Article(id=1242175014422802602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240406, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719936000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730822400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-06, onlineDate=1774087201934, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087201934, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087201934, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087201934, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=303, endPage=322, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175016029221039, articleId=1242175014422802602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation and identification of pathogens causing root rot in Campanumoea lancifolia and inhibitory effects of essential oils from four aromatic medicinal plants on the pathogenic fungi, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr. is a new plant species with both medicinal and edible values, demonstrating broad prospects for development and utilization. However, as its cultivation area expands, root rot has become increasingly severe. In the fields with severe root rot, the losses can reach up to 40%, accounting for 75% to 90% of the losses caused by all diseases affecting C. lancifolia. Root rot directly leads to declines in fruit yield and quality, affecting the commercial value of the fruits and reducing farmers' incomes. Thus, it is urgent to address the root rot in C. lancifolia. [Objective] To isolate and identify the pathogens causing root rot in C. lancifolia and investigate the inhibitory effects of essential oils extracted from four aromatic medicinal plants on the growth of these pathogens. [Methods] Pathogens were isolated from C. lancifolia plants displaying typical root rot symptoms by the tissue culture method. The pathogens were identified based on morphological and molecular evidence and verified according to Koch's postulates. Essential oils were extracted from four aromatic medicinal plants by steam distillation. The Oxford cup method was employed to examine the inhibitory effects of the essential oils on the pathogens, and the 96-well plate method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils. [Results] Four pathogenic strains were isolated and identified from the roots of diseased C. lancifolia plants. Re-inoculation of these pathogens induced root rot symptoms consistent with those observed in the field. The pathogens were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum liriopes, and Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis. The essential oils exhibited strong inhibitory effects on these pathogens, with inhibition rates ranging from 32.94% to 95.29%. Additionally, the MICs of the four essential oils against the pathogens ranged from 0.031 mg/mL to 4.000 mg/mL. [Conclusion] This study demonstrates that F. oxysporum, F. solani, C. liriopes, and S. pogostemonis are pathogenic to C. lancifolia. This is the first report of F. solani, C. liriopes, and S. pogostemonis causing root rot in C. lancifolia. Furthermore, the essential oils extracted from the selected four aromatic plants exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the pathogens causing root rot in C. lancifolia, which coincides with the theory of aromatic plants dispelling pathogens in traditional Chinese medicine. The findings lay a scientific foundation for the development of botanical pesticides against root rot in C. lancifolia and the eco-friendly cultivation of this plant.

, correspAuthors=Chunxia PU, Aili ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*PU Chunxia, E-mail:
ZHANG Aili, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yingtao LI, Jiaqi GOU, Qiaofeng LI, Yuanyuan LI, Miao QIN, Chunxia PU, Aili ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175021964161445, articleId=1242175014422802602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定及4种芳香中药植物挥发油对其病原菌的抑制作用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

长叶轮钟草[Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr.]是一种具有药食两用价值的新资源,开发利用前景广阔。田间调研发现,随着其种植面积的扩大,根腐病问题日益严重,在根腐病严重的田间,损失可高达40%,占长叶轮钟草所有病害造成损失的75%−90%,直接导致了果实产量及品质的下降,影响了商品价值及农户的收入,开展长叶轮钟草根腐病的防治工作迫在眉睫。【目的】分离和鉴定长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌,同时提取4种芳香中药植物的挥发油,研究其对长叶轮钟草病原菌生长的抑制作用。【方法】采用常规组织分离法对典型根腐病症状的长叶轮钟草病害植株进行病原菌的分离纯化,结合形态学和分子生物学手段鉴定病原菌种类,并进行科赫氏法则验证。采用水蒸气蒸馏法从芳香中药植物中提取挥发油,通过牛津杯法评估挥发油的抑菌效果,并通过96孔板法研究了其最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs)。【结果】从患病的长叶轮钟草植株根系中分离并鉴定到4株病原菌,将分离得到的4株病原菌回接后,植物出现了与大田一致的根腐病症状。经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,4株菌分别为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)和蔓枯病菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)。挥发油抑菌实验发现,4种挥发油对尖孢镰刀菌、茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌均有很强的抑制效果,抑制率在32.94%−95.29%之间。此外,4种挥发油对4株病原菌MICs在0.031−4.000 mg/mL之间。【结论】本研究表明,尖孢镰刀菌、茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌均为长叶轮钟草的致病菌,且茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌为首次报道的长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌。此外,基于中医“芳香避秽”的思想理论,本研究选取的4种芳香植物的挥发油对长叶轮钟草的根腐病病原菌均有较强的抑制作用。本研究为长叶轮钟草根腐病植物源农药的开发和未来该资源的绿色种植奠定了科学基础。

, correspAuthors=普春霞, 张爱丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Oj0vRArETi4J8ZaRRQ7r0A==, magXml=oIxpHPsnBt/MmsJdbwMuIw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vQDetK2o2IcTgVPWX6AGig==, pdfFileSize=1200264, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=decaLLYr2jV/WsMLFJtc2Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=miQU/cW96Y7M9ZDXvt6+Uw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=李映涛, 苟珈棋, 李桥峰, 李园园, 秦苗, 普春霞, 张爱丽)}, authors=[Author(id=1243299995517042926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, 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authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Essential Oil Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=INOUYE S, UCHIDA K, YAMAGUCHI H, MIYARA T, GOMI S, AMANO M.Volatile aroma constituents of three Labiatae herbs growing wild in the Karakoram-Himalaya district and their antifungal activity by vapor contact[J].Journal of Essential Oil Research,2001,13(1):68-72., articleTitle=Volatile aroma constituents of three Labiatae herbs growing wild in the Karakoram-Himalaya district and their antifungal activity by vapor contact, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017449058604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=441, pageEnd=448, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MADBOULY A.Efficacy of extracts of some plants in avoiding fungal diseases of stored cereals[J].International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,2015,7:441-448., articleTitle=Efficacy of extracts of some plants in avoiding fungal diseases of stored cereals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017579082035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=56, issue=5, pageStart=2611, pageEnd=2620, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Food Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG JH, MA S, DU SL, CHEN SY, SUN HL.Antifungal activity of thymol and carvacrol against postharvest pathogens Botrytis cinerea[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,2019,56(5):2611-2620., articleTitle=Antifungal activity of thymol and carvacrol against postharvest pathogens Botrytis cinerea, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017654579508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=210, issue=null, pageStart=402, pageEnd=414, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=Food Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MARCHESE A, ORHAN IE, DAGLIA M, BARBIERI R, Di LORENZO A, NABAVI SF, GORTZI O, IZADI M, NABAVI SM.Antibacterial and antifungal activities of thymol: a brief review of the literature[J].Food Chemistry,2016,210:402-414., articleTitle=Antibacterial and antifungal activities of thymol: a brief review of the literature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017767825723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=63, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SILVA CD, GUTERRES SS, WEISHEIMER V, SCHAPOVAL EES.Antifungal activity of the lemongrass oil and citral against Candida spp[J].The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases,2008,12(1):63-66., articleTitle=Antifungal activity of the lemongrass oil and citral against Candida spp, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017868489019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=8, issue=10, pageStart=1369, pageEnd=1373, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAHVILIAN R, MORADI R, ZHALE H, ZANGENEH M, ZANGENEH A, YAZDANI H, HAJIALIANI M.Ethnomedicinal plants: study on antifungal activity of essential oil of Pistacia khinjuk (combined with the dominance γ-terpinene) against Candida albicans[J].International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research,2016,8(10):1369-1373., articleTitle=Ethnomedicinal plants: study on antifungal activity of essential oil of Pistacia khinjuk (combined with the dominance γ-terpinene) against Candida albicans, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243300005096833861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, awardId=32260102, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260102), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243300005201691469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, awardId=202201AT070218, language=EN, fundingSource=Yunnan Provincial Applied Basic Research Project(202201AT070218), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243300005310743383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, awardId=202301AZ070001-005, language=EN, fundingSource=Yunnan Provincial Basic Research Program-Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Project(202301AZ070001-005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243300005449155429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, awardId=202101AZ070001-230, language=EN, fundingSource=Yunnan Provincial Basic Research Program-Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Project(202101AZ070001-230), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243299995256996057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243299995277967579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, companyId=1243299995256996057, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Southern Medicinal Resources in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China), 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companyId=1243299995399602403, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 云南中医药大学 中药学院, 云南 昆明 650500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243300000986415723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Symptoms of Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr. root rot in the field. A: Healthy plants; B, C: Overground parts of diseased plants; D, E: Roots of diseased plants. Scale: 1 cm., figureFileSmall=/3Awg+yuZM2bAViyBtr1ig==, figureFileBig=lN+3fxXxAtdF5RSZbqUPAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001070301808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=图1, caption=长叶轮钟草根腐病田间发病症状。

A:健康植株;B、C:病害植株地上部分;D、E:病害植株病根。比例尺:1 cm。

, figureFileSmall=/3Awg+yuZM2bAViyBtr1ig==, figureFileBig=lN+3fxXxAtdF5RSZbqUPAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001179353722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Morphological characteristics of fungal strains CF-5, CF-14, CF-16, and CF-19 on PDA medium. A: The colony front of CF-5; B: The reverse of the colony of CF-5; C: The mycelium of CF-5; D: Colony conidia of CF-5; E: The colony front of CF-14; F: The reverse of the colony of CF-14; G: The mycelium of CF-14; H: Colony conidia of CF-14; I: The colony front of CF-16; J: The reverse of the colony of CF-16; K: The mycelium of CF-16; L: Colony conidia of CF-16; M: The colony front of CF-19; N: The reverse of the colony of CF-19; O: The mycelium of CF-19; P: Colony conidia of CF-19. Scale A, B, E, F, I, J, M, N: 1 cm; Scale C, D, G, H, K, L, O, P: 10 μm., figureFileSmall=ISFHCqtm3GejWmAN74k8Lw==, figureFileBig=QdJtnhrKctDLSU5Ra7tMYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001259045505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=图2, caption=真菌菌株CF-5、CF-14、CF-16、CF-19在PDA培养基上的形态特征。

A:CF-5的菌落正面;B:CF-5的菌落反面;C:CF-5的菌丝;D:CF-5的菌落分生孢子;E:CF-14的菌落正面;F:CF-14的菌落反面;G:CF-14的菌丝;H:CF-14的菌落分生孢子;I:CF-16的菌落正面;J:CF-16的菌落反面;K:CF-16的菌丝;L:CF-16的菌落分生孢子;M:CF-19的菌落正面;N:CF-19的菌落反面;O:CF-19的菌丝;P:CF-19的菌落分生孢子。A、B、E、F、I、J、M、N比例尺:1 cm;C、D、G、H、K、L、O、P比例尺:10 μm。

, figureFileSmall=ISFHCqtm3GejWmAN74k8Lw==, figureFileBig=QdJtnhrKctDLSU5Ra7tMYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001342931595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=A phylogenetic tree of representative strains and their similar strains was constructed based on ITS sequences using the neighbor-joining method. The sequence number following each fungal species corresponds to its ITS sequence number; The numbers at the branch points represent the confidence values., figureFileSmall=n6oozw3tUpciM+DAW9AP1A==, figureFileBig=OwuEdkc0qzOuzNUYvw5nzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001460372115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于ITS序列采用邻接法构建代表菌株及其相似菌株的系统发育树。

每株菌名后的序列号依次对应其ITS序列号;分支点上的数字代表置信值。

, figureFileSmall=n6oozw3tUpciM+DAW9AP1A==, figureFileBig=OwuEdkc0qzOuzNUYvw5nzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001548452507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=null, caption=athogenicity determination by living inoculation and in vitro inoculation. Effects of inoculation with different potential pathogens on the plants of Campanumoea lancifolia. Each treatment has five biological repeats. Plants inoculated with the strain showed similar disease characteristics to fields. Arranged from left to right according to the disease grade. A, B: Tieback pot experiment; C: Living blank control CK; D: Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis; E: Colletotrichum liriopes; F: Fusarium solani; G: Fusarium Oxysporum; H: CK, I−L are the root rot symptoms after inoculation with different pathogens in vivo; M: CK; N−Q are the rot symptoms of leaves inoculated with different pathogens in vitro. Scale: 10 mm., figureFileSmall=JeKzeMElikNx7Brps0f6FA==, figureFileBig=A88lTzbTUVz1bpWQvjDSiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001653310121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=图4, caption=活体接种和离体接种测定致病性。

接种不同的潜在病原体对长叶轮钟草植株的影响,每个处理有5个生物学重复,接种菌株的植物显示出与田地相似的疾病特征,按病害等级低到高从左往右依次排列。A、B:回接盆栽试验;C:活体空白对照CK;D:蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis);E:麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes);F:腐皮镰孢菌(Fusarium solani);G:尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum);H:活体根部空白对照CK;I、J、K、L依次为活体接种不同病原菌后放大的根部腐坏症状;M:空白对照CK;N、O、P、Q依次为叶片离体接种不同病原菌的腐坏症状。比例尺:10 mm。

, figureFileSmall=JeKzeMElikNx7Brps0f6FA==, figureFileBig=A88lTzbTUVz1bpWQvjDSiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001741390515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=null, caption=The inhibitory effect of essential oils on mycelial growth and pot experiment on the antifungal activity of essential oils against root rot. Inhibitory effects of different volatile oils on the growth of Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum liriopes, and Rhizoctonia pogostemonis; The "mixed fungi" group represents the potted experiment where different essential oils were applied to a mixed spore suspension of the four pathogens. Hymexazol was used as the negative control, and a mixture of 10/1 000 DMSO and 1/1 000 Tween-80 served as the positive control (CK)., figureFileSmall=rf+pPP+JqfsLBZbBg2s+Lw==, figureFileBig=F0PCMTOFcuQrloS6EUJoQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300001816887992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=图5, caption=挥发油对菌丝生长的抑制作用和挥发油抗根腐的盆栽试验。

不同芳香中药植物挥发油对茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)、蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)生长的抑制作用;Mixed fungi组为不同芳香中药植物挥发油对4种混合孢子悬浮液处理后的盆栽试验。Hymexazol为阴性对照,10/1 000 DMSO和1/1 000吐温-80混合物为CK阳性对照。

, figureFileSmall=rf+pPP+JqfsLBZbBg2s+Lw==, figureFileBig=F0PCMTOFcuQrloS6EUJoQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300003356197573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of Origanum vulgare Linn. essential oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.RTRICompoundCAS No.Molecular formulaPercentage total (%)
No.:序号;RT:相对保留时间;RI:保留指数;Percentage total (%):相对百分含量;(−)-:左旋异构体;(+)-:右旋异构体;(±)-:外消旋体。
No.: Serial number; RT: Retention time; RI: Retention index; Percentage total (%): Relative percentage content; (−)-: Levorotatory isomer; (+)-: Dextrorotatory isomer; (±)-: Racemic mixture.
113.7499293-thujene2867-05-2C10H161.019
214.047937Alpha-pinene80-56-8C10H160.580
315.5909801-octen-3-ol3391-86-4C8H16O0.510
415.8659863-octanone106-68-3C8H16O0.767
516.055991Myrcene123-35-3C10H160.924
617.0701 017α-terpinene99-86-5C10H161.524
717.3591 0251-isopropyl-4-me99-87-6C10H1415.820
818.5361 060γ-terpinene99-85-4C10H1610.479
921.7631 164(±)-isomenthone491-07-6C10H18O0.545
1022.2091 170Borneol464-45-9C10H18O0.792
1122.5241 182l-terpinen-4-ol20126-76-5C10H18O0.788
1224.1251 2352-isopropyl-5-methylanisole1076-56-8C11H16O1.555
1324.4361 244Carvacrol methyl ether6379-73-3C11H16O14.809
1425.7491 291Thymol89-83-8C10H14O13.625
1526.0911 299Carvacrol499-75-2C10H14O24.568
1629.7211 440(+)-aromadendrene489-39-4C15H243.573
1731.6981 495Bicyclogermacren24703-35-3C15H240.841
1833.7411 576Spathulenol6750-60-3C15H24O0.584
1933.8571 581(−)-caryophyllene oxide1139-30-6C15H24O1.023
), ArticleFig(id=1243300003482026699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

牛至挥发油的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.RTRICompoundCAS No.Molecular formulaPercentage total (%)
No.:序号;RT:相对保留时间;RI:保留指数;Percentage total (%):相对百分含量;(−)-:左旋异构体;(+)-:右旋异构体;(±)-:外消旋体。
No.: Serial number; RT: Retention time; RI: Retention index; Percentage total (%): Relative percentage content; (−)-: Levorotatory isomer; (+)-: Dextrorotatory isomer; (±)-: Racemic mixture.
113.7499293-thujene2867-05-2C10H161.019
214.047937Alpha-pinene80-56-8C10H160.580
315.5909801-octen-3-ol3391-86-4C8H16O0.510
415.8659863-octanone106-68-3C8H16O0.767
516.055991Myrcene123-35-3C10H160.924
617.0701 017α-terpinene99-86-5C10H161.524
717.3591 0251-isopropyl-4-me99-87-6C10H1415.820
818.5361 060γ-terpinene99-85-4C10H1610.479
921.7631 164(±)-isomenthone491-07-6C10H18O0.545
1022.2091 170Borneol464-45-9C10H18O0.792
1122.5241 182l-terpinen-4-ol20126-76-5C10H18O0.788
1224.1251 2352-isopropyl-5-methylanisole1076-56-8C11H16O1.555
1324.4361 244Carvacrol methyl ether6379-73-3C11H16O14.809
1425.7491 291Thymol89-83-8C10H14O13.625
1526.0911 299Carvacrol499-75-2C10H14O24.568
1629.7211 440(+)-aromadendrene489-39-4C15H243.573
1731.6981 495Bicyclogermacren24703-35-3C15H240.841
1833.7411 576Spathulenol6750-60-3C15H24O0.584
1933.8571 581(−)-caryophyllene oxide1139-30-6C15H24O1.023
), ArticleFig(id=1243300003586884309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition of Mosla chinensis Maxim. essential oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.RTRICompoundCAS No.Molecular formulaPercentage total (%)
No.:序号;RT:相对保留时间;RI:保留指数;Percentage total (%):相对百分含量。
No.: Serial number; RT: Retention time; RI: Retention index; Percentage total (%): Relative percentage content.
112.510991Myrcene123-35-3C10H160.575
213.7581 017α-terpinene99-86-5C10H160.990
314.1051 0251-iisopropyl-4-me99-87-6C10H144.819
415.6291 060γ-terpinene99-85-4C10H163.434
521.2381 177Terpinen-4-ol562-74-3C10H18O0.574
626.4481 291Thymol89-83-8C10H14O59.439
726.8741 299Carvacrol499-75-2C10H14O23.822
829.1591 355Phenol, 5-methyl-2-1-methyleth528-79-0C12H16O22.358
929.9791 371Carvacrol acetate6380-28-5C12H16O20.592
1033.8621 454Alpha-humulene6753-98-6C15H242.176
), ArticleFig(id=1243300003729490650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

石香薷挥发油的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.RTRICompoundCAS No.Molecular formulaPercentage total (%)
No.:序号;RT:相对保留时间;RI:保留指数;Percentage total (%):相对百分含量。
No.: Serial number; RT: Retention time; RI: Retention index; Percentage total (%): Relative percentage content.
112.510991Myrcene123-35-3C10H160.575
213.7581 017α-terpinene99-86-5C10H160.990
314.1051 0251-iisopropyl-4-me99-87-6C10H144.819
415.6291 060γ-terpinene99-85-4C10H163.434
521.2381 177Terpinen-4-ol562-74-3C10H18O0.574
626.4481 291Thymol89-83-8C10H14O59.439
726.8741 299Carvacrol499-75-2C10H14O23.822
829.1591 355Phenol, 5-methyl-2-1-methyleth528-79-0C12H16O22.358
929.9791 371Carvacrol acetate6380-28-5C12H16O20.592
1033.8621 454Alpha-humulene6753-98-6C15H242.176
), ArticleFig(id=1243300003846931173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Chemical composition of Elsholtzia cyprianii (Pavolini) S. Chow ex P. S. Hsu. essential oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.RTRICompoundCAS No.Molecular formulaPercentage total (%)
No.:序号;RT:相对保留时间;RI:保留指数;Percentage total (%):相对百分含量。
No.: Serial number; RT: Retention time; RI: Retention index; Percentage total (%): Relative percentage content.
115.1291 099Linalool78-70-6C10H18O1.252
217.0931 170Isoneral72203-97-5C10H16O1.482
317.6291 183Isogeranial55722-59-3C10H16O2.319
419.0291 228Nerol106-25-2C10H18O1.796
519.4771 240β-citral106-26-3C10H16O37.330
619.7271 255Geraniol106-24-1C10H18O1.552
720.3011 270α-citral141-27-5C10H16O43.060
824.7511 419Caryophyllene87-44-5C15H243.384
925.6421 454Humulene6753-98-6C15H241.164
1028.9431 581Caryophyllene oxide1139-30-6C15H24O0.964
), ArticleFig(id=1243300003960177388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

野草香挥发油的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.RTRICompoundCAS No.Molecular formulaPercentage total (%)
No.:序号;RT:相对保留时间;RI:保留指数;Percentage total (%):相对百分含量。
No.: Serial number; RT: Retention time; RI: Retention index; Percentage total (%): Relative percentage content.
115.1291 099Linalool78-70-6C10H18O1.252
217.0931 170Isoneral72203-97-5C10H16O1.482
317.6291 183Isogeranial55722-59-3C10H16O2.319
419.0291 228Nerol106-25-2C10H18O1.796
519.4771 240β-citral106-26-3C10H16O37.330
619.7271 255Geraniol106-24-1C10H18O1.552
720.3011 270α-citral141-27-5C10H16O43.060
824.7511 419Caryophyllene87-44-5C15H243.384
925.6421 454Humulene6753-98-6C15H241.164
1028.9431 581Caryophyllene oxide1139-30-6C15H24O0.964
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004106978040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Chemical composition of Adenosma buchneroides Bonati essential oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.RTRICompoundCAS No.Molecular formulaPercentage total (%)
EO 2306 AEO 2306 BEO 2306 C
No.:序号;RT:相对保留时间;RI:保留指数;Percentage total (%):相对百分含量;−:未检测到。
No.: Serial number; RT: Retention time; RI: Retention index; Percentage total (%): Relative percentage content; −: Not detected.
110.0909293-thujene2867-05-2C10H162.5491.1810.639
213.5341 0113-carene13466-78-9C10H162.6641.6731.268
313.7811 017α-terpinene99-86-5C10H163.9641.953
414.1381 0251-isopropyl-4-me99-87-6C10H1415.27312.87519.951
514.3261 031d-limonene5989-27-5C10H162.7781.9661.544
615.6841 060γ-terpinene99-85-4C10H1637.20928.75221.355
720.6131 170l-borneol464-45-9C10H18O0.818
824.2251 244Methyl carvacrol6379-73-3C11H16O9.88111.13210.762
926.3251 291Thymol89-83-8C10H14O1.1261.295
1026.8171 299Carvacrol499-75-2C10H14O15.88729.12330.588
1133.8831 454Humulene6753-98-6C15H241.5010.932
1235.8861 509β-bisabolene495-61-4C15H245.0145.4644.644
1340.2651 606Humulene epoxide Ⅱ19888-34-7C15H24O0.7140.7140.898
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004253778692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

勐腊毛麝香挥发油的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.RTRICompoundCAS No.Molecular formulaPercentage total (%)
EO 2306 AEO 2306 BEO 2306 C
No.:序号;RT:相对保留时间;RI:保留指数;Percentage total (%):相对百分含量;−:未检测到。
No.: Serial number; RT: Retention time; RI: Retention index; Percentage total (%): Relative percentage content; −: Not detected.
110.0909293-thujene2867-05-2C10H162.5491.1810.639
213.5341 0113-carene13466-78-9C10H162.6641.6731.268
313.7811 017α-terpinene99-86-5C10H163.9641.953
414.1381 0251-isopropyl-4-me99-87-6C10H1415.27312.87519.951
514.3261 031d-limonene5989-27-5C10H162.7781.9661.544
615.6841 060γ-terpinene99-85-4C10H1637.20928.75221.355
720.6131 170l-borneol464-45-9C10H18O0.818
824.2251 244Methyl carvacrol6379-73-3C11H16O9.88111.13210.762
926.3251 291Thymol89-83-8C10H14O1.1261.295
1026.8171 299Carvacrol499-75-2C10H14O15.88729.12330.588
1133.8831 454Humulene6753-98-6C15H241.5010.932
1235.8861 509β-bisabolene495-61-4C15H245.0145.4644.644
1340.2651 606Humulene epoxide Ⅱ19888-34-7C15H24O0.7140.7140.898
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004429939473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Inhibitory rates of different volatile oils on Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum liriopes, and Rhizoctonia pogostemonis (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Essential oilFusarium solaniFusarium oxysporumColletotrichum liriopesStagonosporopsis pogostemonis
不同芳香中药植物挥发油对茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)、蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)的抑制率统计;恶霉灵(hymexazol)为阴性对照,10/1 000 DMSO和1/1 000吐温-80混合物为CK阳性对照,数值越大表示抑制率越大。
Inhibitory effects of different volatile oils on the growth of Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum liriopes, and Rhizoctonia pogostemonis; The “mixed fungi” group represents the potted experiment where different essential oils were applied to a mixed spore suspension of the four pathogens. Hymexazol was used as the negative control, and a mixture of 10/1 000 DMSO and 1/1 000 Tween-80 served as the positive control (CK),The larger the value, the higher the inhibition rate.
EO 230432.9495.2981.7195.00
EO 230394.1295.2995.1295.00
EO 230585.8895.2995.1295.00
EO 2306 A47.0694.1293.9095.00
EO 2306 B77.0695.2995.1295.00
EO 2306 C65.2995.2993.9095.00
CK0.000.000.000.00
Hymexazol52.9475.2965.8533.13
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004585128730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同挥发油对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌的抑制率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Essential oilFusarium solaniFusarium oxysporumColletotrichum liriopesStagonosporopsis pogostemonis
不同芳香中药植物挥发油对茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)、蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)的抑制率统计;恶霉灵(hymexazol)为阴性对照,10/1 000 DMSO和1/1 000吐温-80混合物为CK阳性对照,数值越大表示抑制率越大。
Inhibitory effects of different volatile oils on the growth of Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum liriopes, and Rhizoctonia pogostemonis; The “mixed fungi” group represents the potted experiment where different essential oils were applied to a mixed spore suspension of the four pathogens. Hymexazol was used as the negative control, and a mixture of 10/1 000 DMSO and 1/1 000 Tween-80 served as the positive control (CK),The larger the value, the higher the inhibition rate.
EO 230432.9495.2981.7195.00
EO 230394.1295.2995.1295.00
EO 230585.8895.2995.1295.00
EO 2306 A47.0694.1293.9095.00
EO 2306 B77.0695.2995.1295.00
EO 2306 C65.2995.2993.9095.00
CK0.000.000.000.00
Hymexazol52.9475.2965.8533.13
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004744512295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

MICs of volatile oils against Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum liriopes, and Rhizoctonia pogostemonis (mg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Essential oilFusarium solaniFusarium oxysporumColletotrichum liriopesStagonosporopsis pogostemonis
EO 23040.0310.0312.0001.000
EO 23030.0310.0312.0001.000
EO 23050.5000.0312.0002.000
EO 2306 A0.5000.2504.0000.250
EO 2306 B0.5000.5004.0001.000
EO 2306 C0.1250.1254.0004.000
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004853564207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175014422802602, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同挥发油对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌的MICs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Essential oilFusarium solaniFusarium oxysporumColletotrichum liriopesStagonosporopsis pogostemonis
EO 23040.0310.0312.0001.000
EO 23030.0310.0312.0001.000
EO 23050.5000.0312.0002.000
EO 2306 A0.5000.2504.0000.250
EO 2306 B0.5000.5004.0001.000
EO 2306 C0.1250.1254.0004.000
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长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定及4种芳香中药植物挥发油对其病原菌的抑制作用
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李映涛 1 , 苟珈棋 2 , 李桥峰 2 , 李园园 2 , 秦苗 2 , 普春霞 1, * , 张爱丽 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(1): 303-322
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(1): 303-322
长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定及4种芳香中药植物挥发油对其病原菌的抑制作用
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李映涛1, 苟珈棋2, 李桥峰2, 李园园2, 秦苗2, 普春霞1, * , 张爱丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1 云南中医药大学, 云南省南药可持续利用研究重点实验室, 云南 昆明 650500
  • 2 云南中医药大学 中药学院, 云南 昆明 650500
Isolation and identification of pathogens causing root rot in Campanumoea lancifolia and inhibitory effects of essential oils from four aromatic medicinal plants on the pathogenic fungi
Yingtao LI1, Jiaqi GOU2, Qiaofeng LI2, Yuanyuan LI2, Miao QIN2, Chunxia PU1, * , Aili ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Southern Medicinal Resources in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
  • 2 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240406
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长叶轮钟草[Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr.]是一种具有药食两用价值的新资源,开发利用前景广阔。田间调研发现,随着其种植面积的扩大,根腐病问题日益严重,在根腐病严重的田间,损失可高达40%,占长叶轮钟草所有病害造成损失的75%−90%,直接导致了果实产量及品质的下降,影响了商品价值及农户的收入,开展长叶轮钟草根腐病的防治工作迫在眉睫。【目的】分离和鉴定长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌,同时提取4种芳香中药植物的挥发油,研究其对长叶轮钟草病原菌生长的抑制作用。【方法】采用常规组织分离法对典型根腐病症状的长叶轮钟草病害植株进行病原菌的分离纯化,结合形态学和分子生物学手段鉴定病原菌种类,并进行科赫氏法则验证。采用水蒸气蒸馏法从芳香中药植物中提取挥发油,通过牛津杯法评估挥发油的抑菌效果,并通过96孔板法研究了其最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs)。【结果】从患病的长叶轮钟草植株根系中分离并鉴定到4株病原菌,将分离得到的4株病原菌回接后,植物出现了与大田一致的根腐病症状。经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,4株菌分别为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)和蔓枯病菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)。挥发油抑菌实验发现,4种挥发油对尖孢镰刀菌、茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌均有很强的抑制效果,抑制率在32.94%−95.29%之间。此外,4种挥发油对4株病原菌MICs在0.031−4.000 mg/mL之间。【结论】本研究表明,尖孢镰刀菌、茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌均为长叶轮钟草的致病菌,且茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌为首次报道的长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌。此外,基于中医“芳香避秽”的思想理论,本研究选取的4种芳香植物的挥发油对长叶轮钟草的根腐病病原菌均有较强的抑制作用。本研究为长叶轮钟草根腐病植物源农药的开发和未来该资源的绿色种植奠定了科学基础。

长叶轮钟草  /  根腐病  /  尖孢镰刀菌  /  茄腐镰刀菌  /  麦冬炭疽菌  /  蔓枯病原菌  /  挥发油

Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr. is a new plant species with both medicinal and edible values, demonstrating broad prospects for development and utilization. However, as its cultivation area expands, root rot has become increasingly severe. In the fields with severe root rot, the losses can reach up to 40%, accounting for 75% to 90% of the losses caused by all diseases affecting C. lancifolia. Root rot directly leads to declines in fruit yield and quality, affecting the commercial value of the fruits and reducing farmers' incomes. Thus, it is urgent to address the root rot in C. lancifolia. [Objective] To isolate and identify the pathogens causing root rot in C. lancifolia and investigate the inhibitory effects of essential oils extracted from four aromatic medicinal plants on the growth of these pathogens. [Methods] Pathogens were isolated from C. lancifolia plants displaying typical root rot symptoms by the tissue culture method. The pathogens were identified based on morphological and molecular evidence and verified according to Koch's postulates. Essential oils were extracted from four aromatic medicinal plants by steam distillation. The Oxford cup method was employed to examine the inhibitory effects of the essential oils on the pathogens, and the 96-well plate method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils. [Results] Four pathogenic strains were isolated and identified from the roots of diseased C. lancifolia plants. Re-inoculation of these pathogens induced root rot symptoms consistent with those observed in the field. The pathogens were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum liriopes, and Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis. The essential oils exhibited strong inhibitory effects on these pathogens, with inhibition rates ranging from 32.94% to 95.29%. Additionally, the MICs of the four essential oils against the pathogens ranged from 0.031 mg/mL to 4.000 mg/mL. [Conclusion] This study demonstrates that F. oxysporum, F. solani, C. liriopes, and S. pogostemonis are pathogenic to C. lancifolia. This is the first report of F. solani, C. liriopes, and S. pogostemonis causing root rot in C. lancifolia. Furthermore, the essential oils extracted from the selected four aromatic plants exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the pathogens causing root rot in C. lancifolia, which coincides with the theory of aromatic plants dispelling pathogens in traditional Chinese medicine. The findings lay a scientific foundation for the development of botanical pesticides against root rot in C. lancifolia and the eco-friendly cultivation of this plant.

Campanumoea lancifolia  /  root rot  /  Fusarium oxysporum  /  Fusarium solani  /  Colletotrichum liriopes  /  Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis  /  essential oils
李映涛, 苟珈棋, 李桥峰, 李园园, 秦苗, 普春霞, 张爱丽. 长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定及4种芳香中药植物挥发油对其病原菌的抑制作用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 303 -322 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240406
Yingtao LI, Jiaqi GOU, Qiaofeng LI, Yuanyuan LI, Miao QIN, Chunxia PU, Aili ZHANG. Isolation and identification of pathogens causing root rot in Campanumoea lancifolia and inhibitory effects of essential oils from four aromatic medicinal plants on the pathogenic fungi[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 303 -322 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240406
长叶轮钟草[Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr.]系桔梗科金钱豹属植物,分布于我国云南(东南部)、四川、贵州、湖北西部、湖南、广西、广东、福建、台湾等地山区,喜生长于海拔1 500 m以下的林木、灌丛及沟谷中[1-2]。其果实算盘状,又形如“蜘蛛”,名红果参、蜘蛛果、算盘果、肉算盘、山荸荠等[3]。长叶轮钟草茎叶及根均可入药,具有润肺止咳、理气补虚、祛瘀止痛等功效,用于治疗跌打损伤、气虚乏力、肠绞痛、肺痨咳嗽、疝气等病症[4],研究表明,长叶轮钟草主含黄酮类[5]、生物碱类[6]、挥发油类[7]、多糖类[8]和花青素[9]等多种化学成分[10],具有抗氧化[11-14],防治神经病变、冠心病,延缓衰老、抗癌、抗病毒等作用[15-18]。除了药用,民间老百姓常采集其成熟果实作为水果食用,其果肉紫红、香脆、汁多、无渣,味道鲜美。由此可见,长叶轮钟草是一种集药用、食用和保健功能于一身的特色药食两用新资源,现已开发了红果参酒、茶叶、饼干等保健食品[19],开发利用前景十分广阔。
目前长叶轮钟草在云南丽江、施甸、文山[20]等多地种植,仅2023年,云南省文山壮族苗族自治州马关县种植红果参就达547 hm²,预计可实现产值3亿元[21]。通过田间调研发现,随着种植面积不断扩大,长叶轮钟草根腐病也日益严重,发病严重时损失高达40%,占长叶轮钟草各种病害的75%−90%,已成为影响长叶轮钟草果实产量、品质及商品价值的严重病害之一,直接导致农户的减收。土传病害最有效的防治方法是轮作和化学防治法,但是轮作会涉及土地的大面积使用;而化学防治法会造成环境污染、农药残留等问题,危害人体健康。中医就有“芳香避秽”的思想理论[22],芳香中药自古就被认为具有“辟秽” “除恶”作用。医学上,将芳香辟秽理论应用在病原微生物的防治中已历史悠久。中药中的“芳香”主要由挥发油发挥作用,其不仅有药用功效,还具有杀虫、驱虫、抗菌的特性。因挥发油具有不易产生抗性、低残留、易降解等特点[23],现已成为了最重要的植物源抗菌资源之一。目前发现的具有植物病原菌抗菌活性的挥发油大部分集中在菊科、唇形科和木兰科等植物中,相关研究也最为广泛和成熟。鉴于此,基于课题组长期对唇形科植物的研究基础,我们筛选了唇形科常见的4种中药(牛至、石香薷、野草香和勐腊毛麝香),开展挥发油的分离提取和成分鉴定,并通过体外的抑菌试验和测定最小抑菌浓度验证这4种中药材挥发油的抑菌作用和抗菌能力,为开发和应用新型高活性的挥发油植物源农药提供科学依据。
2023年,在云南省文山市马关县长叶轮钟草种植基地采样。样本显示以下典型特征:植株高约60−90 cm,茎直立且有分枝,叶形为狭长披针形,边缘有细锯齿。花序为总状花序,花冠呈漏斗形。经云南中医药大学黄衡宇教授鉴定,确认为长叶轮钟草[Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr.]。采集具有典型根腐病症状的病株,包括根部腐烂、变色和组织坏死,带回实验室立即分离。用于接种病原菌的长叶轮钟草无菌组培苗由云南中医药大学黄衡宇教授提供。
牛至原材料产地为云南省香格里拉市虎跳峡镇,被云南中医药大学普春霞副教授鉴定为唇形科牛至(Origanum vulgare Linn.),具有卵形或椭圆形叶片,边缘有锯齿,紫红色小花成伞形花序,茎四棱形且有细毛,且散发浓郁的芳香气味。石香薷原材料产地为江西省赣州市兴国县,经普春霞副教授鉴定为唇形科石荠苎属石香薷(Mosla chinensis Maxim.),其特征包括狭长披针形叶片,白色或淡紫色小花成轮伞花序,直立茎上有细毛,带有淡淡的辛香味。野草香原材料产地为云南省昭通市鲁甸,经普春霞副教授鉴定为唇形科香薷属野草香[Elsholtzia cyprianii (Pavolini) S. Chow ex P. S. Hsu],其特征为狭披针形或线状披针形叶片,紫红色小花成轮伞花序,茎直立且有细毛,具有强烈的香味。勐腊毛麝香原材料产地为云南省西双版纳傣族自治州勐腊县勐仑镇,经普春霞副教授鉴定为勐腊毛麝香(Adenosma buchneroides Bonati),其叶片为卵形或披针形,淡紫色小花呈总状花序,茎直立且有细毛,散发强烈的麝香味。
丙酮,云南杨林工业开发区汕滇药业有限公司;环己烷和无水硫酸钠,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇,天津市优谱化学试剂有限公司;正己烷,天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司;马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA),北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
超纯水机,南北仪器有限公司;电子分析天平,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;电子调温电热套,北京科伟永兴仪器有限公司;挥发油提取器,云南飞鸣经贸有限公司;气相色谱-质谱联用仪,安捷伦科技有限公司;旋转蒸发仪,上海爱朗仪器有限公司。
采用常规组织分离法对病原菌进行分离[24],先用自来水冲洗以去除植物表面泥土,然后加无菌水没过样品,超声处理5−10 min (整个过程保证无菌水澄清透明),最后再用无菌水彻底清洗表面,洗净的样品放入含滤纸的无菌培养皿中干燥。之后置于75%乙醇中消毒45 s,然后于1% NaClO溶液中消毒1 min,用灭菌水漂洗3次后将组织放在灭菌的滤纸片上晾干水分,在病根的病健交界处切取5 mm×5 mm的组织,转移到PDA平板上,每皿放4块组织,置于25 ℃黑暗恒温培养,待3−4 d长出菌落后,挑取菌丝进行纯化,多次纯化直至菌落形态一致,最后将菌落转接到PDA培养基上,4 ℃保存备用。
将分离到的菌株接种到PDA平板上,25 ℃恒温黑暗培养3 d时测量菌落直径,每天观察并拍照记录菌丝形状、菌落特征等。显微镜观察和测量分生孢子形态和大小,对病原菌的初步鉴定参照Váradi等[25]的方法进行。
将菌株接种于PDA平板中央,25 ℃黑暗培养4 d后,收集菌丝于1.5 mL的无菌管中,采用真菌提取试剂盒进行病原菌DNA提取。利用真菌内转录间隔ITSI区和ITSⅡ区的通用引物ITS 1 (5′-TCCGTAG-GTGAACCTGCGG-3′)和ITS 4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATT-GATATGC-3′),对菌丝基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(50 μL):Premix Taq扩增酶(TaKaRa公司) 45 μL,正、反向引物(10 μmol/L)各2 μL,DNA模板1 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性2 min;98 ℃变性10 s,56 ℃退火10 s,72 ℃延伸(根据片段长度设定延伸时间为10 s/kb),共30个循环;72 ℃延伸5 min。PCR产物经过凝胶电泳检测后,委托擎科生物(上海)科技有限公司进行测序,将测序后的核苷酸序列经组装拼接后使用BLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.Nih.gov/blast/)进行序列比对,并依据菌株内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)基因序列,采用MEGA 11.0中的邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建系统发育树[26]。系统发育树的构建基于从NCBI GenBank数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/)下载的基因序列。
菌丝长势相同的分离菌株菌盘,接入LB液体培养基中进行产孢培养,25 ℃、200 r/min培养5 d,使用4层无菌纱布过滤2次除去杂质和菌丝,滤液4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心3 min后获得孢子悬浮液。采用离体接种和活体接种方式进行致病性检测。
采用离体接种法评价病原菌对长叶轮钟草叶片的影响。从组培苗中收集大小相似叶片,将叶子的叶柄插在培养皿中,在每个叶的中间部分用针刺法注入5 μL 1×10 6 CFU/mL分生孢子悬浮液,对照组接入等量无菌水,每个处理6个重复,保持培养皿在22 ℃的光照培养箱中生长,16 h和8 h的光周期感染72 h。
进行活体接种时,采取浸孢子液的方法进行致病性检测。将健康根茎表皮用无菌接种针刺伤,浸入107 CFU/mL的孢子悬浮液0.5−1 h,以浸无菌水为对照,接种后转移至盛满灭菌土的小盆钵中。每个处理6个重复,置于温度25 ℃、相对湿度75%和12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下培养。培养期间,观察盆栽中长叶轮钟草的生长状况,待植株萎蔫后挖出长叶轮钟草根,观察其是否烂根。烂根后从病健交界处再次进行病原菌分离与鉴定。试验重复3次。评估相对病情指数,病情指数从0−10表示依次增加。
将6种挥发油溶解于Hoagland营养液中,配制成最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs),通过向无菌土壤中添加不同的挥发油(essential oils, EOs),获得含有精油的土壤。无菌土壤由蛭石和自然土灭菌后组成(蛭石的质量分数为33.3%,自然土的质量分数为66.7%)。然后,将土壤在机械搅拌后密封,放置在阴凉处5 d,使其充分混合。在这个熏蒸过程之后,将250 g处理过的土壤分别移入每个花盆中。每个花盆中种植1株长叶轮钟草幼苗,这些幼苗的根部已在浓度为1×106 CFU/mL的4种混合孢子悬液中浸泡3 h。将幼苗种植在不含精油的无菌土壤中的组作为阳性对照组CK;而用恶霉灵处理的组为阴性对照组。实验进行了3次重复。在培养21 d后,当阳性对照组的幼苗表现出明显病状时,评估相对病情指数,病情指数采用公式(1)进行计算,0−10代表病情指数依次增加。
式中:DI为浸染率,dl为坏死长度,tl为根总长。
取在PDA培养基培养4 d的4株病原菌,用直径5 mm的打孔器沿菌落边缘打取生长一致的菌丝块,接种于新的PDA培养基中央,放置于28 ℃培养箱恒温培养,每个处理设5个重复。采用“十”字交叉法,每24 h测量1次菌落直径。取培养7 d的菌盘,使用5 mL医用无菌注射器分多次加入30 mL无菌水冲洗菌盘,再用4层纱布过滤,10 000 r/min离心3 min后获得孢子提取液。
对石香薷、野草香、牛至、勐腊毛麝香分别进行挥发油的提取。分别取样品500 g,按照刘婷等[27]的方法利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,提取时间为6 h,重复3次。收集挥发油,用无水硫酸钠干燥,环己烷萃取,得到挥发油提取物,置于棕色玻璃瓶中4 ℃保存。利用GC-MS法分析检测其挥发油主要成分及含量。GC条件,色谱柱:Agilent (安捷伦科技有限公司),HP-5 (5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxan,50 m×0.32 mm×0.52 μm);进样口温度250 ℃,检测器(氢火焰离子检测器,FID)温度250 ℃;柱箱升温程序:50 ℃升到250 ℃,每分钟升5 ℃;进样量1 μL;分流比20:1;进样口压力102.28 kPa;体积流量2.1 mL/min;载气:高纯度He。MS条件:电子轰击离子源(electron impact ionization source, EI),电子能量70 eV,扫描范围50−550 m/z;离子源温度230 ℃;四极杆温度150 ℃。溶剂延迟时间设置为6 min。定量方法:手动积分,相对峰面积归一化法;谱库NIST 20。
将挥发油、恶霉灵溶于10/1 000 DMSO和1/1 000吐温-80 (1-DMSO-T)混悬液中,之后,挥发油和恶霉灵混悬液用0.22 μL的有机滤头进行过滤,得到无菌滤液。在无菌操作条件下,将高压蒸气灭菌后的PDA培养基,每个培养皿倒20 mL培养基冷却。用5 mm打孔器取生命力旺盛的菌丝块,放入已冷却的培养皿的正中央,将4个牛津杯等距离(25 mm)放在菌丝块四周。分别吸取过滤的200 μL挥发油或恶霉灵混悬液,注入牛津杯中的挥发油样品和恶霉灵浓度均为50 mg/mL,以1-DMSO-T混悬液为阴性对照,以恶霉灵混悬液为阳性对照。每个处理设5个重复,于28 ℃微生物培养箱恒温培养,用直尺测量菌落直径计算抑制率来衡量不同挥发油溶液对长叶轮钟草根腐病菌落生长的影响。计算公式如公式(2)所示。
式中:GI菌落生长抑制率,dn为阴性对照菌落直径,dt为处理样品菌落直径。
用注射器吸取1/4 PDB液体培养基冲洗长满菌落的培养基,得到孢子悬浮液调整浓度为1.0×106 CFU/mL。将挥发油和恶霉灵用20/1 000 DMSO和1/1 000吐温-80 (2-DMSO-T)混悬液溶解后过滤,得到无菌滤液。滤液均采用二倍稀释法进行稀释,得到10个浓度梯度。挥发油的初始浓度为8 mg/mL,恶霉灵的初始浓度为8 mg/mL。在96孔板中,以150 μL的1/4 PDB和50 μL的2-DMSO-T混合液作为空白对照,150 μL真菌悬浮液和50 μL的2-DMSO-T作为阴性对照,阳性对照仅含150 μL真菌悬浮液,在28 ℃微生物培养箱中恒温培养36 h。采用酶标仪在吸光度为595 nm处测定每个孔的吸光度,当吸光度小于0.1视为真菌不生长,此时对应的浓度即为挥发油最小抑菌浓度。每个浓度设置8个重复。
试验数据用SPSS 19.0软件和Microsoft Excel进行处理、统计分析和显著性水平检验,结果表示为3个重复数据的“平均值±均值标准误”。
根腐病在长叶轮钟草整个生长期均可以发生,田间5月初开始发病,8月是发病盛期。苗期发病植株地上部分长势衰弱,叶色淡绿,甚至矮小发黄(图1B),严重时整株叶片枯死、脱落。成株期发病植株地上部失绿萎蔫,并随着时间的推迟自下而上枯死(图1C)。病根受害部位出现深褐色、不规则形病斑,表皮粗糙,发褐,产生根皮与髓部分离;发病特别严重的整个根全部变褐色和黑色,腐烂(图1D)。有时根腐病部位着生着白色菌丝体,植株受害地上部的叶片常出现枯萎,甚至枯死(图1E)。
通过真菌分离纯化获得4种菌落形态不同的菌株,分别命名为CF-5、CF-14、CF-16、CF-19。各菌株之间在菌落生长速度、颜色和分生孢子形态方面具有较大的差异,可分为以下4类。
第1类为CF-5,其菌丝白色疏松,菌落低平,呈放射状分布(图2A),背面呈奶油色(图2B)。分生孢子梗产生分生孢子,小型分生孢子无隔或1隔,椭圆形;大型分生孢子镰刀形或纺锤形,3−5隔;厚垣孢子壁厚,表面光滑,球形(图2C2D)。形态学结果表明CF-5为茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)。
第2类为CF-14,在PDA培养基培养4 d后菌丝白色或淡紫色絮状,菌落凸起,基质不变色(图2E),菌落背面有淡紫色圈(图2F)。分生孢子梗产生分生孢子,其中小型分生孢子无隔或1隔,肾形;大型分生孢子镰刀形,通常3隔(图2H);厚垣孢子近球形,表面光滑,壁厚。根据形态学特征初步鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。
第3类为CF-16,在PDA培养基培养4 d后,菌落为圆形,边缘整齐,气生菌丝发达,向外生长,初为白色,后变深灰色绒状(图2I2J)。分生孢子盘散生,黑褐色。分生孢子圆柱形,两端钝圆,中间有1个油球(图2K2L)。根据培养性状和形态特征将CF-16菌株初步鉴定为麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)。
第4类为CF-19,其菌落为圆形,边缘整齐,白色至橙红色,25 ℃条件下培养7 d的菌落直径为78 mm,具同心圆环,由外到内颜色逐渐变深(图2M);21 d后,颜色进一步加深,表面呈橙红色,背面呈红棕色(图2N)。在PDA上培养30 d以上形成少数半埋式分生孢子器。显微镜下观察分生孢子器呈球形或近球形,顶端有开口,开口处分泌乳白色蜜露,内含大量分生孢子(图2O)。分生孢子呈长椭圆形,有隔膜和小油滴(图2P)。根据上述形态特征,将CF-19菌株初步鉴定为蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)。
将测序获得的病原菌rDNA-ITS基因序列提交至GenBank数据库,进行BLAST同源性比对,并使用MEGA 5.0软件构建系统发育树进行分析。结果显示,CF-5 rDNA-ITS序列与茄腐镰刀菌的序列具有最高的同源性,其与茄腐镰刀菌(登录号:MN795744.1)共享一个节点,节点的置信值为63 (图3)。结合形态学鉴定结果,最终将参试的病原菌鉴定为茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)。菌株CF-14 rDNA-ITS序列信息与尖孢镰刀菌(登录号:MT530243.1)共享一个节点,节点的置信值为99,并与镰刀属的其他菌株分支明显,结合形态学鉴定结果,最终将参试的病原菌鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。CF-16 rDNA-ITS序列信息与茄腐镰刀菌序列同源性最高,其与麦冬炭疽菌(登录号:MK571776.1)共享一个节点,置信值为99 (图3)。结合形态学鉴定结果,最终将参试的病原菌鉴定为麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)。菌株CF-19 rDNA-ITS序列信息与蔓枯病原菌(登录号:OR789150.1)共享一个节点,置信值为45,结合形态学鉴定结果,最终将参试的病原菌鉴定为蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)。
离体接种72 h后,接种部位均开始出现水渍状病斑,之后病斑逐渐扩展,5 d后病斑几乎占据了整个叶片,表面覆盖白色菌丝(图4N4O4P4Q),而无菌水处理的对照组叶片无任何症状出现(图4M)。
活体接种结果显示,在4种长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌中,尖孢镰刀菌的相对发病率最高并且相对病情指数最强,分别为47.6%和9.5;其次为茄腐镰刀菌,相对发病率和相对病情指数分别为37.4%和8.8;两者根部症状相似,均出现接种部位为发黑或发黄湿润型病斑,表皮腐朽状,病斑相互连接后整个根部呈褐色软腐状,病根上长出白色菌丝(图4F4G4K4L4P4Q)。麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌相对发病率及相对病情指数均较低。其中麦冬炭疽病原菌相对发病率和相对病情指数分别为29.5%和7.5;蔓枯病原菌相对发病率和相对病情指数分别为25.5%和7.0;两者病斑褐色至黑色凹陷状病斑,并伴随少量纵向延伸的裂口。根部呈现黑色,由根的中柱向表皮蔓延扩散(图4D4E4I4G4N4O),对照组未出现病症(图4C4H4M)。从长叶轮钟草发病部位重新分离菌株,并进行形态学和序列比对分析,确定其与先前接种的病菌一致,符合柯赫氏法则。因此,长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)和蔓枯病菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)。
牛至(Origanum vulgare Linn.)挥发油EO 2304化学成分剔除数据值小于0.50%的变量,样品总百分含量在94.33%,结果见表1。共鉴定出19种化合物,其中主要成分包括香芹酚(carvacrol),含量为24.568%;其次为对异丙基甲苯(1-isopropyl-4-me,15.820%)和丁香酚(thymol,13.625%),α-萜品烯(α-terpinene)和γ-萜品烯(γ-terpinene)的含量分别为1.524%和10.479%。
石香薷(Mosla chinensis)挥发油EO 2303成分剔除数据值小于0.50%的变量,样品总百分含量在98.78%,结果见表2。共鉴定出10种化合物,其中主要成分为百里香酚(thymol),含量为59.439%,其次为香芹酚(carvacrol),含量为23.822%。
野草香[Elsholtzia cyprianii (Pavolini) S. Chow ex P. S. Hsu]挥发油成分EO 2303剔除数据值小于0.50%的变量,样品总百分含量在99.58%,结果见表3。共鉴定出10种化合物,其中主要成分为α-柠檬烯(α-citral),含量为43.060%,其次为β-柠檬烯(β-citral),含量为37.330%。
勐腊毛麝香(Adenosma buchneroides)挥发油根据提取年份不同,分为EO 2306 A (1992年)、EO 2306 B (2017年)、EO 2306 C (2022年),成分剔除数据值小于0.50%的变量,样品总百分含量在91.89%−96.72%,结果见表4。表中共鉴定出13种化合物。主要成分包括γ-萜烯(γ-terpinene),在EO 2306 A中的含量为37.209%,而在EO 2306 B和EO 2306 C中的含量分别为28.752%和21.355%。其次是香叶醇(carvacrol),其在EO 2306 A、EO 2306 B和EO 2306 C中的含量分别为15.887%、29.123%和30.588%。另外,1-异丙基-4-甲基苯(1-isopropyl- 4-me)的含量在EO 2306 C中最高,达19.951%。
本研究用6个挥发油样品对茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)、蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)的抑菌效果进行检验。结果显示,挥发油样品浓度为50 mg/mL,所选挥发油样品均对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌、蔓枯病原菌有较好的抑制作用(图5),抑制率为32.94%−95.29% (表5),比对照组CK具有更显著的抑制效果。
EO 2304对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌的抑制率分别为32.94%、95.29%、81.71%和95.00%。EO 2303对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌的抑制率分别为94.12%、95.29%、95.12%和95.00%。EO 2305对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌的抑制率分别为85.88%、95.29%、95.12%和95.00%。EO 2306 A对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌的抑制率分别为47.06%、94.12%、93.90%和95.00%。EO 2306 B对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌的抑制率分别为77.06%、95.29%、95.12%和95.00%。EO 2306 C对茄腐镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌的抑制率分别为65.29%、95.29%、93.90%和95.00%。
使用挥发油进行了盆栽试验,以评估其对长叶轮钟草抗病的影响。接种21 d后的结果如图5所示。对于牛至挥发油EO 2304、石香薷挥发油EO 2303、野草香挥发油EO 2305,勐腊毛麝香挥发油EO 2306 A、EO 2306 B、EO 2306 C挥发油的处理发病率显著降低,病情指数分别为2.5、1.0、1.5和1.2、1.5、1.7。相比之下,阳性对照组CK为9.8,更值得注意的是,结果表明,与未添加挥发油的对照组CK相比,挥发油显著降低了长叶轮钟草的病情指数。
通过MIC法测定了挥发油、恶霉灵对4种长叶轮钟草根腐病原菌的最小抑菌浓度(表6)。牛至挥发油EO 2304对病原菌的抑菌浓度分别为茄腐镰刀菌0.031 mg/mL、尖孢镰刀菌0.031 mg/mL、麦冬炭疽菌2.000 mg/mL、蔓枯病原菌1.000 mg/mL。EO 2303对病原菌的抑菌浓度分别为茄腐镰刀菌0.031 mg/mL、尖孢镰刀菌0.031 mg/mL、麦冬炭疽菌2.000 mg/mL、蔓枯病原菌1.000 mg/mL。EO 2305对病原菌的抑菌浓度分别为茄腐镰刀菌0.500 mg/mL、尖孢镰刀菌0.031 mg/mL、麦冬炭疽菌2.000 mg/mL、蔓枯病原菌2.000 mg/mL。EO 2306 A对病原菌的抑菌浓度分别为茄腐镰刀菌0.500 mg/mL、尖孢镰刀菌0.250 mg/mL、麦冬炭疽菌4.000 mg/mL、蔓枯病原菌0.250 mg/mL。EO 2306 B对病原菌的抑菌浓度分别为茄腐镰刀菌0.500 mg/mL、尖孢镰刀菌0.500 mg/mL、麦冬炭疽菌4.000 mg/mL、蔓枯病原菌1.000 mg/mL。EO 2306 C对病原菌的抑菌浓度分别为茄腐镰刀菌0.125 mg/mL、尖孢镰刀菌0.125 mg/mL、麦冬炭疽菌4.000 mg/mL、蔓枯病原菌4.000 mg/mL。
不同芳香中药植物挥发油对茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)、蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)的最低抑菌浓度(MICs)。
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of volatile oils from various aromatic medicinal plants Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum liriopes against and Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis.
根腐病是一种常见的毁灭性土传病害,具有“植物癌症”之称,中药材根腐病主要由真菌、细菌、线虫等引起,报道最多的是真菌性病害,其中镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)所占比例最高,其寄生性和致病力也较强,是根腐病中危害性最大的病原菌[28]。Thaines等[29]研究表明,中药材根腐病的症状多种多样,根据腐烂部位的组织性状、颜色、是否水渍状等可分为多种症状类型。
在本研究开展的长叶轮钟草根腐病的田间调查中,发现长叶轮钟草根腐病发病时,其叶基部开始逐渐变黄后枯萎,直至整株植株萎蔫、最终枯死。地下部分的根表皮粗糙,产生纵向裂纹,褐色和黑色,逐渐腐烂。植株一旦感染根腐病,其田间发病率约40%,给农户带来巨大的经济损失。进一步,我们开展了田间患根腐病的长叶轮钟草病害植株的致病病原菌的分离和鉴定研究。结合形态学和分子学鉴定获得了4种菌株:尖孢镰刀菌、茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌。将分离得到的病原菌回接到健康的长叶轮钟草植株上,通过科赫氏法则验证了长叶轮钟草根茎腐病的致病菌为尖孢镰刀菌、茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌,且尖孢镰刀菌和茄腐镰刀菌致病力更强。廖洪新等[30]也发现尖孢镰刀菌可以导致长叶轮钟草发生根腐,这与本研究结果是一致的。其中茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌引起长叶轮钟草根腐病为本研究首次报道。
长期使用化学农药会对生态系统和人类健康造成严重危害。也会诱导病原真菌的抗药性,从而降低其使用效率[31]。挥发油具有强大的抗真菌作用、易于分解和环境相容性,使其成为了最重要的植物源抗菌资源之一[32]。有研究发现挥发油可以穿透真菌的细胞膜,与细胞膜上的酶发生反应,破坏真菌的酶促系统,并进一步破坏其遗传物质的功能[33-34]。此外,挥发油还可以与细胞膜上的蛋白质发生反应,破坏磷脂双分子层和细胞结构,使更多的挥发油进入细胞,并最终导致真菌死亡[35-36]。唇形科挥发油具有许多优点,如香气、较少的副作用和多靶点作用,使其成为开发天然杀菌剂的理想来源。Singh等[37-38]研究发现,唇形科植物小茴香挥发油具有潜在的抗氧化和抗真菌活性。Bouchra等[39]研究发现唇形科植物牛至和百里香、薄荷精油对番茄灰霉病菌的菌丝生长具有显著抑制作用。Inouye等[40]研究发现唇形科植物粗穗荆芥和线叶百里香及其主要成分通过气相接触表现出显著的抗真菌活性。本研究中,唇形科植物牛至挥发油EO 2304、石香薷挥发油EO 2303、野草香挥发油EO 2305,勐腊毛麝香挥发油EO 2306 A、EO 2306 B、EO 2306 C对尖孢镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌均有很强的抑制效果,抑制率为81.71%−95.29%,其抑制效果优于同剂量化药恶霉灵。在茄腐镰刀菌的抑制试验中,石香薷挥发油EO 2303、野草香挥发油EO 2305、勐腊毛麝香挥发油EO 2306 B对茄腐镰刀菌有很强的抑制效果,抑制率为77.06%−94.12%,其抑制效果优于同剂量化药恶霉灵,但是勐腊毛麝香挥发油EO 2306 C对茄腐镰刀菌的抑菌率与化药恶霉灵并无显著差异,牛至挥发油EO 2304、勐腊毛麝香挥发油EO 2306 A对茄腐镰刀菌的抑制率甚至低于化药恶霉灵,这说明挥发油对不同病原菌的抑制作用也具有差异性。
在本研究中,4种唇形科挥发油对4株病原菌最低抑菌浓度(MICs)在0.031−4.000 mg/mL之间。相较于对照药品,目前尚未形成一个广泛认可的标准来评判植物提取物抑菌活性的优劣。按照Madbouly[41]的标准:植物提取物和精油对某病原菌的MIC < 100 μg/mL时被认为对该菌具有显著的抑制活性,100 μg/mL < MIC= 625 μg/mL时被认为具有中度的抑菌活性,MIC > 625 μg/mL时被认为具有弱的抑菌活性。同时,如果提取物的MIC < 100 μg/mL或纯化合物的MIC < 10 μg/mL时,这样的抑菌活性被认为非常有效。这种分类对于判定植物提取物是否具有潜在的抗菌活性很有用。本研究中4种挥发油样品对茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、麦冬炭疽菌(Colletotrichum liriopes)和蔓枯病原菌(Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis)进行的MICs试验。结果显示,各挥发油对病原菌的抑菌效果如下:所有挥发油对茄腐镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌抑制效果较强,抑制活性均被归类为显著或中度水平,因为其最低抑菌浓度均低于100 μg/mL至625 μg/mL的阈值,但对麦冬炭疽菌和蔓枯病原菌具有较弱的抑制活性,因为其MICs > 625 μg/mL。其中EO 2303和EO 2304对茄腐镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌、EO 2305对尖孢镰刀菌均具有显著抑制活性,EO 2305对茄腐镰刀菌和EO 2306 A对蔓枯病原菌具有中度抑菌活性,EO 2306 A、EO 2306 B和EO 2306 C对茄腐镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌具有中度抑菌活性。这些挥发油的抑制活性均被归类为显著或中度水平,说明这4种挥发油具有低剂量高效率的特点。
挥发油抗真菌活性主要归因于其主要成分的作用,以及可能与其他成分的协同效应。通过挥发油成分鉴定,发现香芹酚(carvacrol)在牛至中占总挥发油组分的24.568%、石香薷中占比23.822%、勐腊毛麝香中占比15.887%−30.588%。Zhang等[42]研究发现,香芹酚对采后病原菌灰葡萄孢具有较强抗真菌活性。百里香酚(thymol)在牛至中占比13.625%、石香薷中占比59.439%。Marchese等[43]报道了百里香酚对植物根腐病菌和霜霉病菌等病原菌有显著的抑制作用,能够减少病原菌的生物量和病害发生率。α-香叶醛(α-citral)在野草香中占43.060%,β-香叶醛(β-citral)在野草香中占37.330%。Silva等[44]研究发现香叶醛对念珠菌属具有强效的体外抗真菌活性。γ-蒎烯(γ-terpinene)在勐腊毛麝香中占21.355%−37.209%。Tahvilian等[45]研究结果表明,Pistacia khinjuk精油,特别是其中的γ-萜品烯成分,具有作为抗真菌剂的潜力,对植物病原菌具有抑制作用。通过减少病原菌的生长和活性,这些挥发油成分帮助植物抵御病害,显示出其在植物保护中的重要应用潜力。值得注意的是,抗真菌活性并不一定由挥发油中最高比例的成分引起,较少的化合物也应被考虑。
同时,在今后的研究中还应考虑将这些芳香中药与长叶轮钟草开展间作,增加作物多样性的同时还可以利用植物挥发或分泌的抗菌物质通过诱集、驱避、化感等方式防治病虫害,形成一个协同的抗菌环境,降低病害的发生率。然而,这些芳香中药与长叶轮钟草的间作模式及作用机制还有待进一步研究。
本研究分离并鉴定了长叶轮钟草根腐病的4种致病病原菌,分别为尖孢镰刀菌、茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌,其中茄腐镰刀菌、蔓枯病原菌和麦冬炭疽菌这3种致病病原菌是本研究首次报道的,这为长叶轮钟草根腐病的防治奠定了基础。同时,通过体外抑菌试验、最小抑菌浓度测定和盆栽试验,发现了4种唇形科芳香中药植物中所含的挥发油成分对长叶轮钟草根腐病病原菌均有较强抑制作用。本研究的开展为后期开发防治长叶轮钟草根腐病的新型高活性植物源农药提供了科学依据,为开展长叶轮钟草的绿色种植奠定了基础,保证了云南这一重要的药食两用资源的可持续利用和发展。
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2025年第65卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240406
  • 接收时间:2024-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-03
  • 录用日期:2024-11-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260102)
Yunnan Provincial Applied Basic Research Project(202201AT070218)
Yunnan Provincial Basic Research Program-Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Project(202301AZ070001-005)
Yunnan Provincial Basic Research Program-Traditional Chinese Medicine Joint Project(202101AZ070001-230)
作者信息
    1 云南中医药大学, 云南省南药可持续利用研究重点实验室, 云南 昆明 650500
    2 云南中医药大学 中药学院, 云南 昆明 650500

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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