Article(id=1242093869739872600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240248, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713369600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1721664000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-23, onlineDate=1774067855534, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774067855534, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774067855534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067855534, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242093864144666765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='10', pageStart='3571', pageEnd='3997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774067854200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067980255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3945, endPage=3957, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242093871065272694, articleId=1242093869739872600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening, identification, and degradation characterization of a polylactic acid-degrading bacterial strain, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] We isolated the aerobic bacteria capable of effectively degrading polylactic acid (PLA) and characterized the bacterial growth and degradation, aiming to lay a theoretical foundation for the bioremediation of PLA contaminated environment. [Methods] The degrading bacterium was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to analyze the morphological and chemical changes of PLA films before and after degradation. [Results] A strain of Bacillus sp. JA-4 was screened from activated sludge, and it caused the PLA weight loss of 10.6% after 30 days. The weight loss of PLA reached 5.6% after incubation with the strain at an inoculation amount of 20%, pH 8.0, and 30 ℃ for 7 days. Gelatin significantly enhanced the biodegradation of PLA. In the presence of 3% gelatin, the weight loss of PLA reached 23.1% after 10 days of degradation, and the degradation rate was greatly increased. FTIR results indicated that Bacillus sp. JA-4 degraded PLA by hydrolyzing the ester bonds. [Conclusion] This study enriched the microbial resources for the biodegradation of PLA and provided technical support for the effective degradation of PLA waste in the environment.

, correspAuthors=Juan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WU Juan, E-mail:
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【目的】分离可有效降解聚乳酸(polylactic acid, PLA)的好氧细菌,并研究其生长特性和降解特性,为环境中PLA废弃物的生物修复提供依据。【方法】通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对所筛选菌株进行分子生物学鉴定,采用扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)分析降解前后PLA膜的形貌和化学结构变化。【结果】从活性污泥中筛选获得一株芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) JA-4,30 d后PLA失重率可达10.6%。pH 8.0、30 ℃以及接种量20%的条件下,7 d后PLA的失重率可达到5.6%。明胶对PLA的生物降解具有显著促进作用,当明胶浓度为3%时,降解10 d后PLA的失重率达到23.1%,降解速率也大大提高。FTIR分析表明该菌株通过水解酯键来实现PLA的降解。【结论】本研究为PLA的生物降解提供了新的微生物资源,为环境中PLA废弃物的有效降解提供技术支持。

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Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018, 9:3160., articleTitle=Powdery mildews are characterized by contracted carbohydrate metabolism and diverse effectors to adapt to obligate biotrophic lifestyle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243285168086168517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869739872600, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=26, issue=3, pageStart=530, pageEnd=539, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=Environmental Science Processes & Impacts, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAYEKAR PC, AURAS R. Speeding it up: dual effects of biostimulants and iron on the biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) at mesophilic conditions[J]. 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一株聚乳酸降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性
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张静 , 吴涓 * , 窦月芹 , 徐杰
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(10): 3945-3957
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(10): 3945-3957
一株聚乳酸降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性
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张静, 吴涓* , 窦月芹, 徐杰
作者信息
  • 安徽大学 资源与环境工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230601
Screening, identification, and degradation characterization of a polylactic acid-degrading bacterial strain
Jing ZHANG, Juan WU* , Yueqin DOU, Jie XU
Affiliations
  • College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240248
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【目的】分离可有效降解聚乳酸(polylactic acid, PLA)的好氧细菌,并研究其生长特性和降解特性,为环境中PLA废弃物的生物修复提供依据。【方法】通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对所筛选菌株进行分子生物学鉴定,采用扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)分析降解前后PLA膜的形貌和化学结构变化。【结果】从活性污泥中筛选获得一株芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) JA-4,30 d后PLA失重率可达10.6%。pH 8.0、30 ℃以及接种量20%的条件下,7 d后PLA的失重率可达到5.6%。明胶对PLA的生物降解具有显著促进作用,当明胶浓度为3%时,降解10 d后PLA的失重率达到23.1%,降解速率也大大提高。FTIR分析表明该菌株通过水解酯键来实现PLA的降解。【结论】本研究为PLA的生物降解提供了新的微生物资源,为环境中PLA废弃物的有效降解提供技术支持。

聚乳酸  /  筛选  /  生物降解  /  芽孢杆菌  /  失重率

[Objective] We isolated the aerobic bacteria capable of effectively degrading polylactic acid (PLA) and characterized the bacterial growth and degradation, aiming to lay a theoretical foundation for the bioremediation of PLA contaminated environment. [Methods] The degrading bacterium was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to analyze the morphological and chemical changes of PLA films before and after degradation. [Results] A strain of Bacillus sp. JA-4 was screened from activated sludge, and it caused the PLA weight loss of 10.6% after 30 days. The weight loss of PLA reached 5.6% after incubation with the strain at an inoculation amount of 20%, pH 8.0, and 30 ℃ for 7 days. Gelatin significantly enhanced the biodegradation of PLA. In the presence of 3% gelatin, the weight loss of PLA reached 23.1% after 10 days of degradation, and the degradation rate was greatly increased. FTIR results indicated that Bacillus sp. JA-4 degraded PLA by hydrolyzing the ester bonds. [Conclusion] This study enriched the microbial resources for the biodegradation of PLA and provided technical support for the effective degradation of PLA waste in the environment.

polylactic acid  /  screening  /  biodegradation  /  Bacillus sp. JA-4  /  weight loss
张静, 吴涓, 窦月芹, 徐杰. 一株聚乳酸降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3945 -3957 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240248
Jing ZHANG, Juan WU, Yueqin DOU, Jie XU. Screening, identification, and degradation characterization of a polylactic acid-degrading bacterial strain[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3945 -3957 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240248
随着全球范围内对塑料材料需求的持续增长,塑料产量呈稳步上升趋势[1-2]。然而,由于传统塑料如聚乙烯和聚丙烯,在自然条件下的分解能力极为有限,因而塑料废弃物所引发的环境污染问题也日趋严重。为了应对“白色污染”问题,积极研发和推广生物可降解塑料变得至关重要。在众多生物可降解塑料中,聚乳酸(polylactic acid, PLA)以其高强度和高弹性模量的优势,被认为是最有潜力替代石油基塑料的候选材料之一[3]
PLA是一种以淀粉作为原料的聚酯类可生物降解材料[4],具有易于制造、无毒、生物相容性优异、机械强度高和热塑性良好等优良特性[5-8],使得PLA在包装材料、农业薄膜以及一次性餐具等产业中得到了广泛应用[9]。然而,PLA虽然是生物可降解塑料,但其在自然环境中生物降解速率较为缓慢。Apinya等[10]发现,当将PLA置于不含特定降解菌的土壤环境中时,经过60 d的自然降解,其失重率仅为4.8%。Richert等[11]的研究也显示,当PLA暴露于海水或河水中时,其降解效果同样非常有限。由此可见,PLA的自然降解速率十分缓慢。
目前生物降解是处置PLA废弃物的较有效且环保的处理方法之一。在PLA的降解过程中,某些特定的微生物能够分泌胞外解聚酶对PLA的分子内酯链进行有效解聚,生成低聚物、二聚物以及单体等中间产物,并进一步被分解为二氧化碳、水或甲烷等[12],最终实现废弃物的自然循环。目前的研究表明,土壤或水体中确实存在一些可以降解PLA的微生物,但以放线菌为主,细菌和真菌较少。Pranamuda等[13]从土壤中筛选出一株可降解PLA的放线菌拟无枝酸菌(Amycolatopsis sp.) HT-32,14 d后PLA降解率约为60%。Nakamura等[14]也从土壤中筛选获得了2种放线菌Amycolatopsis sp. K104-1和Amycolatopsis sp. K104-2,并进一步从Amycolatopsis sp. K104-1的培养上清液中成功纯化了PLA的解聚酶PldB,在这种酶的催化下PLA降解率高达90%。然而,目前能够降解PLA的细菌种类较少,大部分属于嗜热菌[9],而且已知的PLA降解酶大部分为蛋白酶类[15-17]。Bubpachat等[18]从土壤和污泥中成功筛选出了帕万氏寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas pavanii) CH1和膝形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas geniculata) WS3,将其接种于含有PLA的培养液中发现,培养液中蛋白酶浓度迅速增加,并且PLA失重率也随之增大,表明蛋白酶浓度与PLA的降解效果之间具有一定的相关性。
生物可降解塑料虽然已成为石油基塑料的潜在替代品,但生物可降解塑料的废弃物依然会对人类、生物多样性和生态系统造成与传统塑料同样的危害。因此,如何获得降解性能优良且应用性强的PLA降解菌、如何提高其降解效率,以及存在怎样的降解机理仍是目前需要解决的问题。本研究从活性污泥中筛选可有效降解PLA的细菌,并对其生长特性和降解特性开展研究,通过考察影响降解的因素来寻找提高PLA降解效果的途径。同时,对PLA的微生物降解机理展开初步探讨。因此,本研究以期通过筛选出的可有效降解PLA塑料制品的细菌菌株,开展细菌对聚乳酸的微生物降解特性研究,为消除PLA废弃物对环境的影响提供科学依据。
PLA薄膜由山东联丰塑料制品有限公司提供,薄膜厚度为20 μm。活性污泥由合肥市某污水处理厂提供。
无机盐培养基(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.20,NaCl 0.01,CaCl2 0.02,KH2PO4 1.00,K2HPO4 1.00,NH4NO3 1.00,FeCl3 0.05,pH 7.2−7.4,添加PLA薄膜(2.00 g/L)为唯一碳源。诱导培养基:在无机盐培养基中添加不同种类及不同浓度的诱导物。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 10.0,pH 7.2−7.4。添加20.0 g/L的琼脂即为固体培养基。
将活性污泥静置分层后取上清液10 mL,接种至100 mL LB培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养1 d后,取10 mL菌液加至100 mL无机盐培养基中振荡培养。PLA薄膜需提前用乙醇溶液浸泡4 h,并置于紫外线下灭菌。培养7 d后吸取10 mL菌液转接至100 mL新鲜的无机盐培养基中,在30 ℃、180 r/min进行传代培养。每7 d传代一次,共传代3次,每组设置3个重复。将最后一次传代后的培养液依次做5、10、50、100倍梯度稀释,将各稀释液分别涂布于LB固体培养基上进行培养。通过常规的平板划线法,反复纯化直至获得纯菌株,完成初筛。
分别将初筛所得各菌株接种于LB液体培养基中,置于30 ℃、180 r/min摇床上振荡培养1 d。将培养后的菌液在4 ℃、4 000 r/min离心5 min后弃去上清液,用无菌水洗涤菌体两次,制备成OD600为1.0的菌悬液。取上述菌悬液2 mL接种于20 mL无机盐培养基中,在30 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养。30 d后取出PLA薄膜,经超声波清洗后烘干称重,比较不同菌株的降解效果,确定可有效降解PLA的优良菌株进行后续实验,降解效果以PLA薄膜的失重率进行评估。
失重率测试:将PLA薄膜于60 ℃下烘干4 h,准确称取质量为M0的PLA薄膜。降解实验结束后收集残留的PLA薄膜,经超声清洗、60 ℃烘干4 h后准确称重记为M1,根据M0M1之差与M0的比值计算PLA膜的失重率。以不接种的无机盐培养基为对照。
将筛选获得的菌株送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序,提取细菌基因组DNA,利用PCR扩增单菌落的16S rRNA基因序列,引物为16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Phanta Max Mix (P515) 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 9.5 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,57 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。经过扩增产物纯化、DNA测序、序列比对等步骤后得到序列。将测序获得的序列在NCBI上进行BLAST比对,选取相似度最高的参考序列并下载,通过MEGA 7软件的程序进行序列的裁剪和比对,使用neighbor-joining法构建系统发育树,所选模型为Kimura 2-parameter model,Bootstrap重复次数设置为1 000次。将菌株的16S rRNA基因序列上传至NCBI获得GenBank登录号。
将所筛选菌株接种至LB培养基中富集培养1 d,取菌液离心,弃去上清液,用无菌水洗涤菌体,然后用无菌水将菌悬液OD600调至1.0作为接种液。
取适量上述菌悬液分别加入到不同pH值的无机盐培养基中,接种量为20% (体积分数),pH分别设定为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0和9.0,在30 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养20 d。在pH 8.0、接种量20%的条件下,培养温度分别设定为15、20、25、30、35 ℃,在180 r/min培养20 d。在pH 8.0条件下,接种量分别设定为5%、10%、15%、20%,在30 ℃、180 r/min培养20 d。上述实验均为每隔5 d取样测定OD600,绘制生长曲线。
菌悬液的制备方法如前所述。将无机盐培养基的pH分别设定为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0和9.0,接种量为20%,在30 ℃、180 r/min培养7 d,测定PLA膜的失重率。在pH为8.0、接种量为20%的条件下,培养温度分别为15、20、25、30、35 ℃,在180 r/min振荡培养7 d,测定PLA薄膜的失重率。在pH为8.0的条件下,接种量分别为5%、10%、15%、20% (体积分数),在30 ℃、180 r/min培养7 d,测定PLA薄膜的失重率。综合培养基pH、接种量、温度等因素,确定PLA微生物降解的最适条件。
在100 mL无机盐培养基中,分别加入质量分数为2%的明胶、十二烷基磺酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)、酵母粉、蛋白胨和干酪素,将预先制备的菌悬液接种至灭菌后的无机盐培养基中振荡培养10 d,测定PLA膜的失重率。以不添加诱导物的降解体系作为对照。
将降解前和降解后的PLA膜均用无菌水洗净并烘干,经表面喷金后使用超高分辨扫描电子显微镜(Regulus 8230)观察PLA膜表面的表面形貌变化。
为观察菌株在薄膜上的附着情况,将降解20 d后的薄膜进行如下处理:用0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.2)洗涤样品2次,然后用2.5%戊二醛处理8 h,随后用50%、70%、80%、90%、95%乙醇各处理60 min,再用100%乙醇处理120 min,最后将样品自然晾干、蒸金,通过SEM观察膜表面细菌的附着情况。
将降解后的PLA膜用无菌水清洗烘干后,除去塑料表面的杂质,以降解前的薄膜作为对照,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(BRUKER公司),以4 cm−1的分辨率和500−4 000 cm−1的频率范围对PLA膜表面官能团进行表征。
将初筛所得的18株菌分别进行预培养,然后分别接种于含PLA膜的无机盐培养基中,30 d后将PLA薄膜清洗烘干后称其质量,根据PLA失重率评估不同菌株的降解效果。结果如图1所示,PLA失重率最大的是菌株JA-4,失重率为10.6%。
将测序结果在NCBI数据库进行BLAST比对,发现与菌株JA-4相似性在99%以上的均为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),其中菌株JA-4与高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis)的相似性高达100%。从系统发育树(图2)也可看出,菌株JA-4与芽孢杆菌属具有稳定的亲缘关系。因此,可确定所筛选的菌株JA-4为Bacillus中的一员,序列已在GenBank中注册(登录号为PP.594155.1),在本研究中将其命名为Bacillus sp. JA-4。
在不同的初始pH值、温度和接种量条件下,将Bacillus sp. JA-4置于以PLA为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中进行生长曲线的测定。如图3所示,在pH 5.0−9.0范围内,pH 8.0是该菌的最适生长pH (图3A)。在15−35 ℃温度范围内,温度较高显然更利于该菌的生长,30 ℃和35 ℃对生长的影响差别较小(图3B)。Bacillus sp. JA-4的生长量随接种量的增大而增大(图3C)。因此,后续的研究均在接种量20%、pH 8.0、30 ℃条件下进行。
PLA的降解速率不仅与其自身的物理化学性质密切相关,还受到诸如pH值、温度、培养时间以及菌体接种量等因素的影响。这些因素通过影响微生物的生长和产酶能力,进而调控PLA的降解过程。在摇床转速设定为180 r/min的条件下,通过依次改变培养基pH值、温度和接种量,探究这些因素对降解PLA的影响。经过7 d的培养后,测得的PLA失重率如图4A4C所示。
图4A可知,培养基初始pH值对Bacillus sp. JA-4降解PLA具有明显的影响。在pH 5.0−9.0范围内,PLA膜的失重率先增大后减小,在pH 8.0时失重率最大,为5.6%。由此可见,pH过低或过高都会抑制Bacillus sp. JA-4对PLA的生物降解,而且略微碱性的环境更利于PLA的降解。图4B显示,在15−25 ℃的温度范围内,温度的变化对PLA生物降解的影响并不显著,而在30 ℃和35 ℃时PLA膜的失重率有明显提高,35 ℃时PLA膜的失重率达到了4.8%。这表明对于Bacillus sp. JA-4,较高的温度有利于PLA的生物降解。由图4C可见,随着接种量从5%增加到20% (体积分数),PLA膜的失重率呈现出递增的趋势。当接种量为20%时,Bacillus sp. JA-4对PLA降解效果最好,降解7 d后失重率为5.0%,高于其他接种量条件下的失重率。
为考察诱导物对Bacillus sp. JA-4降解PLA的影响,选取了明胶、十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)、酵母粉、蛋白胨和干酪素作为诱导物。降解10 d后,各种诱导物对PLA生物降解的影响如图5A5B所示。
图5A可看出,与对照CK (仅含PLA膜的无机盐培养基)相比,5种诱导物在不同程度上均对PLA的生物降解有促进作用。其中促进作用最显著的诱导物是明胶,10 d后PLA膜的失重率即达到了18.5%,远远高于其他诱导物对PLA生物降解的影响,与对照相比失重率提高了12.7%,而其他4种诱导物对PLA生物降解的促进作用较弱。
由于明胶对PLA的生物降解有明显的促进作用,因此为了更好地提高PLA的降解效果,考察了明胶的不同添加量即明胶在降解体系中的浓度对PLA失重率的影响。明胶浓度分别为0%、1%、2%、3%,降解时间取为10 d。
图5B可见,与不含明胶的对照相比,在含有明胶的降解体系中,第1天PLA的失重率即迅速上升,随后失重率虽仍然保持增大的趋势但逐渐变缓。同时还发现,当降解相同时间时,随着明胶浓度的增加,PLA的失重率也呈上升趋势。当明胶浓度从1%增加至3%时,第10天失重率达到了23.1%,相较于对照组,提高了约1.5倍。此实验结果为进一步提高PLA膜的降解效果提供了有益启示。
采用SEM对PLA膜在降解前后表面形貌的变化进行评估,包括表面劣化、孔洞形成和裂纹等变化,以此来验证PLA的生物降解效果。如图6所示,通过SEM的观察,可以清晰地看到PLA在降解前后发生了形态学变化。图6A中未降解的PLA表面光滑,而在Bacillus sp. JA-4的作用下,PLA膜表面在降解10 d后变得粗糙和不平整(图6B),表明PLA膜已被部分降解。降解20 d后表面出现明显的沟痕(图6C),裂缝数量也逐渐增多。降解30 d后,表面出现明显的裂纹,并碎裂成块状,甚至出现孔洞(图6D)。这些表面形貌的变化充分表明了Bacillus sp. JA-4对PLA膜具有明显的降解效果。
通过SEM对降解20 d后PLA薄膜表面的细菌附着情况进行观测与分析,结果如图7所示。图7A表明Bacillus sp. JA-4能够黏附在PLA薄膜表面并形成生物膜。从图7B中可以看到,在附着于薄膜表面的大量微生物的作用下PLA薄膜出现明显的裂纹,与图6C所呈现的形态一致。这一结果为PLA在Bacillus sp. JA-4作用下的降解提供了证据。
利用FTIR光谱分析PLA在生物降解前后其化学结构的变化(图8)。图中1 260、1 127和1 080 cm−1为酯基团O−C=O的拉伸带[19],1 708 cm–1处是羰基C=O的特征吸收峰,2 950 cm–1处为甲基CH3的对称伸缩振动峰,873 cm−1是O−CH−CH3的伸缩振动峰[20],737 cm–1处对应于CH3的面内摇摆振动峰[20-21]。与降解前相比,在经过Bacillus sp. JA-4降解30 d后,这些特征吸收峰的强度均有所减弱。此外,波数3 398 cm–1处为−OH特征吸收峰,经过微生物降解后,吸收峰变宽变强,这是由于降解过程中PLA分子中的酯键断裂,使得更多的羟基被释放出来所致[19, 22]
尽管聚乳酸(PLA)作为一种生物可降解塑料,但其在环境中的自然降解过程却十分缓慢。较慢的降解速率和较低的降解效率成为制约PLA广泛应用的关键因素之一。因此,PLA降解菌的有效选育以及深入开展PLA微生物降解特性的研究,对于推动PLA的广泛应用具有重要意义。
本研究从活性污泥中筛选出一株具有降解PLA能力的菌株Bacillus sp. JA-4,经过30 d的降解,PLA的失重率为10.6% (优化前)。关于芽孢杆菌属对PLA的降解已有报道,Wang等[23]从垃圾填埋场中分离出了一种PLA降解菌沙福芽孢杆菌(Bacillus safensis),该菌株在与PLA薄膜共同孵育30 d后,表现出约8%的失重率。Yu等[24]研究了解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)对PLA的降解特性,将该菌与PLA膜共同置于土壤环境中,60 d后PLA膜失重率为7.8%左右。本研究为进一步提高Bacillus sp. JA-4对PLA的降解能力,对该菌的生长特性及降解特性展开了研究。
Bacillus sp. JA-4在pH 8.0,温度为30 ℃以及接种量为20%的条件生长状况较好。Bacillus sp. JA-4的最适生长pH为8.0,表明该菌倾向于在偏碱性的环境中生长繁殖。实验中采取了相对较高的接种量,主要是因为PLA作为聚合物较难被微生物利用,而PLA又是微生物生长的唯一碳源,充足的生物量是PLA有效降解的必要保障。实验结果也表明,生物量随着接种量的增大而增长。
影响Bacillus sp. JA-4降解PLA的主要因素包括初始pH值、温度以及接种量。Bacillus sp. JA-4在30−35 ℃时对PLA的降解效果最好,这一现象与该菌在30−35 ℃范围内良好的生长状况具有正相关性。在所考察的温度范围内,35 ℃时PLA的失重率和降解速率均达到最佳水平。随着接种量从5%增加到20% (体积分数),PLA的失重率呈现出递增趋势。结合Bacillus sp. JA-4的生长特性进行分析推测这一现象主要是由于菌体生物量增多所致。
外界环境的pH值会对细胞膜上的氧化还原电位产生显著影响,并进一步作用于微生物摄取外界营养物质的能力。研究发现,在酸性环境下Bacillus sp. JA-4降解PLA的能力相对较差。然而,在碱性环境中,特别是在pH值为8.0的条件下,该菌株对PLA的降解能力大幅提高。作为一种脂肪族聚酯,PLA降解酶主要是蛋白酶。尤其是碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶,在PLA降解过程中表现出卓越的降解活性[25]。根据李荣秋[26]的研究结果证实,碱性环境下氢氧根离子可有效催化PLA分子中的酯键水解,从而加速PLA的水解进程。本研究的这一结果也可能与降解菌所分泌的碱性蛋白酶在碱性环境中能更好地维持其活性有关[27]。因此,碱性条件下PLA的生物降解有可能是碱水解和酶水解协同作用的结果,这一推测与Mistry等[28]的研究基本一致。然而,Bacillus sp. JA-4是否产蛋白酶还有待于进一步证实。
诱导物的加入在不同程度上均对PLA的生物降解具有促进作用,其中明胶的促进作用最为显著。分析其原因可能来自两个方面,首先,由于PLA的分子结构特点,在培养初期PLA不易被微生物作为生长底物而直接利用,而诱导物的加入为菌体提供了生长初期所需的碳氮源,从而促进了微生物的生长。贾文倩等[27]的研究报道也证实了加入明胶、胰蛋白胨等诱导物后,巨型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)的培养液中菌体浓度均有所提高。其次,根据崔婧等[29]的研究发现,诱导物能够刺激菌体产生更多的降解酶,这些降解酶能够加速催化PLA降解,从而提高降解速率。此外,这种降解作用可能是浓度依赖型,即需要在较高的酶浓度下才能有效降解PLA[30]。在所考察的5种诱导物中,明胶对PLA生物降解的促进作用优于其他诱导物。这一发现与其他研究者的报道相一致。有研究者指出[31-33],明胶与PLA在结构上的相似性可能是其对微生物降解PLA具有诱导作用的关键因素之一。实验还发现,在一定浓度范围内,明胶的添加量与PLA的降解能力、降解速率之间均存在正相关性。据文献报道,明胶具有与l-丙氨酸相似的结构,这一特点与PLA中l-乳酸单元的手性碳立体化学位置相吻合,这种相似性可导致破坏这类结构的解聚酶的产生[34-37]
通过电镜观察发现,随着降解时间的延长,PLA表面由原来的光滑平整逐渐变得粗糙甚至出现孔洞,直观地呈现了PLA的降解效果。此外,还观察到在降解过程中,Bacillus sp. JA-4会大量黏附在PLA薄膜表面形成生物膜并造成表面损伤,证实了Bacillus sp. JA-4的降解能力。利用SEM观察评价薄膜的宏观改性,如薄膜表面的劣化、裂纹和孔洞的形成,并指示微生物的定殖及PLA的降解程度,是一种聚合物生物降解的评价方法。贾文倩等[27]在研究巨型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)对PLA的降解中也发现,该菌能够在PLA薄膜表面生长,由于微生物的黏附和代谢作用,PLA薄膜变脆。对FTIR红外光谱进行分析发现,降解后的一些特征吸收峰均发生了变化,尤其是羟基的吸收峰变宽且强度增大。这一现象可以解释为,在降解过程中,PLA分子中的酯键发生断裂,从而释放出较多的羟基。FTIR图谱在降解前后的变化不仅为Bacillus sp. JA-4降解PLA提供了证据,而且从机理上证明了PLA的降解过程应归因于酯键的断裂。
本研究从活性污泥中筛选获得一株PLA降解菌Bacillus sp. JA-4,研究发现pH、温度和接种量等因素对PLA的生物降解具有一定的影响,pH 8.0和30 ℃条件下降解效果较好,随着接种量的增大PLA的失重率呈上升趋势。降解体系中加入适量明胶,不仅大大提高了PLA的降解效果,而且加快了降解速率。SEM观察和FTIR光谱分析表明,Bacillus sp. JA-4能够有效催化PLA中的酯键断裂,从而实现对PLA的良好降解。本研究结果为环境中PLA废弃物的原位修复提供了新的菌源和理论依据。
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2024年第64卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240248
  • 接收时间:2024-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-18
  • 录用日期:2024-07-23
基金
Third-party Service Project for Pilot Work of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control in Feidong County(2023ADDFZ00164)
肥东县农业面源污染治理试点工作第三方服务项目(2023ADDFZ00164)
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    安徽大学 资源与环境工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230601

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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