Article(id=1242093869341409506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710777600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716220800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-21, onlineDate=1774067855438, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1716912000000, pubDateStr=2024-05-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774067855438, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774067855438, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067855438, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242093864144666765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='10', pageStart='3571', pageEnd='3997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774067854200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067980255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3702, endPage=3722, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242093871941878077, articleId=1242093869341409506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of γ-polyglutamic acid combined with chemical fertilizer on soil microbial community structure and function in Xinjiang cotton fields, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Long-term and excessive application of chemical fertilizers leads to soil degradation and an imbalanced microbial community structure in soil. The combination of organic active substances with chemical fertilizers is considered an important approach for controlling soil degradation and maintaining microbial community stability. [Methods] Metagenomics was employed to study the effects of combining the bioactive substance γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) with chemical fertilizer on soil microbial community and function in cotton fields. Four fertilization groups were designed: chemical fertilizer (NK), chemical fertilizer combined with γ-PGA aqueous solution (YT), chemical fertilizer combined with γ-PGA granules (GT), and no fertilizer (CK). [Results] GT and YT groups outperformed NK and CK groups in terms of cotton growth and soil nutrient content. The combination of γ-PGA with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the microbial abundance and diversity in soil, while chemical fertilizer alone did not improve soil microbial diversity. In addition, the application of γ-PGA changed soil microbial community composition. Compared with the NK group, YT and GT groups showed a 9.70%–12.72% decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and 13.33%–20.90% and 8.09%–13.01% increases in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, respectively. In addition, the relative abundance of Rhizophagus (a genus of mycorrhiza fungi) increased by 19.71% in the YT group. The functional gene analysis showed that GT and YT significantly increased the abundance of functional genes related to amino acid biosynthesis, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and ABC transporters. [Conclusion] The application of γ-PGA has the potential of improving soil microbial diversity and ecosystem stability in Xinjiang cotton fields.

, correspAuthors=Suiyunhao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIU Suiyunhao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Longjin TAO, Jingbo ZHANG, Zhengwu DONG, Yusi ZHANG, Suiyunhao LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242093876111016542, articleId=1242093869341409506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=γ-聚谷氨酸配施化肥对新疆棉田土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】长期大量施用化肥导致土壤退化及土壤微生物群落结构失衡。采用有机活性物质配施化肥,被认为是阻控土壤退化并维系微生物群落稳定性的重要策略。【方法】以棉花为供试作物,采用宏基因组学方法研究生物活性物质γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-polyglutamic acid, γ-PGA)与化肥配施对棉田土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响,试验共设计3个施肥处理组和1个不施肥对照组:单施化肥(NK)、化肥添加γ-PGA水溶液(YT)、化肥添加γ-PGA颗粒(GT)和不施肥(CK)。【结果】GT和YT处理的棉花生长状况和土壤养分含量显著高于NK和CK。微生物群落分析结果表明,γ-PGA配施化肥显著提高土壤微生物的丰度和多样性,而单施化肥处理对微生物多样性提高并不显著,同时γ-PGA的施加也改变了棉田土壤微生物群落组成,与NK相比,YT与GT的变形菌门的相对丰度减少9.70%−12.72%,拟杆菌门的相对丰度增加13.33%−20.90%,放线菌门的相对丰度增加8.09%−13.01%。此外,YT处理中丛植菌根真菌Rhizophagus的相对丰度增加了19.71%。功能基因分析表明,GT和YT处理显著提高了氨基酸生物合成、次生代谢生物合成和ABC转运蛋白等相关功能基因的丰度。【结论】施用γ-PGA对新疆棉田土壤微生物多样性及生态系统稳定性具有应用潜力。

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Journal of Plant Protection, 2022, 49 (1):374-382., articleTitle=Research status of ATP-binding cassette transporters and related multidrug resistance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243285176445415570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20220310, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=63, issue=1, pageStart=297, pageEnd=318, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=81, authorNames=null, journalName=微生物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李莹, 刘兰英, 姜宇杰, 何肖云, 邱胤辉, 任丽花, 傅建炜. 辣椒连作对土壤细菌群落的影响[J]. 微生物学报, 2023, 63 (1):297-318., articleTitle=辣椒连作对土壤细菌群落的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243285176520913044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20220310, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=63, issue=1, pageStart=297, pageEnd=318, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=82, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Y, LIU LY, JIANG YJ, HE XY, QIU YH, REN LH, FU JW. Effect of continuous cropping of hot pepper on soil bacterial community[J]. 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Connections between groups indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). A: Shannon index of different treatments. B: Simpson index of different treatments. C: Chao1 index with different processing. D: ACE index of different treatments. CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles., figureFileSmall=lY46NYBkDt1cJhfMTPU05g==, figureFileBig=BZ1cLgIpIyeG0dui/PyB+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162256085767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同施肥处理对棉田土壤微生物多样性影响, figureFileSmall=lY46NYBkDt1cJhfMTPU05g==, figureFileBig=BZ1cLgIpIyeG0dui/PyB+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162394497812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of different fertilization treatments on bacterial community structure in cotton fields. A: Relative abundance at the phylum classification level. B: Relative abundance at the genus classification level. C: LEfSe analysis of microbial community structure (LDA > 3.5). CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles., figureFileSmall=4uDaTZvqL71kGmtXOzYzfA==, figureFileBig=dcfDll9cTmYwcZ+yceBZOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162524521242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同施肥处理对棉田细菌群落结构影响, figureFileSmall=4uDaTZvqL71kGmtXOzYzfA==, figureFileBig=dcfDll9cTmYwcZ+yceBZOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162641961759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of different fertilization treatments on archaeal community structure in cotton fields. A: Relative abundance at the phylum classification level. B: Relative abundance at the genus classification level. C: LEfSe analysis of microbial community structure (LDA > 3.5). CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles., figureFileSmall=AwlNXGR0W1Uk7IrD1PD9eA==, figureFileBig=3I8RSg+8UWeUwmy6pG6pVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162776179494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同施肥处理对棉田古菌群落结构影响, figureFileSmall=AwlNXGR0W1Uk7IrD1PD9eA==, figureFileBig=3I8RSg+8UWeUwmy6pG6pVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162893620010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of different fertilization treatments on fungal community structure in cotton fields. A: Relative abundance at the phylum classification level. B: Relative abundance at the genus classification level. C: LEfSe analysis of microbial community structure (LDA > 3.5). CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles., figureFileSmall=EgKczGAQMrOB8tjPzFvWZw==, figureFileBig=2MrNPgQT3Mam88LRpZC7Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285163027837747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同施肥处理对棉田真菌群落结构影响, figureFileSmall=EgKczGAQMrOB8tjPzFvWZw==, figureFileBig=2MrNPgQT3Mam88LRpZC7Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285163149472569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of different fertilization treatments on microbial community function in cotton fields. A: Differential analysis of KEGG pathways of microbial functional genes. B: Heatmap of three-level functional layers based on KEGG database. C: LEfSe analysis of microbial community function (LDA > 2.5). CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles., figureFileSmall=RVfhXZavC5SwDbx+8KBkSA==, figureFileBig=AFvqGgsU1ySbxE6eBiiPNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285163287884610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同施肥处理对棉田微生物群落功能影响, figureFileSmall=RVfhXZavC5SwDbx+8KBkSA==, figureFileBig=AFvqGgsU1ySbxE6eBiiPNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285163409519439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=PLS-DA analysis of microbial community function in cotton fields under different fertilization treatments. CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles., figureFileSmall=UqGBh8VXVf8TjvIs/XYwbQ==, figureFileBig=uY+bcGxGbYSrPZhuUgCRpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285163556320083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同施肥处理棉田微生物群落功能的PLS-DA分析, figureFileSmall=UqGBh8VXVf8TjvIs/XYwbQ==, figureFileBig=uY+bcGxGbYSrPZhuUgCRpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285163673760603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Correlations between microbial communities and their functions and soil physical and chemical properties in cotton fields. A: Correlation between dominant microorganisms at phylum level and soil physical and chemical properties. B: Correlation between dominant species at genus level and soil physical and chemical properties. C: Correlation between microbial community function and soil physical and chemical properties. CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles., figureFileSmall=ebWOGAD1m79S6S6beEFUyg==, figureFileBig=rew1DIi08heyz8EXS03tbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285163782812509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=图7, caption=棉田微生物群落及功能与土壤理化性质的相关性, figureFileSmall=ebWOGAD1m79S6S6beEFUyg==, figureFileBig=rew1DIi08heyz8EXS03tbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285163917030242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Mantel analysis of cotton fields microbial communities and soil physical and chemical properties and cotton growth traits. Ph is plant height; Sd is stem diameter; CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles. * represents P < 0.05, ** represents P < 0.01, *** represents P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=xfBIrNPHD6DqgnBzNGzffQ==, figureFileBig=BRPGacxsdDEQ4jTFUh7WEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285164000916323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=图8, caption=棉田微生物群落与土壤理化性质和棉花生长性状的Mantel分析, figureFileSmall=xfBIrNPHD6DqgnBzNGzffQ==, figureFileBig=BRPGacxsdDEQ4jTFUh7WEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285164122551146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of different fertilization treatments on cotton

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentPlant height (cm)Stem diameter (mm)Number of leaves in main stemChlorophyll SPADNumber of fruit branchesNumber of budsNumber of bells
Different lowercase letters in the same column indicated significant differences between different treatments (P < 0.05). CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles.
CK32.98±3.74c5.13±0.84c7.63±0.74c44.85±2.35b6.50±0.55c7.33±0.82d1.83±0.41b
NK42.50±3.80b6.42±0.63b10.11±1.27b47.51±3.24ab6.67±1.03c10.50±1.64c2.50±0.55ab
YT49.03±3.88a7.30±0.88a12.50±2.45a48.40±4.50ab8.17±0.75b13.50±0.55b3.50±0.84a
GT48.23±3.18a7.79±0.63a11.50±0.76ab50.05±4.77a9.67±0.82a15.17±1.94a3.50±1.38a
), ArticleFig(id=1243285164248380275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同施肥处理对棉花的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentPlant height (cm)Stem diameter (mm)Number of leaves in main stemChlorophyll SPADNumber of fruit branchesNumber of budsNumber of bells
Different lowercase letters in the same column indicated significant differences between different treatments (P < 0.05). CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles.
CK32.98±3.74c5.13±0.84c7.63±0.74c44.85±2.35b6.50±0.55c7.33±0.82d1.83±0.41b
NK42.50±3.80b6.42±0.63b10.11±1.27b47.51±3.24ab6.67±1.03c10.50±1.64c2.50±0.55ab
YT49.03±3.88a7.30±0.88a12.50±2.45a48.40±4.50ab8.17±0.75b13.50±0.55b3.50±0.84a
GT48.23±3.18a7.79±0.63a11.50±0.76ab50.05±4.77a9.67±0.82a15.17±1.94a3.50±1.38a
), ArticleFig(id=1243285164374209400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil physicochemical properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentpHTOC (g/kg)TN (g/kg)AN (mg/kg)TP (g/kg)AP (mg/kg)C/N
Different lowercase letters in the same column indicated significant differences between different treatments (P < 0.05). CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles.
CK7.84±0.12b17.04±0.57b1.69±0.02c232.32±1.40c0.90±0.01c46.83±1.61d10.09±0.24b
NK8.14±0.01a16.43±0.46b1.52±0.02d206.63±6.01d0.81±0.01d60.79±1.90c10.84±0.41a
YT7.17±0.02d22.41±0.20a2.36±0.02a761.11±11.72a1.21±0.01b134.02±1.57a9.49±0.01c
GT7.40±0.01c16.12±0.12b1.87±0.01b453.74±5.59b1.28±0.04a75.23±0.28b8.61±0.09d
), ArticleFig(id=1243285164470678395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093869341409506, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同施肥处理对土壤理化性质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentpHTOC (g/kg)TN (g/kg)AN (mg/kg)TP (g/kg)AP (mg/kg)C/N
Different lowercase letters in the same column indicated significant differences between different treatments (P < 0.05). CK was treated with no fertilization; NK was applied with single fertilizer; YT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid aqueous solution; GT was applied with γ-polyglutamic acid particles.
CK7.84±0.12b17.04±0.57b1.69±0.02c232.32±1.40c0.90±0.01c46.83±1.61d10.09±0.24b
NK8.14±0.01a16.43±0.46b1.52±0.02d206.63±6.01d0.81±0.01d60.79±1.90c10.84±0.41a
YT7.17±0.02d22.41±0.20a2.36±0.02a761.11±11.72a1.21±0.01b134.02±1.57a9.49±0.01c
GT7.40±0.01c16.12±0.12b1.87±0.01b453.74±5.59b1.28±0.04a75.23±0.28b8.61±0.09d
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γ-聚谷氨酸配施化肥对新疆棉田土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响
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陶龙锦 1, 2 , 张经博 1, 2 , 董正武 1, 3 , 张雨思 1, 2 , 刘隋赟昊 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(10): 3702-3722
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(10): 3702-3722
γ-聚谷氨酸配施化肥对新疆棉田土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响
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陶龙锦1, 2, 张经博1, 2, 董正武1, 3, 张雨思1, 2, 刘隋赟昊1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 新疆师范大学 生命科学学院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 2 新疆特殊环境物种保护与调控生物学实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 3 新疆特殊环境物种多样性应用与调控重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
Effects of γ-polyglutamic acid combined with chemical fertilizer on soil microbial community structure and function in Xinjiang cotton fields
Longjin TAO1, 2, Jingbo ZHANG1, 2, Zhengwu DONG1, 3, Yusi ZHANG1, 2, Suiyunhao LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
  • 2 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2024-05-29 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240170
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【目的】长期大量施用化肥导致土壤退化及土壤微生物群落结构失衡。采用有机活性物质配施化肥,被认为是阻控土壤退化并维系微生物群落稳定性的重要策略。【方法】以棉花为供试作物,采用宏基因组学方法研究生物活性物质γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-polyglutamic acid, γ-PGA)与化肥配施对棉田土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响,试验共设计3个施肥处理组和1个不施肥对照组:单施化肥(NK)、化肥添加γ-PGA水溶液(YT)、化肥添加γ-PGA颗粒(GT)和不施肥(CK)。【结果】GT和YT处理的棉花生长状况和土壤养分含量显著高于NK和CK。微生物群落分析结果表明,γ-PGA配施化肥显著提高土壤微生物的丰度和多样性,而单施化肥处理对微生物多样性提高并不显著,同时γ-PGA的施加也改变了棉田土壤微生物群落组成,与NK相比,YT与GT的变形菌门的相对丰度减少9.70%−12.72%,拟杆菌门的相对丰度增加13.33%−20.90%,放线菌门的相对丰度增加8.09%−13.01%。此外,YT处理中丛植菌根真菌Rhizophagus的相对丰度增加了19.71%。功能基因分析表明,GT和YT处理显著提高了氨基酸生物合成、次生代谢生物合成和ABC转运蛋白等相关功能基因的丰度。【结论】施用γ-PGA对新疆棉田土壤微生物多样性及生态系统稳定性具有应用潜力。

棉花  /  γ-聚谷氨酸  /  宏基因组学  /  微生物群落  /  功能基因

[Objective] Long-term and excessive application of chemical fertilizers leads to soil degradation and an imbalanced microbial community structure in soil. The combination of organic active substances with chemical fertilizers is considered an important approach for controlling soil degradation and maintaining microbial community stability. [Methods] Metagenomics was employed to study the effects of combining the bioactive substance γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) with chemical fertilizer on soil microbial community and function in cotton fields. Four fertilization groups were designed: chemical fertilizer (NK), chemical fertilizer combined with γ-PGA aqueous solution (YT), chemical fertilizer combined with γ-PGA granules (GT), and no fertilizer (CK). [Results] GT and YT groups outperformed NK and CK groups in terms of cotton growth and soil nutrient content. The combination of γ-PGA with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the microbial abundance and diversity in soil, while chemical fertilizer alone did not improve soil microbial diversity. In addition, the application of γ-PGA changed soil microbial community composition. Compared with the NK group, YT and GT groups showed a 9.70%–12.72% decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and 13.33%–20.90% and 8.09%–13.01% increases in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, respectively. In addition, the relative abundance of Rhizophagus (a genus of mycorrhiza fungi) increased by 19.71% in the YT group. The functional gene analysis showed that GT and YT significantly increased the abundance of functional genes related to amino acid biosynthesis, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and ABC transporters. [Conclusion] The application of γ-PGA has the potential of improving soil microbial diversity and ecosystem stability in Xinjiang cotton fields.

cotton  /  γ-polyglutamic acid  /  metagenomics  /  microbial community  /  functional gene
陶龙锦, 张经博, 董正武, 张雨思, 刘隋赟昊. γ-聚谷氨酸配施化肥对新疆棉田土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3702 -3722 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240170
Longjin TAO, Jingbo ZHANG, Zhengwu DONG, Yusi ZHANG, Suiyunhao LIU. Effects of γ-polyglutamic acid combined with chemical fertilizer on soil microbial community structure and function in Xinjiang cotton fields[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3702 -3722 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240170
棉花是世界范围内重要的经济作物之一,中国是最大棉花生产国,新疆为全国最大产棉区,现今棉花产业已成为新疆重要经济支柱之一[1]。然而,长期大量施用化学肥料不仅使土壤中养分残留升高,进而污染土壤和水体,并导致肥料利用率降低[2]。同时,过量施肥也可能导致棉花产量与品质受到影响[3]。因此,提高肥料利用率、改善土壤微环境对于促进棉花经济和棉花产业绿色发展均具有重要意义。针对上述问题,近年来市场上涌现了众多产品,包括新型肥料增效剂和生物刺激素等。然而,对于这类生物活性物质的施用效果,特别是对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响,往往缺乏深入的系统研究[4]
γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-polyglutamic acid, γ-PGA)是微生物发酵合成的一种水溶性多聚氨基酸,具有优良的水溶性、超强的吸附性和生物可降解性,降解产物为无公害的谷氨酸,被视为一种出色的环保型高分子材料,并在各行业中广泛应用[5]。此外,γ-PGA具有促进作物生长发育、节肥增效和保持水分的作用,因此被应用于农业生产等领域[6]。王建平等[7]用不同浓度γ-PGA溶液进行浸种处理发现,烟草种子的芽长、发芽系数和活力指数等都有明显提升。γ-PGA显著提高植物对氮、磷和钾的吸收,增强植物对养分的吸收[8]。Bai等[9]研究发现γ-PGA施用量对作物增产及肥料利用率提高也有显著影响。目前关于γ-PGA在粮食、蔬菜等作物上的研究均有报道,对小白菜[10]、玉米[11]和小麦[12]等的产量及养分吸收利用有显著提高。Ma等[13]研究表明,γ-PGA可以通过影响土壤微生物的组成和活性,进一步影响植物的生长和产量。
土壤微生物参与土壤养分元素循环,被认为是土壤生态系统的调节器,是维持土壤健康的核心与关键[14]。研究表明γ-PGA可显著促进根区微生物群落的生长[15];在西瓜苗播种前向基质中添加γ-PGA可以改变根际细菌群落结构,并使一些有益细菌属的丰度增加[16];喷施γ-PGA显著提高了植物促生菌被孢霉属和生防菌毛壳属真菌的丰度[17]。目前γ-PGA在果蔬等园艺作物中得到了广泛应用,在作物产量及养分吸收方面的研究较为丰富,但对于相应作物的土壤微生物方面却鲜有系统报道。
近年来,分子生物学技术的迅猛发展使得宏基因组学成为微生物群落研究中应用最广泛的组学手段之一[18]。宏基因组技术能够深入剖析微生物群落结构,提供更为全面的微生物功能信息。本研究以宏基因组学为技术手段,以棉花种植土壤为研究核心,通过添加生物活性物质γ-PGA,探究其对棉田土壤微生物组成及功能的影响。以期为提高棉花产量和改良土壤环境提供坚实的理论依据和实践指导,进而为农业生产的可持续发展作出贡献。
试验场地位于新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市水磨沟区的新疆师范大学温泉校区(44°96′N,80°95′E)的桃山试验基地,已连续种植两年,属中温带大陆性干旱气候,春秋两季较短,冬夏两季较长,昼夜温差大,多年平均气温与降水量分别为6.7 ℃与280 mm。土壤类型为壤土,有机质含量13.2 g/kg,碱解氮63.25 mg/kg,速效磷22.5 mg/kg,速效钾210.3 mg/kg,pH值7.61。
棉花种子选用‘新陆早80号’,化肥选用氨磷钾复合肥(有效成分:N 15%,P2O5 15%,K2O 15%),纯γ-聚谷氨酸水溶液(γ-PGA含量≥5%)和纯γ-聚谷氨酸颗粒(γ-PGA含量≥10%)由新疆慧尔农业集团股份有限公司提供,纯γ-聚谷氨酸水溶液氮磷钾含量:N 0.3%,P2O5 0.16%,K2O 0.11%;纯γ-聚谷氨酸颗粒氮磷钾含量:N 0.15%,P2O5 0.11%,K2O 0.41%。认为γ-PGA水溶液和γ-PGA颗粒中的氮、磷、钾等养分并不会对整个试验存在干扰。
棉花于2023年5月10日进行播种。采用覆膜栽培,每膜2行,行距设置为50 cm,播种密度为22.2万株/hm2。整个棉花生长期间灌水12次,于6月中旬开始至9月上旬结束,灌水周期5−7 d,灌溉定额300 mm。试验共设置4个处理,分别为不添加任何肥料(CK)、仅施加化肥(NK)、化肥添加γ-聚谷氨酸水溶液(YT)和化肥添加γ-聚谷氨酸颗粒(GT),每个处理3个重复,每个重复面积2 m×5 m,相邻区域之间间隔1 m。试验中氨磷钾复合肥(N 15%,P2O5 15%,K2O 15%)施用量285 kg/hm2,纯γ-聚谷氨酸水溶液(γ-PGA含量≥5%)施用量9 L/hm2,γ-聚谷氨酸颗粒(γ-PGA含量≥10%)施用量4.5 kg/hm2,添加聚谷氨酸处理的γ-PGA实际输入量均为450 g/hm2。肥料在棉花生长期间分6次随水灌溉,每次施肥量占总施肥量的16.7%,时间为第1次6月17日,第2次7月1日,第3次7月15日,第4次7月29日,第5次8月12日,第6次8月26日。在8与16日(花玲期),每个处理随机选取10株,使用卷尺测量株高,用游标卡尺测量株径,利用SPAD-502Plus叶绿素仪(上海泽泉科技股份有限公司)测定叶片相对叶绿素含量,并记录棉花主茎叶数、果枝数、蕾数和铃数。
土壤样品于第5次施肥后的第5天(8月17日)采集,每个处理随机选取6个采样点,采集深度为0−20 cm。将采集的土样混合均匀并去除其中的杂质、细根等,每个处理3个重复,总共12个样品。一部分土样风干粉碎后用于土壤养分的测定,另一部分土样储存在−80 ℃下用于宏基因组测序分析。
土壤理化性质测定参考《土壤农化分析》[19]进行。其中土壤pH采用pH计测定;土壤总有机碳含量采用重铬酸钾-外加热法测定;土壤全氮含量通过vario MACRO cube元素分析仪(Elementar Trading公司)测定;土壤全磷含量采用钼锑抗比色法测定;土壤速效磷采用碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑比色法测定;土壤碱解氮采用碱解扩散法测定。
DNA提取和宏基因组测序由北京百迈客生物技术有限公司进行,每个样品设3个生物学重复。原始序列读取经过质量控制,获得质量过滤后的读数,进行宏基因组组装,得到每个样本的宏基因组组装contig序列,基于单个样品的组装结果进行编码基因预测,同时获取翻译后的蛋白序列,合并各样本单独基因预测的编码基因预测结果,去冗余得到非冗余基因集,同时得到非冗余基因丰度信息,将非冗余基因集与非冗余蛋白质序列数据库(non-redundant protein sequence database, NR)在KEGG中进行比对并注释,获得物种或功能基因注释信息,然后使用对应的基因丰度总和计算该物种或功能基因丰度,在门、属、直系同源物和代谢通路水平上统计非冗余基因集在各个样品中的丰度,构建相应分类水平上的丰度表。
采用SPSS 26.0软件One-way ANOVA中的最小显著性差异(least significant difference, LSD)法对棉花农艺性状和土壤养分数据进行显著性差异分析(P < 0.05)。基于百迈客云平台(www.biocloud.net)进行多样品物种或功能多样性的比较分析,物种或功能的组成,差异功能基因分析等。
表1可见,不同的施肥处理对棉花的生长有不同的影响。与CK相比,NK、GT和YT均可以显著促进棉花生长。其中,以YT的株高最高,达到49.03 cm,显著高于CK处理(32.98 cm),GT (48.23 cm)的株高略低于YT,NK (42.50 cm)次之。在茎粗方面,GT (7.79 mm)的茎粗最粗,显著高于CK (5.13 mm),YT (7.30 mm)的茎粗略低于GT,NK (6.42 mm)次之。主茎叶数在施肥处理后也有显著增加,YT (12.50片)的主茎叶数最多,显著高于CK (7.63片),GT (11.50片)和NK (10.11片)的主茎叶数也显著高于CK。SPAD值是衡量叶片叶绿素含量的指标,GT的SPAD值(50.05)最高,NK (47.51)和YT (48.40)均显著高于CK (44.85)的SPAD值。在果枝数方面,GT(9.67个)和YT (8.17个)的果枝数显著高于NK (6.67个)和CK (6.50个)。GT (15.17个)和YT (13.50个)的蕾数显著高于NK (10.50个)和CK (7.33个)。GT (3.50个)和YT (3.50个)的铃数显著高于NK (2.50个)和CK (1.83个)。
表2可知,不同的施肥处理对棉田的土壤性质有不同的影响。与CK (7.84)相比,NK (8.14)显著提高了pH值,GT (7.40)和YT (7.17)则显著降低了pH值;YT (22.41 g/kg)的总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)含量显著最高,是CK (17.04 g/kg)的1.32倍,GT (16.12 g/kg)和NK (16.43 g/kg)与CK无明显差异;GT (1.87 g/kg)、YT (2.36 g/kg)均显著提高了总氮(total nitrogen, TN)含量,分别为CK (1.69 g/kg)的1.11倍和1.40倍,NK (1.52 g/kg)则显著降低;碱解氮(available nitrogen, AN)变化趋势与TN一致;GT (1.28 g/kg)、YT (1.21 g/kg)处理均显著提高了总磷(TP)含量,分别为CK (0.90 g/kg)的1.42倍和1.34倍,NK (0.81 g/kg)则显著降低;NK (60.79 mg/kg)、YT (134.02 mg/kg)和GT (75.23 mg/kg)均显著提高了速效磷(available phosphorous, AP)含量,分别为CK (46.83 mg/kg)的1.30、2.86、1.61倍;与CK (10.09)相比,NK (10.84)显著提高了碳氮比(C/N)值,GT (8.61)和YT (9.49)则显著降低。
图1所示,微生物群落多样性表现出显著差异,采用Chao1指数和ACE指数计算群落分布丰度,数值越大表示群落丰度越高。采用Shannon指数和Simpson指数计算群落分布多样性,数值越大说明物种多样性越高。与CK相比,NK所有指数无显著变化,其Shannon指数与Simpson指数略有降低,而GT与YT所有指数均显著高于NK,YT最高,GT次之。综上所述,添加γ-PGA可以提高土壤微生物群落物种丰富度与多样性,单施化肥在一定程度上则会降低这种生物多样性。
在微生物门分类水平,将相对丰度前10位的细菌根据组成和丰度绘制组成柱状图,结果表明(图2A),CK样品中,变形菌门最为丰富,占比约43.04%。其次是拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 9.78%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 10.45%)。酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi),分别约占8.40%和5.56%。NK样品中,变形菌门的相对丰度稍低于CK样品,约占41.01%。酸杆菌门的比例显著高于CK样品,达到14.30%。其他菌门的比例与CK样品相比有所增减,但整体趋势相似。YT样品表现出明显不同的菌门组成,变形菌门的比例显著减少至约31.30%,而拟杆菌门和放线菌门的丰度显著增加,分别约为22.81%和21.39%。此外,YT样品中的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)比例也显著高于其他样品,约为9.48%。GT样品中,拟杆菌门比例最高,占约28.90%,变形菌门接近这一数值。该样品的放线菌门丰度也相对较高,约为16.50%。与其他样品相比,GT样品的酸杆菌门和绿屈挠菌门的比例较低。
将相对丰度在前20位的细菌在属分类水平下根据组成和丰度绘制组成柱状图,结果表明(图2B),在CK样品中,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)的丰度最高,约占18.42%。黄色土壤杆菌属(Flavisolibacter)、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)和Planktothrix的丰度较低,分别约为1.51%、1.17%和1.27%。NK样品也显示鞘氨醇单胞菌属的丰度最高,约为17.05%。与CK样品相比,新鞘酯菌属(Novosphingobium)和Gemmatirosa的丰度有所增加。YT样品显示出与CK和NK样品不同的菌群分布特征。盐坑微菌属(Salinimicrobium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)的丰度显著增加,分别占6.32%、5.75%和5.47%。此外,YT样品中其他菌属丰度也有不同程度增加,表明这些细菌可能在此样品的土壤环境中更为活跃。GT样品中,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)的丰度最高,约占9.53%,盐菌微属的丰度次之,约占7.64%,吉莱氏菌属(Gillisia)的比例相对较高,为5.33%,其他细菌属的丰度增加趋势和YT一致但低于YT。
为进一步确定不同处理间的差异物种即标志物种,基于细菌物种相对丰度进行线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)分析(LDA > 3.5),结果显示,在不同处理间共得到42个差异标志物种(图2C)。CK土壤检测到8个细菌差异物种,主要的菌群有变形菌门、拟杆菌门和鞘氨醇单胞菌属,NK土壤检测到7个细菌差异物种,主要的菌群有变形菌门、芽单胞菌门、酸杆菌门和鞘氨醇单胞菌属,YT土壤检测到17个细菌差异物种,主要的菌群有变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门和假单胞菌属、节杆菌属、海洋杆菌属(Pontibacter)、芽孢八叠球菌属(Sporosarcina)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)等,GT土壤检测到10个细菌差异物种,主要的菌群有拟杆菌门、放线菌门和盐坑微菌属、吉莱氏菌属、海洋杆菌属、类诺卡氏菌属。
将相对丰度 > 0.1%的古菌在门分类水平下根据组成和丰度绘制组成柱状图,结果表明(图3A),在CK样品中,奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)占据了最大的比例,约为74.34%。广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)也有相对较高的比例,为17.27%。其他古菌门的比例则较低。NK样品中,奇古菌门的比例降低到55.33%,而广古菌门的比例则增加到29.42%。YT样品展示了一个更加均衡的古菌群落结构,奇古菌门和广古菌门的比例分别为35.52%和41.14%。其他古菌门的比例也相对提高。GT样品中,奇古菌门的丰度显著上升,达到了84.24%,广古菌门的比例相对较低,为10.32%,而其他类别的比例与CK无明显差异。
将相对丰度 > 0.1%的古菌在属分类水平下根据组成和丰度绘制组成柱状图,结果表明(图3B),Candidatus_Nitrosocosmicus在CK样本中是最丰富的属,几乎占到一半的比例,为49.74%。亚硝化球形菌属(Nitrososphaera)的丰度相对为7.40%。产甲烷古菌如甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、产甲烷丝菌属(Methanothrix)、甲烷胞菌属(Methanocella)和甲烷袋状菌属(Methanoculleus)的丰度都低于1.00%。Candidatus_Nitrosocosmicus属依然是NK样本中的优势属,但其比例下降到41.87%。NK样本中的产甲烷古菌属比例略有增加,例如产甲烷丝菌属和甲烷胞菌属。Candidatus_Nitrosocosmicus属在YT样本中的丰度进一步降低到26.39%,YT样本中的甲烷八叠球菌属相较于CK和NK样本上升到3.07%。GT样本中Candidatus_Nitrosocosmicus属的丰度显著上升到72.95%,远高于其他任何样本。
基于古菌物种相对丰度进行LEfSe分析(LDA > 3.5),结果显示,在不同处理间共得到20个差异标志物种(图3C)。CK土壤检测到4个古菌差异物种,主要的菌群有奇古菌门和亚硝化球形菌属,NK土壤检测到1个细菌差异物种,为广古菌门的Euryarchaeota_archaeon,YT土壤检测到11个古菌差异物种,主要的菌群有广古菌门、Candidatus_Bathyarchaeota、泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)、Candidatus_Korarchaeota、Candidatus_Woesearchaeota和产甲烷热球菌属、盐几何形菌属(Halogeometricum)、甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)、产甲烷丝菌属等,GT土壤检测到4个古菌差异物种,主要的菌群有奇古菌门、Candidatus_Woesearchaeota和Candidatus_ Nitrosocosmicus、亚硝化球形菌属。
将相对丰度 > 0.1%的真菌在门分类水平下根据组成和丰度绘制组成柱状图,结果表明(图4A),担子菌门(Basidiomycota)是CK样品中最丰富的门,占36.62%。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)紧随其后,占25.52%。毛霉门(Mucoromycota)的相对丰度为11.70%。微孢子门(Microsporidia)相对丰度达到10.15%。子囊菌门成为NK样品中的主导门,占28.74%。担子菌门的丰度有所下降,占29.28%。毛霉门丰度增加到14.81%。毛霉门在YT样品中占据了最高的比例,为37.89%。子囊菌门的丰度与担子菌门相似,都在20.00%左右。壶菌门的比例也较高,达到8.63%。子囊菌门在GT样品中是丰度最高的门,占31.03%。担子菌门的丰度稍低,为28.11%。毛霉门在GT样品中的比例也相对较高,为15.75%。
将相对丰度 > 0.1%的真菌在属分类水平下根据组成和丰度绘制组成柱状图,结果表明(图4B),Rhizophagus属在CK样品中的丰度最高,为8.17%。Microbotryum属的丰度为4.92%。Aspergillus属和Lasallia属的丰度相近,分别为4.01%和4.48%。Rhizoctonia属的丰度为3.78%。Candida属和Gigaspora属的丰度相对较低,分别为1.63%和1.06%。NK样品中Rhizophagus属继续保持相对较高的丰度,为7.79%。Rhizoctonia属在NK样品中的丰度略有增加,达到4.46%。Aspergillus属的丰度略有提高,为4.21%。Microbotryum属的丰度略有下降,为3.86%。Gigaspora属的丰度略有上升,为1.40%。Rhizophagus属的丰度在YT样品中显著上升,达到了27.50%,这是所有样品中的最高值,可能指示了一个非常活跃的丛枝菌根真菌群落。相较于其他样品,Rhizoctonia属的丰度显著下降,为0.75%。GT样品中Rhizophagus属的丰度与CK样品相似,为8.48%。Microbotryum属的丰度在GT样品中增加,为6.42%,比其他样品高。Aspergillus属和Lasallia属的丰度也都有所增加,分别为4.98%和4.85%。Gigaspora属的丰度在GT样品中比其他样品高,为3.15%。
基于真菌物种相对丰度进行LEfSe分析(LDA > 3.5),结果显示,在不同处理间共得到15个差异标志物种(图4C)。CK土壤检测到1个真菌差异物种,为担子菌门的Phanerochaete_carnosa,NK土壤检测到3个真菌差异物种,主要的菌群有壶菌门、捕虫霉门(Zoopagomycota)和SpizellomycesBasidiobolusNeocallimastix,YT土壤检测到6个真菌差异物种,主要的菌群有子囊菌门、壶菌门、担子菌门、毛霉门和BeauveriaCyberlindneraEndogone等,GT土壤检测到5个真菌差异物种,主要的菌群有担子菌门、子囊菌门、毛霉门和TrametesSerendipitaTorulasporaPenicillium等。
基于KEGG (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/)数据库对比样品中的微生物功能类别,共注释到四大功能信息,其中新陈代谢占主导地位,其次是遗传信息处理、环境信息处理、细胞转化。第2层代谢功能有22类,丰度较高的是全局和概述图谱、碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢、核苷酸代谢和辅助因子与维生素的代谢,第3层代谢功能有171类,其中相对丰度较高的20类如图5A所示。不同的施肥处理对微生物功能产生不同影响,与CK相比,NK处理各代谢功能略有提高,YT处理各代谢功能则显著提高,GT介于YT和NK之间。CK样品中代谢途径丰度占比最高,为17.51%,反映了细菌代谢活动的整体水平。次生代谢物的生物合成途径占7.73%。抗生素的生物合成占6.36%。在碳代谢方面,占比为4.08%。氨基酸的生物合成、嘌呤代谢和嘧啶代谢分别占3.18%、2.49%和2.07%。NK样品中代谢途径的丰度占比几乎不变,为17.53%。次生代谢物的生物合成和抗生素的生物合成略有增加,分别为7.78%和6.38%。碳代谢和氨基酸的生物合成保持稳定,分别占4.09%和3.18%。比起CK样品,ABC转运蛋白略有下降,而双组分系统提高,分别为1.45%和1.56%。YT样品中,整体代谢途径的丰度占比略有下降,为17.30%。次生代谢物的生物合成保持较高,为7.80%,而抗生素的生物合成略有下降至6.24%。氨基酸的生物合成上升至3.40%。ABC转运蛋白和双组分系统的活性有所上升,分别为2.30%和1.81%。GT样品中代谢途径的丰度占比与CK和NK样品相似,为17.53%。次生代谢物的生物合成和抗生素的生物合成途径的活性保持稳定,分别为7.83%和6.38%。碳代谢提升至4.00%。氨基酸的生物合成、嘌呤代谢和嘧啶代谢都有轻微的提高。
利用聚类热图将相对丰度前20的代谢通路进行分析,结果表明(图5B):CK和NK的群落功能类似,主要聚类在氧化磷酸化,嘧啶代谢,乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,糖酵解/糖异生和丙酸代谢等代谢途径,YT则主要聚类在氨基酸的生物合成群体感应、ABC转运蛋白和双组分系统,GT主要聚类在次生代谢物的生物合成、氨基酸的生物合成、嘌呤代谢、嘧啶代谢和核糖体。
对4个土壤样品进行LEfSe分析,图5C展示了LDA值大于2.5的土壤样品中具有统计学差异的功能,试验共检测到24个有显著差异的功能,CK、NK、YT和GT处理分别有9、4、10和1个显著差异的群落功能,CK显著富集的群落功能为氧化磷酸化,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的降解,RNA聚合酶,丙酸代谢,丁酸代谢,核苷酸切除修复,谷胱甘肽代谢,脂肪酸代谢和脂肪酸降解;NK显著富集的群落功能为碳代谢,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的代谢,丙酮酸代谢和氨基苯甲酸酯降解;YT显著富集ABC转运蛋白,群体感应,双组分系统,氨基酸的生物合成,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸的代谢,糠醛降解,脂多糖生物合成,组氨酸代谢,果糖和甘露糖代谢;GT显著富集半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸的代谢。
以PLS-DA偏最小二乘回归模型为基础,根据土壤样本分组信息,对宏基因组的功能进行判别分析(图6)。CK和NK空间相近,无显著差异。YT和GT单独分布在两个象限,存在显著差异。不同的施肥处理会对微生物功能产生不同影响。
对不同处理的微生物群落组成及功能与土壤养分进行RDA分析(图7),结果表明CK与NK在门和属水平微生物群落相似,主要影响因子为pH和C/N,主要微生物为绿屈挠菌门、浮霉菌门、芽单胞菌门、酸杆菌门和黄色土源菌属、土壤红杆菌属、新鞘酯菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属,YT主要因子为TOC、TN、AN、AP,主要微生物为放线菌、厚壁菌门和假单胞菌属、微杆菌属、溶杆菌属、节杆菌属,GT主要因子为TP与AN,主要微生物为拟杆菌门、蓝菌门、绿屈挠菌门和类诺卡氏菌属、盐微菌属。此外CK与NK群落功能也极其相似,pH与C/N影响着大部分功能,pH与氧化磷酸化、丙酸代谢、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢等呈显著正相关,TOC、TN、AP、AN、TP与ABC转运蛋白、次生代谢物的生物合成、氨基酸的生物合成呈显著正相关。
土壤微生物群落(门水平)与土壤理化性质和作物性状(Ph:株高;Sd:茎粗)的Mantel分析如图8所示。TN、AN、TP、AP、株高与pH呈显著负相关,AN、TP、AP、株高与TN呈显著正相关,TP、AP、株高与AN呈显著正相关,株高与TP呈显著正相关,株高、茎粗与AP呈显著正相关,茎粗与株高呈显著正相关。CK和NK的微生物群落与土壤理化性质和作物性状无显著相关性(P > 0.05),而YT的微生物群落与TP和株高有显著相关性(0.01 < P < 0.05),GT的微生物群落与AN有显著相关性。
在先前的研究中,已经验证了γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对作物的促生效果[5]。本研究结果表明,与不施肥处理(CK)相比,添加γ-PGA (GT和YT)和单施化肥(NK)均显著促进了棉花的生长,但GT和YT处理在促进棉花农艺性状上比NK处理表现得更突出(表1)。这可能是由于γ-PGA作为一种生物源活性物质,不仅提供了营养,而且改善了土壤结构,增加了土壤微生物的多样性和丰富度,这对作物生长是有益的[20]。土壤养分含量是评估农业生产力及保持土壤肥力的关键指标,不同施肥措施对土壤养分含量有显著效果,并能够改变微生物群落的结构,微生物通过分解土壤有机质,释放出多种植物生长所需的营养成分,从而确保作物的正常生长和代谢[21]。本研究中,GT和YT处理提高了土壤的总氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、总磷(TP)和有效磷(AP)含量并降低了土壤的pH值(表2),这与何宇等[10]研究结果一致,单施化肥因气温、灌溉等原因导致一部分养分淋失,γ-PGA可增强土壤胶体颗粒对养分的吸附能力,独特的多阴电性使其能够与微量元素形成稳定的螯合物,可以让这些养分在作用对象表面上的停留时间延长,使其不易被雨水冲刷掉,有效降低土壤中肥料的淋失[5]。本研究中,NK处理提高了土壤pH值,这可能是因为新疆本地土壤偏碱性,高温会导致土壤中水分蒸发,盐碱物质残留在表层逐渐浓缩,复合肥中的碳酸根离子、磷酸根离子、硫酸根离子、氯离子等在土壤中积累并与钠、钾、钙等离子结合进一步导致土壤碱化,但长期的土壤碱化可能会对土壤质量和作物生长产生不利影响[22],添加γ-PGA可有效平衡土壤的酸碱度,提高土壤质量[5]
土壤微生物多样性的提升与土壤健康以及作物生长有着密切联系[23]。本研究中土壤微生物群落组成与土壤理化性质和棉花性状之间的矩阵相关性检验(图8)表明,土壤理化性质影响土壤微生物群落组成,土壤理化性质与作物性状之间也互相关联,YT与GT最为显著,其中TP和株高显著影响YT土壤微生物群落在门水平的组成,AN显著影响GT土壤微生物群落在门水平的组成,这与冗余分析(图7)的结果相一致,TP、AP、TN和AN等影响着YT和GT的土壤微生物群落。本研究中GT和YT处理显著提高了土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性,而NK处理对微生物多样性的影响并不显著(图1),这一发现展现了γ-PGA在保持土壤生物多样性和生态系统服务中的潜在作用,这与褚群[16]研究结果一致。相比于单施化肥,添加γ-PGA在减少养分流失、促进土壤微生物群的生长等方面具有良好的效果,这为γ-PGA对作物生长发育的调控奠定了基础[5]
土壤微生物群落能直接或间接对土壤环境变化做出反应,其对环境变化的敏感性与指示性可预测土壤健康水平[23]。本研究中YT和GT样品展现了与CK和NK显著不同的细菌群落结构,从门水平看γ-PGA的施用显著减少变形菌门的相对丰度,而显著增加拟杆菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度(图2A)。拟杆菌门和放线菌门的某些成员被认为在分解难降解的有机物质和土壤病原生物的抑制中起着关键作用[24-25],这表明γ-PGA可能促进了土壤中营养循环和有机物分解过程中更多样化的微生物群落的形成。从属水平上看,在YT和GT样品中假单胞菌属和节杆菌属的丰度显著增加(图2B)。假单胞菌属和节杆菌属的增加可能与它们在抗病性和植物生长促进方面的潜在作用有关[26-27]
在古菌群落中检测到的已知菌群大部分属于功能菌群,尤其是对氮和碳的转化过程至关重要,对陆地生态系统的功能维持具有显著影响[28-30]。在本研究中,奇古菌门(35.52%−74.34%)和广古菌门(10.32%−41.14%)是主要的优势菌门,YT处理显著降低奇古菌门并增加广古菌门的相对丰度,GT处理显著增加奇古菌门并降低广古菌门的相对丰度(图3A)。这可能是因为土壤微生物群落之间存在竞争关系,由于它们争夺有限的营养资源,某些微生物菌群能够优先占领营养或生殖位点,从而获得生长优势,而那些在竞争中处于劣势的菌群则可能面临生长抑制[31]。在本研究中,γ-PGA的添加可能加剧了土壤细菌和古菌对碳、氮等养分的竞争,进而导致了土壤微生物群落组成的变化。此外,本研究发现,在YT处理中产甲烷古菌的数量显著增加。产甲烷古菌广泛分布于各种缺氧环境中,例如湿地、水稻田和动物瘤胃等[32]。适宜产甲烷古菌生长的pH范围大致在6.80−7.80之间,其生长还受到温度、氮源和有机碳含量等多种因素的影响[32-33]。γ-PGA具有极高与水分子结合的能力,最大自然吸水率可达自身的108.4倍,在土壤中的水分吸收率也可达30−80倍[34]。因此,γ-PGA水溶液的添加会迅速在局部土壤中形成水合层的厌氧环境,并使土壤pH偏中性,同时提供较高的养分环境,这些因素可能是导致产甲烷古菌数量增加的原因。
子囊菌门真菌的营养类型大多是腐生菌,弱碱环境有利于其生存和繁殖,其与担子菌门和毛霉菌门是土壤中重要的分解者,在促进土壤养分循环和植物生长过程中发挥重要作用[35-36]。本研究中,YT和GT样品中毛霉门的相对丰度显著提高(图4A),可能是由于γ-PGA的添加降低土壤pH值,改善了土壤中物质的分解条件。在杨玲等[37]的研究中,使用不同调酸剂增加了土壤pH值,毛霉菌门的相对丰度降低。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)在植物营养吸收过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,这些真菌通过与植物根系的共生关系,增强了植物对土壤中养分的吸收能力,尤其是对磷和其他矿物质的获取[38]。在本研究中,YT处理显著增加了丛枝菌根真菌中Rhizophagus属的相对丰度,而GT处理则显著增加了Gigaspora属的相对丰度(图4B)。这可能是因为γ-PGA的添加,使植物与AMF形成良性共生关系,AMF从寄主植物获得碳源,同时为寄主植物提供矿质元素(如N和P等),从而会提高寄主植物根系的养分吸收效率[39]。微生物群落与土壤理化性质和作物性状的Mantel分析(图8)进一步证实这一点,TP与株高和YT的微生物群落呈显著相关性。
土壤微生物功能多样性不仅可以反映土壤的生物活性,而且可以反映出微生物群落的生态特征[40]。本研究在YT和GT处理中检测到多条与微生物信号识别和定植相关的通路显著富集(图5B)。双组分调节系统作为生防细菌(如芽孢杆菌和假单孢菌)中关键的信号传递机制,负责调控包括抑菌物质合成、生物膜形成以及根际定植在内的多种生防相关特征[41]。群体感应是细菌中的一种重要调控机制,它通过群体密度的变化调节生理和生化过程,影响细菌产生抗生素、形成生物膜以及根际定植等生防特性[42-43]。本研究发现,γ-PGA配施化肥显著提升双组分调节系统和群体感应相关基因的丰度,γ-PGA的添加可能促进棉花根际有益微生物的聚集,有益微生物数量的增加可激活群体感应系统,增强生防菌在根际的定植能力和抗生素的产生,从而增强生防效果。此外,γ-PGA配施化肥也显著提高ABC转运蛋白相关基因的表达。ABC转运蛋白在调节细菌对抗生素抗性中发挥作用,其激活有助于提升细菌的抗药性[44]。因此,添加γ-PGA可促进根际有益菌中ABC转运蛋白的表达,增强有益细菌在根际的竞争力和环境适应性,从而发挥生防作用。本研究还发现,γ-PGA配施化肥显著提高了氨基酸的生物合成相关基因的丰度。氨基酸是合成脂类、碳水化合物、核酸和信号分子的前体,并参与植物氮素的循环,在脱氨和转氨作用中发挥关键作用[45]。土壤中微生物的氨基酸生物合成功能丰度的提高表明,γ-PGA的添加可以促进土壤氮循环过程,进而有利于棉花根系对氮素的吸收和利用。
棉田土壤施加γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)在促进棉花生长和提升土壤质量方面具有显著效果。与不施肥和单施化肥相比,配施γ-PGA显著增加了棉花的株高、茎粗和地上生物量等农艺性状,并提高了土壤微生物的多样性和丰富度,改变了微生物群落结构组成,使其朝着增加有益土壤健康和植物生长的微生物特定类群招募。上述试验结果证实了γ-PGA在农业领域应用的巨大潜力,并为后续开展更多新型生物刺激素的研究提供了基础。
  • 新疆师范大学博士科研启动基金(3010010274)
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2024年第64卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240170
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-29
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 录用日期:2024-05-21
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Xinjiang Normal University Doctoral Research Foundation(3010010274)
新疆师范大学博士科研启动基金(3010010274)
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    1 新疆师范大学 生命科学学院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
    2 新疆特殊环境物种保护与调控生物学实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
    3 新疆特殊环境物种多样性应用与调控重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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