Article(id=1172618995728532335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)04-0437-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704384000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503754787, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503754787, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503754787, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503754787, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172618990200434867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='345', pageEnd='471', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503753469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758502232130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1176806913292513711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1176806913296708016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=437, endPage=445, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172618996152157045, articleId=1172618995728532335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Adsorption Properties and Mechanism of Biochar Aging on Cd2+ in Soil, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aging of biochar can affect its stability and persistence of heavy metals immobilizing in soil, resulting in changes in its inertness. Using peanut shell (PS) as raw material, peanut shell biochar (PSB) was prepared by pyrolysis under the condition of 600 ℃ and hypoxia. Oxidized biochar (OPSB), leached biochar (LPSB) and acidified biochar (APSB) were prepared Y by simulated field oxidation, leaching and acidification of PSB. The effects of these three aging methods on the adsorption efficiency and mechanisms of Cd2+by the biochar were investigated using isothermal adsorption models, kinetic models, FT-IR and XRD. The results show that oxidative aging process an significantly enhance the accumulation of oxygen-containing functional groups (—COOH, —OH, etc.) on the surface of the biochar, thereby increasing the adsorption capacity of OPSB for Cd2+by 10.13%. Leaching aging process can not cause significant changes in functional group content but result in substantial loss of soluble minerals, leading to a significant decrease adsorption capacity of LPSB for Cd2+ by 13.35%. Acidification aging process can affect the adsorptive activity of Cd2+ on the surface of the biochar, resulting in a reduction in adsorption capacity of APSB for Cd2+ by 26.52%. All four types of biochar exhibite effective adsorption for Cd2+, the OPSB showing optimal affinity followed by PSB, LPSB, and APSB. The Langmuir isothermal adsorption model provides better fitting for describing the Cd2+adsorption process by all four types of biochars under low pH conditions. Furthermore, the adsorptions processes by all four types of biochars are predominantly governed by physical electrostatic interactions, which is suitable to be described by quasi-first-order kinetic model.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guocui QI, Jingxiao CAO, Xuanyan WU, Yanmi PAN, Xinyi LIU, Shishan HUANG, Renzhi XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1172619458297348294, articleId=1172618995728532335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=生物炭老化对土壤中Cd2+的吸附性能及机制研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=生物炭老化后会对土壤重金属固定化作用的稳定性和持久性产生影响,导致其钝化性能发生变化。研究了以花生壳(peanut shell,PS)为原料,在温度600 ℃、缺氧条件下采用热解法制备花生壳生物炭(PSB),并采用模拟田间氧化、浸出、酸化方式对PSB进行老化,制备了氧化生物炭(OPSB)、浸出生物炭(LPSB)、酸化生物炭(APSB)。通过等温吸附模型、动力学模型,以及FT-IR和XRD探讨了3种老化方式对生物炭吸附Cd2+效应和机制的影响。结果表明:氧化老化过程能明显促进含氧官能团(—COOH、—OH等)在生物炭表面的积累,提升OPSB对Cd2+的吸附性能,使Cd2+吸附量提高10.13%;浸出老化后生物炭的官能团含量无明显变化,但大量可溶性矿物流失,使LPSB对Cd2+的吸附性能大幅下降,吸附量降低13.35%;酸化老化会影响生物炭表面对Cd2+的吸附活性,导致APSB对Cd2+的吸附量降低26.52%;4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程均为有效吸附,其中,OPSB对Cd2+的吸附亲和力最优,其次为PSB、LPSB和APSB;在低pH条件下,Langmuir等温吸附模型能更好地拟合4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程;同时,4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程均以物理静电吸附为主导,适合用准一级动力学模型描述。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
许仁智(1990—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为环境污染控制。E-mail:
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齐国翠(1989—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为重金属污染修复治理。

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齐国翠(1989—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为重金属污染修复治理。

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齐国翠(1989—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为重金属污染修复治理。

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figureFileBig=wmubSDc0FnUb6N4qB2m++Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1176950026644373755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618995728532335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附前溶液 吸附后溶液
PSB LPSB APSB OPSB
2.0 2.12 2.02 1.84 2.00
3.0 4.17 3.56 3.15 3.23
4.0 5.78 5.42 3.31 4.02
5.0 6.99 5.70 3.65 5.93
6.0 6.79 5.80 3.93 6.54
7.0 7.11 6.63 4.20 6.15
), ArticleFig(id=1176950026707288316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618995728532335, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种生物炭吸附Cd2+后的溶液pH变化

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吸附前溶液 吸附后溶液
PSB LPSB APSB OPSB
2.0 2.12 2.02 1.84 2.00
3.0 4.17 3.56 3.15 3.23
4.0 5.78 5.42 3.31 4.02
5.0 6.99 5.70 3.65 5.93
6.0 6.79 5.80 3.93 6.54
7.0 7.11 6.63 4.20 6.15
), ArticleFig(id=1176950026766008573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618995728532335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物炭 准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型
qe/(mg·g-1) k1/min-1 R2 qe/(mg·g-1) k2/(g·mg-1·min-1) R2
PSB 24.762 9 0.017 8 0.936 28.803 1 0.000 01 0.897
LPSB 16.088 7 0.015 4 0.959 24.525 0 0.000 01 0.905
APSB 17.827 5 0.016 0 0.973 20.788 1 0.000 02 0.933
OPSB 25.523 1 0.018 0 0.953 27.445 7 0.000 01 0.924
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生物炭吸附Cd2+的动力学拟合参数

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生物炭 准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型
qe/(mg·g-1) k1/min-1 R2 qe/(mg·g-1) k2/(g·mg-1·min-1) R2
PSB 24.762 9 0.017 8 0.936 28.803 1 0.000 01 0.897
LPSB 16.088 7 0.015 4 0.959 24.525 0 0.000 01 0.905
APSB 17.827 5 0.016 0 0.973 20.788 1 0.000 02 0.933
OPSB 25.523 1 0.018 0 0.953 27.445 7 0.000 01 0.924
), ArticleFig(id=1176950026870866175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618995728532335, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物炭 Langmuir等温吸附模型 Freundlich等温吸附模型
kL/(L·mg-1) qm/(mg·g-1) R2 kF/(mg1-1/n·L1/n·g-1) n R2
PSB 0.083 26.020 0.935 3.674 0.440 0.831
LPSB 0.041 24.937 0.917 2.071 0.519 0.840
APSB 0.030 17.969 0.975 1.232 0.534 0.925
OPSB 0.162 24.118 0.942 5.357 0.365 0.909
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生物炭吸附Cd2+等温吸附拟合参数

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生物炭 Langmuir等温吸附模型 Freundlich等温吸附模型
kL/(L·mg-1) qm/(mg·g-1) R2 kF/(mg1-1/n·L1/n·g-1) n R2
PSB 0.083 26.020 0.935 3.674 0.440 0.831
LPSB 0.041 24.937 0.917 2.071 0.519 0.840
APSB 0.030 17.969 0.975 1.232 0.534 0.925
OPSB 0.162 24.118 0.942 5.357 0.365 0.909
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生物炭老化对土壤中Cd2+的吸附性能及机制研究
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齐国翠 1, 2 , 曹晶潇 1 , 吴旋艳 1 , 潘彦米 1 , 刘昕怡 1 , 黄诗珊 1 , 许仁智 3
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(4): 437-445
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(4): 437-445
生物炭老化对土壤中Cd2+的吸附性能及机制研究
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齐国翠1, 2, 曹晶潇1, 吴旋艳1, 潘彦米1, 刘昕怡1, 黄诗珊1, 许仁智3
作者信息
  • 1 河池学院 化学与生物工程学院 广西蚕桑生态学与智能化技术应用重点实验室, 广西 宜州 546300
  • 2 河池学院 化学与生物工程学院 微生物及植物资源开发利用广西高校重点实验室, 广西 宜州 546300
  • 3 桂林理工大学 环境科学与工程学院, 广西 桂林 541004
  • 齐国翠(1989—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为重金属污染修复治理。

通讯作者:

许仁智(1990—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为环境污染控制。E-mail:
Adsorption Properties and Mechanism of Biochar Aging on Cd2+ in Soil
Guocui QI1, 2, Jingxiao CAO1, Xuanyan WU1, Yanmi PAN1, Xinyi LIU1, Shishan HUANG1, Renzhi XU3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Yizhou 546300, China
  • 2 School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Hechi University, Yizhou 546300, China
  • 3 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.013
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生物炭老化后会对土壤重金属固定化作用的稳定性和持久性产生影响,导致其钝化性能发生变化。研究了以花生壳(peanut shell,PS)为原料,在温度600 ℃、缺氧条件下采用热解法制备花生壳生物炭(PSB),并采用模拟田间氧化、浸出、酸化方式对PSB进行老化,制备了氧化生物炭(OPSB)、浸出生物炭(LPSB)、酸化生物炭(APSB)。通过等温吸附模型、动力学模型,以及FT-IR和XRD探讨了3种老化方式对生物炭吸附Cd2+效应和机制的影响。结果表明:氧化老化过程能明显促进含氧官能团(—COOH、—OH等)在生物炭表面的积累,提升OPSB对Cd2+的吸附性能,使Cd2+吸附量提高10.13%;浸出老化后生物炭的官能团含量无明显变化,但大量可溶性矿物流失,使LPSB对Cd2+的吸附性能大幅下降,吸附量降低13.35%;酸化老化会影响生物炭表面对Cd2+的吸附活性,导致APSB对Cd2+的吸附量降低26.52%;4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程均为有效吸附,其中,OPSB对Cd2+的吸附亲和力最优,其次为PSB、LPSB和APSB;在低pH条件下,Langmuir等温吸附模型能更好地拟合4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程;同时,4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程均以物理静电吸附为主导,适合用准一级动力学模型描述。
生物炭老化  /  吸附  /  重金属  /  镉  /  机制  /  氧化  /  酸化  /  浸出

Aging of biochar can affect its stability and persistence of heavy metals immobilizing in soil, resulting in changes in its inertness. Using peanut shell (PS) as raw material, peanut shell biochar (PSB) was prepared by pyrolysis under the condition of 600 ℃ and hypoxia. Oxidized biochar (OPSB), leached biochar (LPSB) and acidified biochar (APSB) were prepared Y by simulated field oxidation, leaching and acidification of PSB. The effects of these three aging methods on the adsorption efficiency and mechanisms of Cd2+by the biochar were investigated using isothermal adsorption models, kinetic models, FT-IR and XRD. The results show that oxidative aging process an significantly enhance the accumulation of oxygen-containing functional groups (—COOH, —OH, etc.) on the surface of the biochar, thereby increasing the adsorption capacity of OPSB for Cd2+by 10.13%. Leaching aging process can not cause significant changes in functional group content but result in substantial loss of soluble minerals, leading to a significant decrease adsorption capacity of LPSB for Cd2+ by 13.35%. Acidification aging process can affect the adsorptive activity of Cd2+ on the surface of the biochar, resulting in a reduction in adsorption capacity of APSB for Cd2+ by 26.52%. All four types of biochar exhibite effective adsorption for Cd2+, the OPSB showing optimal affinity followed by PSB, LPSB, and APSB. The Langmuir isothermal adsorption model provides better fitting for describing the Cd2+adsorption process by all four types of biochars under low pH conditions. Furthermore, the adsorptions processes by all four types of biochars are predominantly governed by physical electrostatic interactions, which is suitable to be described by quasi-first-order kinetic model.

biochar aging  /  adsorption  /  heavy metals  /  cadmium  /  mechanism  /  oxidation  /  acidification  /  leaching
齐国翠, 曹晶潇, 吴旋艳, 潘彦米, 刘昕怡, 黄诗珊, 许仁智. 生物炭老化对土壤中Cd2+的吸附性能及机制研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (4) : 437 -445 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.013
Guocui QI, Jingxiao CAO, Xuanyan WU, Yanmi PAN, Xinyi LIU, Shishan HUANG, Renzhi XU. Adsorption Properties and Mechanism of Biochar Aging on Cd2+ in Soil[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (4) : 437 -445 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.013
农林废弃生物质在限氧条件下经热化学转化得到的生物炭,具有丰富的含氧官能团、多孔结构、芳香性结构等,是一种呈碱性且吸附能力极强的多功能材料[1-3],能通过吸附、沉淀,以及阳离子-π作用等降低重金属的生物效性[4-6],在修复和治理重金属污染土壤过程中发挥巨大潜力[7-11]。生物炭吸附固定重金属的相关研究主要集中在对生物炭进行正向改性,进而增强对重金属的吸附效果等方面,如酸碱改性、氧化改性、微波改性、金属氧化物改性等多种方式[12-17]。然而,生物炭在自然环境中必定受到物理、化学、生物等各方面作用影响而发生老化现象,而老化可能会改变生物炭性质,进而影响其对重金属的固化作用[18-21]。不同老化作用下,生物炭的性质变化和对重金属的固定能力均会受到影响,一般表现为抑制作用或促进作用。老化会降低生物炭pH、CEC和比表面积,使含氧官能团峰强度发生改变、Zeta电位升高,从而降低其对Cd2+的吸附性能;而干湿循环和冻融循环老化小麦秸秆生物炭可增加其表面含氧官能团含量和丰度,进而提高对Cd的固定效果[22]。此外,生物炭原材料和制备条件不同会引起老化后生物炭对重金属的吸附性能差异显著。如升高制备温度后,老化的竹子生物炭芳香性和π电子含量降低致使其对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附性能下降[23],而老化后的甘蔗秸秆生物炭对砷的吸附性能则会提高[24];另外,空心莲子草生物炭经HNO3/H2SO4酸化老化处理后,羧基官能团减少,对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附固定作用减弱[25]。自然环境中的生物炭主要受到酸化、降雨淋洗和氧化3种老化作用影响,但目前有关老化后的生物炭对重金属吸附固定能效和机制间的差异分析研究较少,有必要进行深入分析探究。
因此,试验先采用人工模拟老化方式获得花生壳生物炭(PSB),之后考察了PSB经双氧水氧化老化、去离子水浸出、强酸酸化处理后的氧化生物炭(OPSB)、浸出生物炭(LPSB)、酸化生物炭(APSB)对土壤中Cd2+的吸附性能,并通过表征,以及动力学和等温吸附试验,研究了不同老化方式对生物炭吸附土壤中重金属的影响机制,以期为提高农林废弃生物质的利用率提供技术参考,同时为应用生物炭修复重金属污染土壤的时效研究提供依据。
试验用花生来自广西崇左市,剥壳处理。
主要试剂:硝酸镉(四水),分析纯;硝酸、浓硫酸、过氧化氢、氢氧化钠,均为优级纯。
仪器与设备:傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet 6700型,美国赛默飞世尔科技),火焰原子吸收光谱仪(WFX-110B型,北京北分瑞利),X射线衍射仪(MiniFlex600型,理学电企),马弗炉(SX2-2.5-10N型,上海齐欣),恒温振荡器(ZWY-1102C型,上海智城),pH计(pHS-3C型,上海智光),恒温鼓风干燥箱(DHG-9245A型,上海齐欣)。
将花生壳清洗、风干、研磨过60目筛后装入坩埚中压实,加盖密封并用锡箔纸包裹严实,置于马弗炉内,在600 ℃、缺氧条件下炭化4 h,制得花生壳生物炭(PSB)。
称取2份25.000 g PSB,分别放入锥形瓶中,按照固液质量体积比1 g/80 mL分别加入去离子水、20%HNO3+H2SO4混合酸(体积比1/3),使PSB悬浮在2种溶液中;之后将锥形瓶置于水浴恒温箱中在70 ℃下静置6 h,过滤,用去离子水反复清洗直至滤液pH趋于稳定,滤渣于105 ℃下避光干燥后得LPSB、APSB。
称取25.000 g PSB放入锥形瓶中,按照固液质量体积比1 g/10 mL加入15%H2O2溶液,使PSB浸入溶液中;之后将锥形瓶置于70 ℃水浴恒温箱中放置6 h,过滤,并用去离子水反复清洗直至滤液pH趋于稳定,滤渣在105 ℃下避光干燥后得OPSB。
生物炭的pH依据《木质活性炭试验方法pH值的测定》(GB/T 12496.7—1999)测定;表面官能团采用溴化钾压片法,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)测定;生物炭样品的内部结晶结构采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)定量分析。
配制pH=5.0、质量浓度100 mg/L的Cd(NO3)2溶液;分别量取5份0.200 g生物炭于250 mL的锥形瓶中,加入50 mL Cd(NO3)2溶液,振荡使二者混合均匀。在恒温振荡箱中于25 ℃、搅拌速度200 r/min条件下进行吸附试验,在吸附阶段于0~240 min吸附时间范围有梯度取出,用0.45 μm水系滤膜过滤,分析滤液中Cd2+浓度。
配制pH分别为2.0、3.0、4.0、6.0、7.0,质量浓度为100 mg/L的Cd(NO3)2溶液,重复上述试验步骤,考察pH对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响。
采用准一级、准二级动力学模型对试验数据进行拟合,绘制拟合曲线,计算拟合相关系数。
准一级动力学模型:
$q_{t}=q_{\mathrm{e}}\left(1-\mathrm{e}^{-k_{1} t}\right) ;$
准二级动力学模型:
${q}_{t}=\frac{{q}_{e}^{2}{k}_{2}t}{1+{q}_{e}{k}_{2}t}$
式中:qt—吸附t时间的Cd2+吸附量,mg/g;qe—吸附平衡时Cd2+吸附量,mg/g;t—吸附时间,min;k1—准一级动力学吸附速率系数,min-1;k2—准二级动力学吸附速率系数,g/(mg·min)。
分别称取0.200 g的PSB、LPSB、APSB、OPSB并置于250 mL的锥形瓶中,加入pH=5.0、质量浓度分别为0、10、30、50、100、200、400 mg/L的含Cd(NO3)2溶液50 mL,在恒温振荡箱中于25 ℃、搅拌速度200 r/min条件下振荡24 h,之后用0.45 μm水系滤膜过滤,分析滤液中Cd2+浓度。
以上试验中,Cd2+浓度采用火焰原子分光光度计进行测定。每一个样品均进行3组平行试验,结果取平均值。每组试验均选用镉标准溶液(GSS-14,中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所)进行质量控制,镉回收率在95%~105%之间。
试验采用Langmuir、Freundlich等温吸附模型对试验数据拟合,绘制拟合曲线,计算拟合相关系数。
Langmuir等温吸附模型:
${q}_{e}=\frac{{k}_{L}{q}_{m}{\rho }_{e}}{1+{k}_{L}{\rho }_{e}}$;
Freundlich等温吸附模型:
${q}_{e}={k}_{F}{\rho }_{e}^{\frac{1}{n}}$
式中:qe—吸附平衡时Cd2+吸附量,mg/g;ρe—吸附平衡时溶液中Cd2+质量浓度,mg/L;ρ0—Cd2+初始质量浓度,mg/L;qm—Cd2+最大吸附量,mg/g;kL—Langmuir等温吸附常数,L/mg;kF—Freundlich等温吸附常数,mg1-1/n·L1/n·g-1;n—与吸附强度有关的经验指数。
分离因子RL可用于判断吸附材料是否有效吸附污染物:当0<RL<1时,说明吸附作用为有利吸附;当RL>1时,吸附作用为不利吸附;当RL=1时,吸附行为属于线性吸附;当RL=0时,吸附行为属于不可逆吸附[26]RL计算公式为:
${R}_{L}=\frac{1}{1+{k}_{L}{\rho }_{0}}$
pH对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响试验结果如图1所示。
图1看出,生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量随pH升高呈先升高后降低趋势:pH在2.0~3.0范围内,4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量均较低,可能是由于生物炭释放的Ca2+、Mg2+等阳离子与Cd2+竞争有效的吸附位点所致[27];当 pH从3.0升至5.0时,Cd2+吸附量快速升高,这可能是随pH升高,生物炭表面负电荷密度增加,使得生物炭与Cd2+之间的静电斥力降低,同时羟基和羧基逐渐脱质子化,加强了生物炭含氧基团与Cd2+的离子交换所致[28];pH大于5.0时,溶液中游离OH-开始与Cd2+发生反应生成沉淀,使Cd2+浓度下降,导致生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量降低[29],这与文献[30]中的结论相吻合。
图1还可看出:pH=5.0时,LPSB对Cd2+的吸附量比PSB低13.35%,这是因为在浸出老化过程中,去离子水会带走大量灰分造成大量可溶性矿物流失[31],而PSB本身含丰富的无机可溶性矿物质及大量含氧官能团可强化与重金属的配合作用[32];pH=5.0时,APSB对Cd2+的吸附量也比PSB低26.52%,这是由于经高温炭化的生物炭表面利于吸附Cd2+,而Cd2+的活性基团易受强酸改性影响[33],PSB经酸化老化后,表面引入了大量H+,对生物炭的芳香性结构产生明显影响,从而抑制了生物炭阳离子Cation-π吸附机制;相较其他3种生物炭,在pH考察范围内,OPSB对Cd2+的吸附量始终最大,pH从2.0升至5.0,OPSB对Cd2+的吸附量升高10.13%,这主要是因为PSB经H2O2氧化后,其表面的配合作用、离子交换作用增强,促进了生物炭对无机组分的吸附[30]
4种生物炭吸附Cd2+后溶液pH均发生变化,结果见表1。可以看出:PSB、LPSB吸附Cd2+后溶液pH均升高,而APSB、OPSB吸附后溶液pH均降低。在初始溶液pH为5.0时,生物炭吸附Cd2+后溶液pH变化最大,PSB、LPSB吸附后溶液pH分别升高39.80%、14.00%,APSB、OPSB吸附后溶液pH降低27.00%、18.60%。低pH下,吸附后溶液pH变化的原因有两方面:一方面可能是生物炭表面与Cd2+发生离子交换的碱性离子(如K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+)进入溶液使pH升高[30,34];另一方面可能是生物炭表面的含氧官能团(如—COOH,—OH)与Cd2+发生配合作用所释放H+使溶液pH降低[35-36]。PSB吸附Cd2+后溶液pH明显高于LPSB,这与未经清洗的PSB中灰分含量较高关系较大。
pH=5.0条件下,4种生物炭吸附Cd2+(pH=5.0)前、后的FT-IR分析结果如图2所示。
图2(a)看出:4种生物炭在3 448、1 650、1 459、566 cm-1处有明显的峰出现,分别为—OH(包括酚羟基)、C══O、COO—和Si—O—Si的特征振动峰[37];相较于PSB,老化后的3种生物炭的官能团种类变化不明显,但振动峰强度均有所增强,特别是在1 650 cm-1处的振动峰增强更为明显,表明老化过程可能使生物炭表面的含氧基团增加,如引入的C══O、—NO2[38-39]
图2(b)看出:4种生物炭的官能团种类与吸附前的基本一致,生物炭吸附Cd2+后官能团峰值均发生了偏移,3 448、1 650、1 459、566 cm-1处的振动峰偏移至3 442、1 621、1 457、541 cm-1处;LPSB 和OPSB振动峰强度略微降低,APSB振动峰强度明显增强,表明老化作用在一定程度上可增强生物炭表面与Cd2+之间的配合作用,促进离子交换反应潜力,生物炭表面的—OH、C══O、—COOH等参与了对Cd2+的吸附过程,即含氧官能团与Cd2+发生了配合作用或离子交换反应[40-41]
用X-射线衍射仪对吸附Cd2+前、后的4种生物炭进行表征,结果如图3所示。
图3看出:吸附Cd2+后的4种生物炭的衍射峰都没有发生明显变化,说明生物炭在pH=5.0最佳吸附条件下均未形成新的晶状沉淀物,Cd2+与生物炭表面官能团之间主要发生配合作用和静电作用[42];在2θ为26°~27°范围内,PSB、LPSB、OPSB的图谱中出现了明显的特征衍射峰,这可能是生物质在高温下发生热解炭化,导致碳酸盐类物质析出,CaCO3衍射峰凸显所致[43];而APSB未出现特征峰,可能是“强酸制弱酸”,即由酸性较强的硫酸和硝酸将碳酸盐置换成弱酸和弱酸盐,而碳酸不稳定会分解成H2O和CO2,从而使碳酸盐物相减少甚至消失[44];吸附Cd2+后PSB、LPSB、APSB、OPSB的XRD图谱中并未出现新衍射峰,但相对于吸附前的生物炭,吸附后的碳酸盐类衍射峰减弱,表明生物炭对Cd2+吸附过程可能有生物炭骨架断裂,碳酸盐类物质析出较少[45]
绘制pH=5.0最佳条件下4种生物炭吸附Cd2+的动力学曲线,并根据式(1)、(2)对动力学数据进行拟合,拟合曲线如图4所示,拟合参数见表2
图4看出:4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量随吸附时间延长逐渐增大后趋于平衡。PSB、LPSB对Cd2+的吸附均在120 min时达到平衡,Cd2+平衡吸附量分别为23.021 3、18.248 8 mg/g;APSB、OPSB则在吸附进行180 min时达到平衡,对Cd2+的平衡吸附量分别为16.180 0、24.248 8 mg/g。
表2看出:4种生物炭的对Cd2+的理论吸附量分别为24.762 9、16.088 7、17.827 5、25.523 1 mg/g,与吸附量试验值23.021 3、18.248 8、16.180 0、24.248 8 mg/g相近;4种生物炭吸附Cd2+的准一级动力学模型拟合相关系数比准二级动力学模型高,说明准一级动力学模型的拟合效果更好;准一级动力学模型是基于物理吸附过程的,说明4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附行为以物理静电吸附为主[46]。准一级动力学模型中,k1越大说明吸附达到平衡的速率越快[47],可见,OPSB对Cd2+的吸附达到平衡的速率最快。
pH=5.0条件下,Cd2+初始质量浓度对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响试验结果如图5所示。可以看出,随Cd2+初始质量浓度增大,4种生物炭对Cd2+平衡吸附量先升高后趋于稳定:Cd2+初始质量浓度为200 mg/L时,PSB对Cd2+的平衡吸附量达43.36 mg/g,随Cd2+初始质量浓度继续增大,PSB对Cd2+的平衡吸附量变化不大;LPSB和OPSB对Cd2+的平衡吸附量分别在Cd2+初始质量浓度为200 mg/L时达到平衡,此时,APSB对Cd2+的平衡吸附量为24.99 mg/g,之后随Cd2+初始浓度增大,APSB对Cd2+的平衡吸附量无明显变化。
根据式(3)、(4)对图5数据进行等温吸附拟合,拟合曲线如图6所示,拟合参数见表3
表3看出:4种生物炭吸附对Cd2+的Langmuir等温吸附模型的相关系数R2与Freundlich模型相比略高,说明Langmuir等温吸附模型能更好地拟合PSB、LPSB、APSB、OPSB生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程;拟合最大吸附量分别为26.020、24.937、17.969和24.118 mg/g,与试验所得的最大吸附量(22.021、19.080、16.180和24.249 mg/g)接近,表明4种生物炭吸附Cd2+主要以表面吸附为主[37,48];Langmuir模型拟合所得参数kL越大,说明生物炭对Cd2+的吸附亲和力越大[27,49],排序为OPSB>PSB>LPSB>APSB。经计算,无量纲参数分离因子RL都小于1,表明4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附均为有效吸附。
研究了花生壳生物炭(PSB)、氧化生物炭(OPSB)、浸出生物炭(LPSB)、酸化生物炭(APSB)对土壤中Cd2+的吸附性能及机制,得出如下结论:
1)生物炭对土壤中Cd2+的吸附性能受pH影响显著,吸附量随pH升高呈先升高后降低趋势。pH从3.0升至5.0,生物炭表面负电荷密度增加,降低了与Cd2+之间的静电斥力,同时羟基和羧基逐渐脱质子化,加强了生物炭含氧基团与Cd2+的离子交换,4种生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量迅速增大;pH大于5.0时,溶液中游离OH-开始与Cd2+发生反应生成沉淀,使Cd2+浓度下降,导致生物炭对Cd2+的吸附量降低。
2)不同老化过程会造成生物炭对Cd2+吸附的显著差异。氧化老化可促进含氧官能团(—COOH、—OH等)在生物炭表面的积累,使Cd2+吸附量升高10.13%;浸出老化后可溶性矿物流失,使Cd2+吸附量降低13.35%;酸化老化影响生物炭表面对Cd2+的吸附活性,使Cd2+吸附量降低26.52%。
3)在pH=5.0条件下,PSB、OPSB、LPSB、APSB对Cd2+的吸附过程均以物理静电吸附为主,且均为有效吸附,对Cd2+的吸附亲和力排序为OPSB>PSB>LPSB>APSB,吸附过程均适于用准一级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型描述。
实际环境介质性质复杂且重金属复合污染特征明显,生物炭对金属离子的吸附机制因竞争吸附、离子价态、环境性质等的影响差异显著,因此,老化后生物炭在不同环境介质中的吸附性能及变化,特别是其界面微环境与重金属间的交互作用仍有待进一步深入研究。
  • 河池学院校级科研项目(2020XJZC003)
  • 自治区级大学生创新创业训练计划立项项目(S202310605093)
  • 自治区级大学生创新创业训练计划立项项目(S202210605114X)
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2024年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.013
  • 接收时间:2024-01-05
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-05
基金
河池学院校级科研项目(2020XJZC003)
自治区级大学生创新创业训练计划立项项目(S202310605093)
自治区级大学生创新创业训练计划立项项目(S202210605114X)
作者信息
    1 河池学院 化学与生物工程学院 广西蚕桑生态学与智能化技术应用重点实验室, 广西 宜州 546300
    2 河池学院 化学与生物工程学院 微生物及植物资源开发利用广西高校重点实验室, 广西 宜州 546300
    3 桂林理工大学 环境科学与工程学院, 广西 桂林 541004

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许仁智(1990—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为环境污染控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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