Article(id=1172619712904180354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)03-0258-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672934400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503925777, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503925777, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503925777, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503925777, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172619710446321994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='215', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503925191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758768108393, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177922079165923462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177922079165923463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=258, endPage=264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172619713155838599, articleId=1172619712904180354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Kinetics of Hydrogen Production Process by Hydrolysis of Aluminum Dross, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A set of aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production equipment was experimentally designed and installed. The effects of reaction temperature, liquid volume to solid mass ratio, stirring speed, and aluminum dross particle size on the aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production process were studied, and the kinetics of the aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production process were explored. The results show that the optimal process conditions for aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production are reaction temperature of 85 ℃, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 10 mL/1 g, and stirring speed of 130 r/min, aluminum dross particle size of >80 mesh. The main phases of the hydrolysis residue obtained under optimal conditions are MgAl2O4, Al(OH)3 and Al2O3. The hydrogen production process from aluminum dross hydrolysis is controlled by chemical reactions, with a chemical apparent activation energy of 67.01 kJ/mol. The leaching process follows the Avrami-Erofeyev model. The experimental results can provide certain technical references for the design of aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production process.

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刘定平(1965—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为危废处理、烟气治理。

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刘定平(1965—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为危废处理、烟气治理。

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刘定平(1965—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为危废处理、烟气治理。

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O Al Cl Na Mg K N Si S Ca
30.81 26.77 15.93 10.77 7.94 2.94 2.39 0.63 0.6 0.37
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铝灰样品的主要元素组成 %

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O Al Cl Na Mg K N Si S Ca
30.81 26.77 15.93 10.77 7.94 2.94 2.39 0.63 0.6 0.37
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>80目 80~100目 100~200目 <200目
17.67 8.00 33.67 40.66
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铝灰样品各粒径组分占比 %

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>80目 80~100目 100~200目 <200目
17.67 8.00 33.67 40.66
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温度/℃ 表面化学反应模型 内扩散控制模型 Avrami-Erofeyev模型
拟合方程 R2 拟合方程 R2 拟合方程 R2
70 y=0.001 91x-0.002 53 0.988 14 y=0.001 51x-0.035 31 0.975 2 y=1.196 22x-5.972 82 0.995 35
75 y=0.002 12x+0.006 63 0.993 17 y=0.001 88x-0.040 56 0.980 03 y=1.108 65x-5.374 71 0.998 69
80 y=0.002 74x-0.001 3 0.999 34 y=0.002 83x-0.066 75 0.969 17 y=1.142 13x-5.276 15 0.999 07
85 y=0.003 55x+0.018 32 0.986 27 y=0.004 18x-0.067 83 0.988 51 y=1.168 73x-4.980 66 0.998 69
90 y=0.003 63x+0.031 93 0.984 11 y=0.004 39x-0.061 43 0.987 3 y=1.094 99x-4.552 81 0.999 28
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不同动力学模型的拟合参数

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温度/℃ 表面化学反应模型 内扩散控制模型 Avrami-Erofeyev模型
拟合方程 R2 拟合方程 R2 拟合方程 R2
70 y=0.001 91x-0.002 53 0.988 14 y=0.001 51x-0.035 31 0.975 2 y=1.196 22x-5.972 82 0.995 35
75 y=0.002 12x+0.006 63 0.993 17 y=0.001 88x-0.040 56 0.980 03 y=1.108 65x-5.374 71 0.998 69
80 y=0.002 74x-0.001 3 0.999 34 y=0.002 83x-0.066 75 0.969 17 y=1.142 13x-5.276 15 0.999 07
85 y=0.003 55x+0.018 32 0.986 27 y=0.004 18x-0.067 83 0.988 51 y=1.168 73x-4.980 66 0.998 69
90 y=0.003 63x+0.031 93 0.984 11 y=0.004 39x-0.061 43 0.987 3 y=1.094 99x-4.552 81 0.999 28
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铝灰水解制氢过程动力学研究
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刘定平 1 , 王海 1 , 陈爱桦 1 , 周俊 2 , 何文浩 1
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(3): 258-264
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(3): 258-264
铝灰水解制氢过程动力学研究
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刘定平1, 王海1, 陈爱桦1, 周俊2, 何文浩1
作者信息
  • 1 华南理工大学 电力学院, 广东 广州 510640
  • 2 广州市碧峰环境科技有限公司, 广东 广州 510640
  • 刘定平(1965—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为危废处理、烟气治理。

Kinetics of Hydrogen Production Process by Hydrolysis of Aluminum Dross
Dingping LIU1, Hai WANG1, Aihua CHEN1, Jun ZHOU2, Wenhao HE1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 Guangzhou Bifeng Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.007
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研究设计了一套铝灰水解制氢装置,考察了反应温度、液固体积质量比、搅拌速度及铝灰粒径对铝灰水解制氢过程的影响,并探讨了铝灰水解制氢过程的动力学。结果表明:铝灰水解制氢的最佳工艺条件为反应温度85 ℃,液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g,搅拌速度130 r/min,铝灰粒径>80目;最佳条件下所得水解渣的主要物相为MgAl2O4、Al(OH)3及Al2O3;铝灰水解制氢过程受化学反应控制,化学表观活化能为67.01 kJ/mol,浸出过程符合Avrami-Erofeyev模型。该法可为铝灰水解制氢工艺过程的设计提供一定技术参考。
铝灰  /  水浸法  /  水解  /  氢  /  制备  /  动力学  /  资源化

A set of aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production equipment was experimentally designed and installed. The effects of reaction temperature, liquid volume to solid mass ratio, stirring speed, and aluminum dross particle size on the aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production process were studied, and the kinetics of the aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production process were explored. The results show that the optimal process conditions for aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production are reaction temperature of 85 ℃, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 10 mL/1 g, and stirring speed of 130 r/min, aluminum dross particle size of >80 mesh. The main phases of the hydrolysis residue obtained under optimal conditions are MgAl2O4, Al(OH)3 and Al2O3. The hydrogen production process from aluminum dross hydrolysis is controlled by chemical reactions, with a chemical apparent activation energy of 67.01 kJ/mol. The leaching process follows the Avrami-Erofeyev model. The experimental results can provide certain technical references for the design of aluminum dross hydrolysis hydrogen production process.

aluminum dross  /  water immersion method  /  hydrolysis  /  hydrogen  /  preparation  /  kinetics  /  resource utilization
刘定平, 王海, 陈爱桦, 周俊, 何文浩. 铝灰水解制氢过程动力学研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (3) : 258 -264 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.007
Dingping LIU, Hai WANG, Aihua CHEN, Jun ZHOU, Wenhao HE. Kinetics of Hydrogen Production Process by Hydrolysis of Aluminum Dross[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (3) : 258 -264 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.007
铝灰是原铝生产、铝合金及废铝回收过程中产生的一种固体废弃物[1],根据铝元素含量可将铝灰划分为一次铝灰和二次铝灰。一次铝灰是电解过程中铝液表面与空气接触而生成的不熔于铝液的浮渣,其中铝含量较大,且颜色呈灰白色,故又被称为白灰;二次铝灰是从一次铝灰、废铝回收单质铝过程中产生的残灰,其中铝含量较小,且颜色呈黑灰色,故又被称为黑灰[2-6]。据统计,2023年3月全球原铝产量为574.54万t,经核算,一级冶炼过程中每吨铝可产生1.5%~2.5%白灰,而二级冶炼过程中每吨铝可产生8%~15%黑灰[7-8]
铝灰具有高度易燃性和刺激性,与水或潮湿空气接触时会形成高度易燃气体,这些气体具有爆炸性,对人体皮肤和黏膜也会产生刺激,被欧盟国家认定为有毒有害废物[9]。铝灰产量高、危害大,其无害化处置及资源化利用成为了该行业亟待解决的难题。目前,针对二次铝灰的处置技术主要分为火法工艺和湿法工艺[10-14]。火法工艺多用来制备耐火材料[10]及建筑材料,具有生产成本低、产品性能优异、尾气污染大、能耗高等特点;湿法工艺多用于制备活性氧化铝及氢气,按浸出液性质可分为碱浸、酸浸及水浸[15]。相较而言,水浸法具有原料获取简单、成本低、处理过程简单等优点,有研究表明采用水浸法制取的氢气,氢气纯度可达98%[16],经济可行。
目前,关于铝灰酸浸、碱浸的动力学研究已取得一定进展[17],但关于铝灰水浸自驱动制氢过程的动力学过程鲜见报道。因此,研究设计了一套制氢装置,考察了反应温度、液固体积质量比、搅拌速度及铝灰粒径对铝灰水解制氢过程的影响,并对工艺参数进行了优化,深入研究了水浸过程动力学,探讨了水解机制,以期为后续铝灰资源化利用提供技术参考。
铝灰样品:来自广东某大型综合性铝企业,研磨均匀后压片,采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)进行元素分析;采用X射线衍生分析仪(XRD)进行物相分析,结果如表1图1所示。可以看出:铝灰中主要元素包括O、Al、Cl、Na、Mg等,铝灰中的主要物相为NaCl、Al2O3、Al、AlN及MgAl2O3
铝灰按粒径分为5组:未筛分、>80目、80~100目、100~200目及<200目。铝灰样品中各粒径组分占比见表2。结果表明,铝灰样品较细,粒径<100目组分占比达74%。
铝灰水解制氢过程属于放热反应[18-19],发生的主要化学反应如下:
2Al+4H2O═══════2AlOOH+3H2↑;
2Al+6H2O═══════2Al(OH)3+3H2↑;
2Al+3H2O═══════Al2O3+3H2↑。
由于铝灰成分复杂,反应过程中还会伴随大量副反应,见式(4)~(6)。产生的NH3和H2S等气体具有一定刺激性,易对环境造成污染,集气前须进行除杂吸收。
AlN+3H2O═══════Al(OH)3+NH3↑;
AlP+3H2O═══════Al(OH)3+PH3↑;
Al2S3+6H2O═══════2Al(OH)3+3H2S↑。
图2连接试验装置,并检查仪器气密性。使用电子天平准确称量10.0 g铝灰并置于锥形瓶中,按试验组变量加入设定好温度和体积的热水,迅速用橡胶塞密封,开启水浴加热、磁力搅拌,以获得均匀的反应温度[20]。洗气瓶中分别装有10%氢氧化钠溶液与自来水。
反应开始前开启阀门1、4,关闭阀门2、3,采用排水法收集氢气,每20 min记录一组数据;反应结束后关闭阀门1、4,开启阀门2、3,收集的气体通过阀门2进入集气袋。
恒温磁力搅拌器,08-2G型,上海梅颖浦仪器仪表制造有限公司;气相色谱仪,Agilent 7890B型,美国安捷伦科技有限公司,用于测定氢气纯度;X射线荧光光谱仪,Panalytical Axios PW4400型,荷兰帕纳科公司,用于分析样品化学元素成分;X射线衍射仪,Panalytical X'pert Powder型,荷兰帕纳科公司,用于分析样品物相。
取未筛分铝灰10 g,液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g,搅拌速度130 r/min,反应温度对铝灰水浸过程中氢气生成速率的影响试验结果如图3所示,图中纵坐标为比氢气释放量,定义为当前时刻生成氢气体积与铝灰质量之比。
图3看出,反应时间相同时,温度越高,比氢气释放量越大:在70~85 ℃范围内,随温度升高,比氢气释放量显著增加;温度由85 ℃升至90 ℃,氢气释放量基本不变。因此,确定最佳反应温度以85 ℃为宜。
铝灰在常温的水溶液中即能生成氢气,但该反应过程十分缓慢。根据Arrhenius方程,温度升高会导致反应速率加快、反应物活化能升高、活化分子总数增加,因此,温度越高反应越剧烈;同时温度升高也能促进铝灰中AlN的水解[21],以及溶液pH的升高(AlN水解生成氨气)。从铝颗粒与水接触到开始产生氢气的时间被称为诱导时间,诱导时间会随反应温度升高而缩短[22-23]。这些因素在温度升高时都会促进氢气释放,而温度由85 ℃升至90 ℃时,比氢气释放量并未出现明显变化可能是升高温度促进了水溶液中氨气蒸发所致。另外,铝水反应是放热反应,因此,升高温度不利于反应正向进行[24]
取未筛分铝灰10 g,反应温度85 ℃,搅拌速度130 r/min,液固体积质量比对氢气释放速率的影响试验结果如图4所示。
图4看出:反应时间相同时,液固体积质量比在10~18 mL/1 g范围内,液固体积质量比越小越有利于氢气生成。文献[20]中提到,液固体积质量比在2~8 mL/1 g范围内,液固体积质量比越大越有利于AlN、Al的反应,因此,确定最佳液固体积质量比以10 mL/1 g为宜。
有研究表明,铝灰与水反应且液固体积质量比较小时,对应加热的反应物质量也较小,会使溶液温度升至更高[25];另外,由于固液之间的传质过程无法控制,随液固体积质量比减小,浸出过程中浆料黏度和内部扩散传递阻力增大,导致氢气生成速率逐渐减小。
取未筛分铝灰10 g,反应温度85 ℃,液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g,搅拌速度对氢气生成速率的影响试验结果如图5所示。
图5看出:未加搅拌时,反应在60 min时已基本结束,此时比氢气释放量仅为23.5 mL/g,远小于加搅拌后的比氢气释放量。造成这一现象的主要原因是,反应生成的产物Al(OH)3会附着在Al表面,阻碍反应进一步进行,一定的搅拌速度可防止Al(OH)3附着在Al表面,确保反应完全,因此采用搅拌并保证一定的搅拌速度十分有必要。反应时间为180 min时,搅拌速度从90 r/min增至150 r/min,比氢气释放量仅由92.2 mL/g增至103.5 mL/g,与其他反应时间相比,增幅较小,且110 r/min和150 r/min对应的比氢气释放量相当。综合考虑,确定最佳搅拌速度以130 r/min为宜。
一定的搅拌速度可防止溶液中固体堆积,增大各物质与水的接触面积;同时低搅拌速度有利于NH3在悬浊液中的滞留,但对溶液pH的影响并不明显[26]
金属铝表面存在一层氧化物膜,因此反应前去除金属铝表面氧化物膜将会大大提高析氢速率,机械研磨活化可达到上述目的[27],但研磨过程会造成金属铝氧化,导致氢气产生量减少[19]。考虑到经济性及铝灰粒径较细,因此,试验未考虑研磨,而是筛分出不同粒径铝灰作为试验原料。
取铝灰10 g,反应温度85 ℃,液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g,搅拌速度130 r/min,铝灰粒径对氢气生成速率的影响试验结果如图6所示。
图6看出:反应前80 min,以粒径80~100目的铝灰为原料时比氢气释放量略大于粒径>80目的铝灰,原因可能是不同粒径的铝灰比体积不同,粒径越小,颗粒比表面积越大,在溶液中与水接触面积越大,有利于析氢;反应180 min时,以粒径<200目的铝灰为原料的氢气释放量为32.9 mL/g,而粒径>80目的铝灰对应的比氢气释放量高达264.7 mL/g,造成这一现象的主要原因是>80目铝灰中单质铝含量比<200目的更高[28]。综上,确定最佳铝灰粒径为>80目。
图7为各粒径铝灰XRD图谱对比。对照铝衍射峰标准卡看出:粒径>80目的铝灰的XRD图谱中铝衍射峰更明显。
铝灰中单质铝的浸出过程是一种固液非均相非催化反应,通常可采用缩核反应模型(表面化学反应控制模型,式(7))、扩散模型(内扩散控制模型,式(8))、反应顺序模型和成核模型(Avrami-Erofeyev模型,式(9))对液-固反应[29-30]进行评估,试验采用上述3种模型分别对图3数据进行拟合,拟合曲线如图8所示,拟合参数见表3
$1-(1-\alpha)^{\frac{1}{3}}=k_{1} t ;$
$1+2(1-\alpha)-3(1-\alpha)^{\frac{2}{3}}=k_{2} t$
$\ln [-\ln (1-\alpha)]=\ln k_{3}+m \ln t \text { 。 }$
式中:α—气体的比释放速率(t时刻气体生成量与总气体生成量之比);k1k2k3—反应速率常数,min-1;t—反应时间,min;m—反应阶数。
图8表3看出:Avrami-Erofeyev模型的拟合曲线具有更好的线性关系,不同温度条件下的相关系数均超过0.99,说明Avrami-Erofeyev模型更适合用于描述铝灰水浸过程中氢气的释放行为,各温度下的反应阶数m分别为1.196 22、1.108 65、1.142 13、1.168 73、1.094 99,均接近1,表明浸出过程受化学反应控制[31]
根据Arrehenius方程[32]对ln k与1/T进行拟合,结果如图9所示。
ln k=ln A-$\frac{{E}_{a}}{RT}$。
式中:k—化学反应速率常数,min-1;A—频率因子,min-1;Ea—表观活化能,kJ/mol;R—摩尔气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);T—热力学温度,K。
图9看出:线性拟合相关性系数为0.955 68,拟合曲线斜率为-8.06,经计算可得Ea=67.01 kJ/mol。通常反应受化学反应控制时,Ea>40 kJ/mol,因此,进一步推断铝灰水浸制氢过程受化学反应控制。采用Avrami-Erofeyev模型描述铝灰中单质铝水浸浸出动力学过程,反应阶数m取平均值,根据图9中拟合曲线斜率和截距计算结果得浸出动力学方程为:
ln[-ln(1-α)]=$\frac{-8.064 42}{T}$+1.142 144ln t+17.613 42。
取粒径>80目的铝灰10 g,在反应温度85 ℃、液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g、搅拌速度130 r/min条件下进行水解制氢,反应结束后将反应容器锥形瓶中浆液静置冷却、过滤,滤渣用无水乙醇洗涤后在低温真空环境下干燥2 h,采用XRD进行表征,结果如图10所示。
图10看出:反应后所得水解渣的主要物相组成为MgAl2O4、Al(OH)3及Al2O3。这与文献[3]的研究结论一致,其中,Al(OH)3为新相,通过反应方程(2)产生;对比图1看出,Al、AlN及NaCl衍生强峰消失,主要原因是Al及AlN通过反应消耗殆尽,而NaCl则在高温水溶液中溶解后被过滤。
采用水浸法制取氢气,可以实现铝灰的资源化利用,水浸法相较湿法中碱浸、酸浸法具有原料获取简便、经济成本低、处理过程简单等优点。铝灰水浸制氢的最佳工艺参数为:反应温度85 ℃,液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g,搅拌速度130 r/min,铝灰粒径>80目。反应在180 min时基本结束,水解渣的主要物相为MgAl2O4、Al(OH)3及Al2O3
铝灰水解制氢过程受化学反应控制,反应活化能为67.01 kJ/mol,浸出过程符合Avrami-Erofeyev模型,浸出动力学方程为
ln[-ln(1-α)]=$\frac{-8.064 42}{T}$+1.142144ln t+17.613 42。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51676072)
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2024年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.007
  • 接收时间:2023-01-06
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-06
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51676072)
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    1 华南理工大学 电力学院, 广东 广州 510640
    2 广州市碧峰环境科技有限公司, 广东 广州 510640
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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