Article(id=1172620562733088834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)01-0053-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691942400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757504128392, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757504128392, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757504128392, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757504128392, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172620559834821232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='111', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757504127699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758625263309, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177322943446135256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177322943446135257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172620562980552771, articleId=1172620562733088834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Effect of Solution Coordination Environment on Extraction of Vanadium(Ⅳ) by P204, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effects of solution coordination environment on the extraction of vanadium by P204 were investigated. The effects of chloride, fluoride and sulfate ions on the extraction of vanadium and their coordination with vanadium were examined at different pH. The results show that for the extractant using an organic phase composition of 20%P204+5%TBP+75%sulfonated kerosene, at phase ratio of VO/VA=1/2 and extraction time of 8 min, chloride ions can effectively enhance vanadium extraction. At pH=1.0 and [Cl-]=5 mol/L, the vanadium extraction can reach 87.93%. When the pH is 1.4~2.2, fluoride ions in a certain concentration range can promote the extraction, and the best promotion effect is achieved when [F-]=0.05 mol/L. The concentration of fluoride ion is greater than 0.2 mol/L, and the extraction is inhibited. When pH=1.8 and 2.2, the concentration of sulfate has little effect on vanadium extraction. But when pH=1.0 and [$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$]=1.5 mol/L, the vanadium extraction rate is only 52.22%, and the high concentration of sulfate can significantly inhibit vanadium extraction. The thermodynamic results show that coordination groups VOCl+ and VOF+ can enhance vanadium extraction process. When the concentration of fluoride ion is higher than 0.2 mol/L, the coordination anion VOF3 formed by VO2+ and multiple F- prevents the cation exchange reaction of P204.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yiping WANG, Nannan XUE, Yimin ZHANG, Hong LIU, Pengcheng HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1172620951914168968, articleId=1172620562733088834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=溶液配位环境对P204萃取钒(Ⅳ)的影响研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了溶液配位环境对P204萃取钒(Ⅳ)的影响,考察了氯离子、氟离子和硫酸根离子在不同pH条件下对钒萃取效果的影响及其与钒的配位情况。结果表明:在有机相组成为20%P204+5%TBP+75%磺化煤油、相比VO/VA=1/2、萃取时间8 min条件下,氯离子可有效强化钒的萃取;在pH=1.0、[Cl-]=5 mol/L条件下,钒萃取率达87.93%;pH=1.4~2.2时,一定浓度范围内的氟离子能促进萃取,[F-]=0.05 mol/L时促进萃取效果最佳,[Cl-]大于0.2 mol/L会抑制萃取;pH=1.8、2.2时,[$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$]对钒萃取效果影响不大,但pH=1.0、[$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$]=1.5 mol/L时,钒萃取率仅为52.22%,高浓度$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$会明显抑制钒的萃取;热力学研究表明,VOCl+和VOF+配位阳离子可强化钒萃取过程,[F-]高于0.2 mol/L时,VO2+与多个F-形成配位阴离子VOF3阻碍了P204阳离子交换反应的进行。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
薛楠楠(1988—),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
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王忆平(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为配位萃取分离工艺及机制。

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王忆平(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为配位萃取分离工艺及机制。

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王忆平(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为配位萃取分离工艺及机制。

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2023, 17(1):56-67., articleTitle=Vanadium(Ⅳ) solvent extraction enhancement in high acidity using D2EHPA with [Cl-] present:an experimental and theoretical study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1177673248088146670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620562733088834, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=244, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=LIU Z S, HUANG J, ZHANG Y M, journalName=Separation and Purification Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Z S, HUANG J, ZHANG Y M, et al. Separation and recovery of vanadium and iron from oxalic-acid-based shale leachate by coextraction and stepwise stripping[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2020, 244.DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116532., articleTitle=Separation and recovery of vanadium and iron from oxalic-acid-based shale leachate by coextraction and stepwise stripping, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1177673248142672623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620562733088834, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=34, issue=3, pageStart=400, pageEnd=405, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=魏昶, 李兴彬, 邓志敢, journalName=稀有金属, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏昶, 李兴彬, 邓志敢, 等. 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journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620562733088834, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同氯离子浓度下钒在水相中的主要存在形式

a—[Cl-]=1 mol/L;b—[Cl-]=5 mol/L。

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a—[F-]=0.05 mol/L;b—[F-]=0.25 mol/L。

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a—[$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$]=0.5 mol/L;b—[$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$]=1.5 mol/L。

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V(Ⅳ) Fe2+ Al3+ Cl- F- $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$ $\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}$
1.60 2.00 3.00 0.67 4.05 153.67 0.95
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酸浸液的主要化学组成 g/L

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
V(Ⅳ) Fe2+ Al3+ Cl- F- $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$ $\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}$
1.60 2.00 3.00 0.67 4.05 153.67 0.95
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仪器名称 规格型号 生产厂家
电子天平 JE 2002 上海蒲春计量仪器有限公司
智能控温磁力搅拌器 SZCL-2A 武汉科尔仪器有限公司
pH酸度计 pHS-3C 上海仪电科学仪器有限公司
离子色谱仪 925 CN 瑞士万通中国有限公司
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试验仪器设备

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称 规格型号 生产厂家
电子天平 JE 2002 上海蒲春计量仪器有限公司
智能控温磁力搅拌器 SZCL-2A 武汉科尔仪器有限公司
pH酸度计 pHS-3C 上海仪电科学仪器有限公司
离子色谱仪 925 CN 瑞士万通中国有限公司
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溶液配位环境对P204萃取钒(Ⅳ)的影响研究
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王忆平 1, 2, 3 , 薛楠楠 1, 2, 3 , 张一敏 1, 2, 3, 4 , 刘红 1, 2, 3 , 胡鹏程 1, 2, 3
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(1): 53-59
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(1): 53-59
溶液配位环境对P204萃取钒(Ⅳ)的影响研究
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王忆平1, 2, 3, 薛楠楠1, 2, 3 , 张一敏1, 2, 3, 4, 刘红1, 2, 3, 胡鹏程1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 武汉科技大学 资源与环境工程学院, 湖北 武汉 430081
  • 2 国家环境保护矿冶资源利用与污染控制重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430081
  • 3 战略钒资源利用省部共建协同创新中心, 湖北 武汉 430081
  • 4 湖北省页岩钒资源高效清洁利用工程技术研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430081
  • 王忆平(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为配位萃取分离工艺及机制。

通讯作者:

薛楠楠(1988—),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
Effect of Solution Coordination Environment on Extraction of Vanadium(Ⅳ) by P204
Yiping WANG1, 2, 3, Nannan XUE1, 2, 3 , Yimin ZHANG1, 2, 3, 4, Hong LIU1, 2, 3, Pengcheng HU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 2 State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Strategic Vanadium Resources Utilization, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 4 Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Cleaning Utilization for Shale Vanadium Resource, Wuhan 430081, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.009
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研究了溶液配位环境对P204萃取钒(Ⅳ)的影响,考察了氯离子、氟离子和硫酸根离子在不同pH条件下对钒萃取效果的影响及其与钒的配位情况。结果表明:在有机相组成为20%P204+5%TBP+75%磺化煤油、相比VO/VA=1/2、萃取时间8 min条件下,氯离子可有效强化钒的萃取;在pH=1.0、[Cl-]=5 mol/L条件下,钒萃取率达87.93%;pH=1.4~2.2时,一定浓度范围内的氟离子能促进萃取,[F-]=0.05 mol/L时促进萃取效果最佳,[Cl-]大于0.2 mol/L会抑制萃取;pH=1.8、2.2时,[$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$]对钒萃取效果影响不大,但pH=1.0、[$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$]=1.5 mol/L时,钒萃取率仅为52.22%,高浓度$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$会明显抑制钒的萃取;热力学研究表明,VOCl+和VOF+配位阳离子可强化钒萃取过程,[F-]高于0.2 mol/L时,VO2+与多个F-形成配位阴离子VOF3阻碍了P204阳离子交换反应的进行。
钒  /  溶剂萃取  /  配位调控  /  P204  /  热力学

The effects of solution coordination environment on the extraction of vanadium by P204 were investigated. The effects of chloride, fluoride and sulfate ions on the extraction of vanadium and their coordination with vanadium were examined at different pH. The results show that for the extractant using an organic phase composition of 20%P204+5%TBP+75%sulfonated kerosene, at phase ratio of VO/VA=1/2 and extraction time of 8 min, chloride ions can effectively enhance vanadium extraction. At pH=1.0 and [Cl-]=5 mol/L, the vanadium extraction can reach 87.93%. When the pH is 1.4~2.2, fluoride ions in a certain concentration range can promote the extraction, and the best promotion effect is achieved when [F-]=0.05 mol/L. The concentration of fluoride ion is greater than 0.2 mol/L, and the extraction is inhibited. When pH=1.8 and 2.2, the concentration of sulfate has little effect on vanadium extraction. But when pH=1.0 and [$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$]=1.5 mol/L, the vanadium extraction rate is only 52.22%, and the high concentration of sulfate can significantly inhibit vanadium extraction. The thermodynamic results show that coordination groups VOCl+ and VOF+ can enhance vanadium extraction process. When the concentration of fluoride ion is higher than 0.2 mol/L, the coordination anion VOF3 formed by VO2+ and multiple F- prevents the cation exchange reaction of P204.

vanadium  /  solvent extraction  /  coordination regulation  /  P204  /  thermodynamics
王忆平, 薛楠楠, 张一敏, 刘红, 胡鹏程. 溶液配位环境对P204萃取钒(Ⅳ)的影响研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (1) : 53 -59 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.009
Yiping WANG, Nannan XUE, Yimin ZHANG, Hong LIU, Pengcheng HU. Effect of Solution Coordination Environment on Extraction of Vanadium(Ⅳ) by P204[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (1) : 53 -59 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.009
钒是一种重要的战略金属[1],具有高熔点、高延展性、高硬度等多种优异特性,广泛应用于冶金、化工、航天航空及新能源等方面[2]。钒页岩是提取钒的主要矿石来源之一,钒品位较低。钒主要以Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ价态形式存在于钒页岩中,多呈类质同象赋存于铝硅酸盐矿物中,提取难度较大[3]。目前主要采用焙烧—酸浸工艺和直接酸浸工艺提钒,通过破坏矿物晶格使钒进入水相,但所得酸浸液通常钒浓度偏低、杂质含量高,若要获得高纯度钒产品须对酸浸液进行净化富集处理[4-5]
含钒酸浸液的净化富集通常采用离子交换法、溶剂萃取法、化学沉淀法实现[6-7]。其中,溶剂萃取法主要是以目标离子取代萃取剂中可交换的官能团,或与萃取剂分子发生配位,使目标离子进入有机相,从而实现钒与杂质离子的分离。该法选择性强、分离效率高,处理能力大,在提钒工艺中应用较广泛[8]。目前用于含钒页岩酸浸液提取钒的萃取剂以有机膦类和有机胺类为主[9-11],其中有机膦类萃取剂二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(P204)因价格低、萃取效率高成为了工业应用的主要萃取体系[12]。酸浸液是一种高余酸溶液,当H+浓度过高时,P204的萃取钒效果较差,因此须先调节pH,该过程中耗碱量大,产生的中和渣多,导致后续固液分离难度大且环保成本高,因此亟须开发一种低pH环境下的高效萃取工艺。
目前,溶液配位环境对金属提取的影响[13]引起了广泛关注。配位萃取是一种通过调控溶液中目标离子的配位环境,改变配位体形态和性质,达到选择性分离提取目标离子的方法。由于钒在原矿中主要以类质同象形式赋存于云母中,浸出过程须通过加入氯酸盐、氟化物等助浸剂以实现强化钒溶出的目的,所得浸出液中离子配位复杂,除铁、铝、铬、钼等金属元素外,还引入了Cl-、F-、$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$、$\mathrm{C}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}$等能与钒或其他杂质离子发生配位的阴离子,而生成的不同配位体与萃取剂的萃合能力存在强弱差异,影响金属的萃取效果[14-18]。因此,改变溶液配位环境来提升钒萃取率,达到强化萃取效果、抑制杂质共萃具有可行性,但目前相关研究主要集中在铁、铝杂质离子对钒萃取的影响,而有关配位离子对钒的萃取分离影响的研究鲜见报道。因此,试验针对某含钒页岩硫酸浸出液,研究了不同浓度的氯离子、氟离子和硫酸根离子对萃取钒的影响,并探讨了不同配位体系中钒的存在形式的变化规律,以期为建立新型配位离子萃取体系提供理论参考。
含钒页岩酸浸液:来源于陕西省山阳地区钒页岩,中和后浸出液pH=1.0~2.2,主要化学组成见表1。可以看出:浸出液中主要配位离子有Cl-、F-、$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$、$\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}$,因此考虑在不改变原有配位离子种类条件下,采用控制单一变量法,探索配位离子浓度的变化对钒萃取效果的影响。
主要试剂:氯化钠、硫酸钠、氟化钠、P204(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,分析纯)、TBP(上海山浦化工有限公司,分析纯)、磺化煤油(茂名市正茂石化有限公司)等。
采用VOSO4预先配制空白含钒溶液,再分别加入不同量的NaCl、Na2SO4、NaF试剂,用去离子水稀释定容得到一系列含不同浓度氯离子、硫酸根离子、氟离子的含钒溶液。在室温下,将配制的模拟酸浸液和有机相按照一定比例在烧杯中混合,利用磁力搅拌器均匀搅拌,萃取8 min后倒入分液漏斗中静置分相,得到负载有机相和萃余液。试验用主要仪器设备见表2
采用硫酸亚铁氨滴定法测定溶液中钒浓度,计算钒萃取率(E)。计算公式为
$E=\frac{{\rho }_{1}-{\rho }_{2}}{{\rho }_{1}}\times 100\%。$
式中:ρ1—萃原液中钒质量浓度,g/L;ρ2—萃余液中钒质量浓度,g/L。
采用Visual MINTEQ 3.1热力学软件对水溶液中钒与不同配位阴离子的存在形式进行理论计算,分析其配位离子对钒与有机相萃取结果的影响。
在萃取有机相组成为20%P204+5%TBP+75%磺化煤油、相比VO/VA=1/2、萃取时间8 min、室温条件下,氯离子浓度在不同pH条件下对钒萃取率的影响试验结果如图1所示。
图1看出,相同pH下,随氯离子浓度升高,钒萃取率整体呈上升趋势:pH=1.0、1.4时,氯离子浓度对钒萃取率的影响更为显著,随氯离子浓度从1 mol/L增加至5 mol/L,钒萃取率从74.34%升至87.93%,说明在低pH下氯离子浓度能有效强化有机相对钒的萃取;在pH=1.8、2.2,氯离子浓度为0时,钒萃取率在85%以上,此时在溶液中加入氯离子,对钒萃取率的提升效果不明显。
不同氯离子浓度下,钒在水溶液中的主要存在形式如图2所示。钒和氯离子配位形成VOCl+,配位反应如式(2)所示,随氯离子浓度增大,有利于VO2+与Cl-配位反应的正向进行,钒主要以VOCl+形式存在。
V${O}_{\left(aq\right)}^{2+}$+C${l}_{\left(aq\right)}^{-}$$\rightleftharpoons$VOC${l}_{\left(aq\right)}^{+}$。
图2看出:在相同氯离子浓度下,pH在1.0~2.2范围内,对钒配合物组分占比无明显影响。氯离子浓度为1 mol/L时,VO2+占比大于VOCl+,此时钒萃取率高于未加入氯离子时钒萃取率(图2(a))。氯离子浓度增至5 mol/L时,溶液中的钒主要以VOCl+形式存在,钒萃取率提升更为显著(图2(b))。结合图1结果可知,氯离子增大能有效促进钒的萃取,表明VOCl+比VO2+更易促进钒进入有机相的进程,推测VOCl+浓度的增加是钒萃取率提升的关键。
氟离子具有强电负性,易与金属离子发生配位,常用CaF2作为助浸剂,强化钒的浸出效果。在萃取有机相组成为20%P204+5%TBP+75%磺化煤油、相比VO/VA=1/2、萃取时间8 min、室温条件下,氟离子浓度在不同pH条件下对钒萃取率的影响试验结果如图3所示。
图3看出,在相同pH下,随氟离子浓度增大,钒萃取率呈先上升后下降趋势:氟离子浓度为0.05 mol/L时,钒萃取率达最大;氟离子浓度从0.2 mol/L增至0.25 mol/L时,钒萃取率快速降低。说明低浓度氟离子对钒的萃取有利,氟离子浓度较高(>0.2 mol/L)时,会抑制钒的萃取过程。但在pH=1.0时,钒萃取率随氟离子浓度增大而降低,表明溶液pH较低时,氟离子浓度不是萃取反应的控制因素,无法抵消低溶液pH对萃取反应的限制;pH=1.4~2.2时,氟离子在一定浓度范围内能促进钒萃取,相同pH条件下,氟离子浓度为0.05 mol/L时,萃取效果最佳,氟离子浓度大于0.20 mol/L后,则抑制萃取反应。
钒与溶液中不同配离子发生配位反应,各配位体的占比会受到氟离子浓度和溶液pH影响,在pH=1.0~2.2范围内,不同氟离子浓度下钒的主要存在形式如图4所示。在不同氟离子浓度下,钒与氟离子的配位反应方程式如下:
V${O}_{\left(aq\right)}^{2+}$+${F}_{\left(aq\right)}^{-}$$\rightleftharpoons$VO${F}_{\left(aq\right)}^{+}$;
V${O}_{\left(aq\right)}^{2+}$+2${F}_{\left(aq\right)}^{-}$$\rightleftharpoons$VOF2(aq);
V${O}_{\left(aq\right)}^{2+}$+3${F}_{\left(aq\right)}^{-}$$\rightleftharpoons$VO${F}_{3\left(aq\right)}^{-}$。
图4看出:氟离子浓度为0.05 mol/L时,钒与氟离子生成VOF+(式(3)),因VOF+比VO2+更易被P204萃取,说明加入少量氟离子能促进钒的萃取;氟离子浓度为0.25 mol/L时,钒与氟离子生成VOF2或VO${F}_{3}^{-}$(式(4)~(5)),P204萃取钒受到阻碍,导致钒萃取率下降。
硫酸浸出是目前的主流工艺,硫酸浸出液中含有大量硫酸根离子。试验配制含不同浓度硫酸根的含钒溶液,在萃取有机相组成为20%P204+5%TBP+75%磺化煤油、相比VO/VA=1/2、萃取时间8 min、室温条件下,考察硫酸根离子浓度在不同pH下对钒萃取率的影响,试验结果如图5所示。
图5看出:在相同pH条件下,随溶液中硫酸根离子浓度增大,钒萃取率逐渐降低,pH=2.2时,钒萃取率几乎不受硫酸根离子浓度影响,钒萃取率较高。随pH降低,硫酸根离子对萃取钒的抑制作用更明显,pH=1.0条件下,硫酸根离子浓度从0.5 mol/L增至1.5 mol/L时,钒萃取率由70.54%降至52.22%。综上可知,硫酸根离子在pH为1.8、2.2时对钒的萃取影响较小,而在pH=1.0时,过高浓度的硫酸根离子会明显抑制P204对钒的萃取。
硫酸根离子浓度对水相中钒存在形式的影响试验结果如图6所示。钒在pH=1.0~2.2的水相中以VO2+和VOSO4两种配位体形态存在,硫酸根离子与钒反应生成VOSO4(式(6))。钒在较低pH水相中以VO2+形式存在,其与P204发生的萃取反应[19]可表示为反应方程式(7)。
${\mathrm{V}O}_{\left(aq\right)}^{2+}$+$\mathrm{S}{O}_{4\left(aq\right)}^{2-}$$\rightleftharpoons$${{\mathrm{V}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{S}O}_{4}}_{\left(aq\right)}$;
${n\mathrm{V}O}_{\left(A\right)}^{2+}$+m(HA)2(o)$\rightleftharpoons$(VOA2)n(HA)2(m-n)(o)+2nH+
式中,HA代表P204。
萃取反应的主要影响因素为VO2+浓度、萃取剂浓度和H+浓度(即溶液pH),由于本试验萃取剂浓度不变,故钒萃取率主要受溶液pH和VO2+浓度影响。由图6看出:VO2+离子浓度较高,理论上可以促进萃取反应进行,但较高的H+浓度(即溶液pH较低)对萃取反应(式(7))抑制更加明显,导致钒萃取率较低;H+浓度较低时,可促进钒的萃取,随式(7)正向进行,水相中游离的VO2+逐渐减少,会促进VOSO4电离(式(6)),使VO2+不断由水相进入有机相。综上可知,钒萃取反应在较高pH下受硫酸根离子浓度变化影响较小。对比图6(a)、(b)看出:硫酸根浓度从0.5 mol/L增至1.5 mol/L,VOSO4配位体在钒中的占比增加,VO2+离子占比减少,致使钒萃取率下降。
综上所述,在相同pH条件下引入配位离子可改变钒萃取率,水相中不同配位离子会与钒配位形成不同的配位基团,从而导致在不同配位离子作用下,P204萃取效果有所差异。因此,可通过合理调控溶液配位环境,改变溶液中钒配位基团的分配比例来实现低pH下钒萃取率的提升。
在氟离子浓度0.05 mol/L、硫酸根离子浓度1.5 mol/L、萃取剂质量分数20%、pH=1.0、相比VO/VA=1/2、萃取时间8 min、室温条件下,复合体系中氯离子浓度对钒萃取率的影响试验结果如图7所示。
图7看出:未加入氯离子时,由于高浓度硫酸根离子的抑制作用,钒萃取率仅为41.41%;随体系中氯离子浓度增大,钒萃取率大幅升高;氯离子浓度增至3 mol/L时,钒萃取率达80.84%;继续增大氯离子浓度,钒萃取率提高并不明显。考虑到高酸高氯离子对容器的抗腐蚀能力要求较高,故选择氯离子浓度为3 mol/L。
在氯离子浓度3 mol/L、硫酸根离子浓度1.5 mol/L、萃取剂质量分数20%、pH=1.0、相比VO/VA=1/2、萃取时间8 min、室温条件下,复合体系中氟离子浓度对钒萃取率的影响试验结果如图8所示。
图8看出,随复合体系中氟离子浓度增大,钒萃取率先升高后降低:氟离子浓度为0.05 mol/L,钒萃取率达最高;氟离子浓度大于0.05 mol/L后,钒萃取率略有降低,基本稳定。复合体系与单一体系(图3)试验结果变化趋势相同,但复合体系中钒萃取率在80%左右,优于单一体系。
在氯离子浓度3 mol/L、氟离子浓度0.05 mol/L、萃取剂质量分数20%、pH=1.0、相比VO/VA=1/2、萃取时间8 min、室温条件下,复合体系中硫酸根离子浓度对钒萃取率的影响试验结果如图9所示。
图9看出:随硫酸根离子浓度增大,钒萃取率几乎保持不变,维持在80%左右,受硫酸根离子浓度变化较小,与图5试验结果有差异。这是因为复合体系中氯离子对钒萃取有促进作用,可抵消高浓度硫酸根对萃取钒的负面作用,从而使钒的萃取进程不受硫酸根影响,保持萃取率稳定。综上所述,可利用不同配位离子的特性合理调控溶液的配位环境,优化钒萃取工艺。
1)在低pH条件下,氯离子浓度升高有利于钒的萃取:pH=1.0、氯离子浓度5 mol/L时的钒萃取率可达87.93%,而未加氯离子时仅为69.98%;pH=1.4~2.2时,低浓度氟离子能促进钒的萃取,氟离子最佳浓度为0.05 mol/L,大于0.2 mol/L时则抑制钒的萃取。在低pH条件下,随硫酸根离子浓度升高,钒萃取率逐渐降低,抑制效果较为明显:pH=1.0、硫酸根离子浓度1.5 mol/L时,钒萃取率仅为52.22%;但在pH为1.8、2.2时,硫酸根离子浓度对钒的萃取基本无影响。
2)在复合体系中,氯离子在萃取过程中起主要促进作用。氯离子浓度为3 mol/L时,能减弱高浓度硫酸根对P204萃取钒的抑制作用。在pH=1.0、氯离子浓度3 mol/L、氟离子浓度0.05 mol/L、硫酸根离子浓度1.5 mol/L条件下,钒萃取率可达80.84%,说明通过调控配位离子浓度能有效提升低pH环境下的钒萃取率。
3)不同配位离子在水溶液中与钒形成的不同配位基团会对钒的萃取产生差异化效果。钒分别与氯离子、氟离子配位形成的VOCl+、VOF+能促进钒的萃取,提高钒萃取率。在高氟离子浓度下,多个氟离子与钒形成的VO${F}_{3}^{-}$阴离子基团会阻碍钒与P204发生阳离子交换反应,导致钒萃取率降低。相同pH下,硫酸根离子浓度增加会使VOSO4配位体占比增大,从而使与有机相发生萃合的VO2+基团组分减少,降低钒萃取率。利用不同配位离子的特性合理调控酸浸液的配位环境可优化钒萃取工艺,试验结果可为建立一种新型的配位萃取体系提供技术参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52174260)
  • 湖北省教育厅科学研究计划重点项目(D20221104)
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.009
  • 接收时间:2023-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-14
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52174260)
湖北省教育厅科学研究计划重点项目(D20221104)
作者信息
    1 武汉科技大学 资源与环境工程学院, 湖北 武汉 430081
    2 国家环境保护矿冶资源利用与污染控制重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430081
    3 战略钒资源利用省部共建协同创新中心, 湖北 武汉 430081
    4 湖北省页岩钒资源高效清洁利用工程技术研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430081

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薛楠楠(1988—),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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