(虽然已建立的RPgV小鼠感染模型[58]与HPgV-1的感染特征有相似之处,但其用于HPgV-1相关研究的有效性仍有待商酌),很大程度上导致了对于该病毒的细胞受体、生命周期、持续感染和清除机制、与HIV-1/HCV/埃博拉病毒共感染的机制、作为以上病毒抑制剂的筛选评价等都缺乏研究;(2) HPgV-1病毒对淋巴瘤、神经系统疾病、再生障碍性贫血、造血干细胞移植以及肝脏移植的影响也有待进一步的验证。
HPgV-2病毒是近年来才被发现的,对于其致病性以及与HIV/HCV病毒共感染的机制,目前的了解仍然相当有限,尚无有效的体外培养体系和动物模型。
这2种病毒由于传播途径、潜在未知的生物学效应以及通过与其他病毒共存影响相关疾病的预后等具体机制目前仍不是很清楚,因此,持续关注并针对这2种Pegivirus病毒开展研究很有必要。
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2019A1515010148)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2024A1515030275)
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2025年第65卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240417
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
  • 录用日期:2024-11-02
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515010148)
广东省自然科学基金(2019A1515010148)
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515030275)
广东省自然科学基金(2024A1515030275)
作者信息
    1 广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心, 广东 广州 510623
    2 南方医科大学 公共卫生学院, 广东 广州 510515

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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