Article(id=1172618994310857559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)04-0370-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713974400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503754450, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503754450, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503754450, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503754450, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172618990200434867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='345', pageEnd='471', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503753469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758502232130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1176806913292513711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1176806913296708016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=370, endPage=379, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172618994570904412, articleId=1172618994310857559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Removing of Arsenic in Acidic High Concentration Arsenic Waste Solutions, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Arsenic containing non-ferrous metal and precious metal sulfide ore will produce acidic high concentration arsenic solution in the smelting process, which has the characteristics of high arsenic concentration, complex composition, large changes, strong toxicity and difficult to store, such as direct discharge without treatment, will have a great impact on the environment and human health. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages of chemical precipitation method, evaporation enrichment method and metal powder method are reviewed, as well as the research progress of each method, so as to provide reference for the development of arsenic removal technology.

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含砷的有色金属和贵金属硫化矿在冶炼过程中会产生酸性高浓度含砷溶液,其具有砷浓度高、成分复杂、变化大、毒性强和难以存放等特点,如不加处理直接排放,会对环境和人类健康产生很大影响。综述了化学沉淀法、蒸发浓缩法和金属粉末法的脱砷原理及优缺点,以及各脱砷方法的研究进展,为脱砷技术发展提供参考和借鉴。

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张候文(1976—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金技术及工艺设计。

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张候文(1976—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金技术及工艺设计。

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张候文(1976—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金技术及工艺设计。

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a—液体硫化剂;b—气体硫化剂。

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方法 污酸中ρ(砷)/
(mg·L-1)
pH c(H+)/
(mol·L-1)
除砷率/
%
尾液中ρ(砷)/
(mg·L-1)
优缺点 参考
文献
纳米零价铁
联合电絮凝法
2 200 2.0 >99.00 0.1~5.0 比单独使用电絮凝法和纳米零价铁法效果更好,能在一定程度上中和溶液酸性,有利于重金属Cu、Zn和Pb的沉淀,但脱砷前须加入氢氧化钙处理,设备维护成本高 [43]
氯化铜协同法 8 932 2.16 约100 约为0 铜粉在氯化物存在下可将三价砷还原为无毒的零价砷,酸性高砷溶液中的酸被保留并可在后续工艺中回收 [45]
零价铝粉法 2 880 1.3 99.98 0.6 可在不添加任何其他试剂情况下除砷,简单、高效、环境友好,但所得砷沉淀的稳定性有待进一步研究 [46]
超声波强化零价
铅结合CuSO4
4 706 2.1 99.98 1.15 不必调节pH,可减少中和残渣和酸损失,零价铅应用成本低,除砷过程中无新杂质离子产生,不产生二次污染,水和酸可循环利用 [47]
), ArticleFig(id=1176950110744359523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618994310857559, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

几种金属粉末法优缺点的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 污酸中ρ(砷)/
(mg·L-1)
pH c(H+)/
(mol·L-1)
除砷率/
%
尾液中ρ(砷)/
(mg·L-1)
优缺点 参考
文献
纳米零价铁
联合电絮凝法
2 200 2.0 >99.00 0.1~5.0 比单独使用电絮凝法和纳米零价铁法效果更好,能在一定程度上中和溶液酸性,有利于重金属Cu、Zn和Pb的沉淀,但脱砷前须加入氢氧化钙处理,设备维护成本高 [43]
氯化铜协同法 8 932 2.16 约100 约为0 铜粉在氯化物存在下可将三价砷还原为无毒的零价砷,酸性高砷溶液中的酸被保留并可在后续工艺中回收 [45]
零价铝粉法 2 880 1.3 99.98 0.6 可在不添加任何其他试剂情况下除砷,简单、高效、环境友好,但所得砷沉淀的稳定性有待进一步研究 [46]
超声波强化零价
铅结合CuSO4
4 706 2.1 99.98 1.15 不必调节pH,可减少中和残渣和酸损失,零价铅应用成本低,除砷过程中无新杂质离子产生,不产生二次污染,水和酸可循环利用 [47]
), ArticleFig(id=1176950110807274084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618994310857559, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常用方法 原料 运行条件 成本 优缺点 参考文献
石灰-铁盐法 石灰、铁盐 工艺简单,处置成本低,无害化处置不彻底,二次危废渣量大 [8][9][10]
硫化沉淀法 硫化剂 硫化剂成本较高,硫化砷渣产量大,二次石膏渣产量大 [14][15][17]
臭葱石沉淀法 铁盐 热源 反应条件敏感需外部热源,无危废石膏渣产生,固砷矿物臭葱石毒性达标,废水可回用 [29][37][38]
蒸发浓缩法 高温 常压蒸发 可回收硫酸和重金属,能耗高,设备材质要求高 [40][41][42]
金属粉末法 零价金属粉末 除砷效率较好,一般需要其他条件联合处理,同时对原溶液也有一定要求,具有一定局限性 [43][45][47]
), ArticleFig(id=1176950110882771557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618994310857559, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

酸性高浓度含砷废水常用的几种脱砷方法的优缺点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常用方法 原料 运行条件 成本 优缺点 参考文献
石灰-铁盐法 石灰、铁盐 工艺简单,处置成本低,无害化处置不彻底,二次危废渣量大 [8][9][10]
硫化沉淀法 硫化剂 硫化剂成本较高,硫化砷渣产量大,二次石膏渣产量大 [14][15][17]
臭葱石沉淀法 铁盐 热源 反应条件敏感需外部热源,无危废石膏渣产生,固砷矿物臭葱石毒性达标,废水可回用 [29][37][38]
蒸发浓缩法 高温 常压蒸发 可回收硫酸和重金属,能耗高,设备材质要求高 [40][41][42]
金属粉末法 零价金属粉末 除砷效率较好,一般需要其他条件联合处理,同时对原溶液也有一定要求,具有一定局限性 [43][45][47]
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从酸性高浓度含砷溶液中脱砷研究进展
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张候文 1 , 杨大锦 1 , 代龙果 1 , 张钊洋 2 , 崔鹏媛 2 , 俞小花 2
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(4): 370-379
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(4): 370-379
从酸性高浓度含砷溶液中脱砷研究进展
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张候文1, 杨大锦1, 代龙果1, 张钊洋2, 崔鹏媛2, 俞小花2
作者信息
  • 1 云南驰宏锌锗股份有限公司, 云南 曲靖 655011
  • 2 昆明理工大学 冶金与能源工程学院, 云南 昆明 650093
  • 张候文(1976—),男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金技术及工艺设计。

Research Progress on Removing of Arsenic in Acidic High Concentration Arsenic Waste Solutions
Houwen ZHANG1, Dajin YANG1, Longguo DAI1, Zhaoyang ZHANG2, Pengyuan CUI2, Xiaohua YU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Yunnan Chihong Zinc & Germanium Co., Ltd., Qujing 655011, China
  • 2 Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.003
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含砷的有色金属和贵金属硫化矿在冶炼过程中会产生酸性高浓度含砷溶液,其具有砷浓度高、成分复杂、变化大、毒性强和难以存放等特点,如不加处理直接排放,会对环境和人类健康产生很大影响。综述了化学沉淀法、蒸发浓缩法和金属粉末法的脱砷原理及优缺点,以及各脱砷方法的研究进展,为脱砷技术发展提供参考和借鉴。

冶炼  /  污酸  /  砷  /  化学沉淀法  /  蒸发浓缩法  /  金属粉末法  /  研究进展

Arsenic containing non-ferrous metal and precious metal sulfide ore will produce acidic high concentration arsenic solution in the smelting process, which has the characteristics of high arsenic concentration, complex composition, large changes, strong toxicity and difficult to store, such as direct discharge without treatment, will have a great impact on the environment and human health. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages of chemical precipitation method, evaporation enrichment method and metal powder method are reviewed, as well as the research progress of each method, so as to provide reference for the development of arsenic removal technology.

smelting  /  polluted acid  /  arsenic  /  chemical precipitation method  /  evaporation enrichment method  /  metal powder method  /  research progress
张候文, 杨大锦, 代龙果, 张钊洋, 崔鹏媛, 俞小花. 从酸性高浓度含砷溶液中脱砷研究进展. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (4) : 370 -379 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.003
Houwen ZHANG, Dajin YANG, Longguo DAI, Zhaoyang ZHANG, Pengyuan CUI, Xiaohua YU. Research Progress on Removing of Arsenic in Acidic High Concentration Arsenic Waste Solutions[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (4) : 370 -379 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.003
砷在自然界中分布广泛,常以硫化物形式与铜、铅、锡、镍、钴、锌、金等矿伴生[1]。近年来,随着我国冶金化工行业的发展,含砷的有色金属和贵金属硫化矿不断开采和冶炼,产生大量含砷危废,其中有色冶炼是砷污染的主要来源[2]
有色冶炼主要是在硫铁矿(含砷)制酸和有色金属火法冶炼的烟气净化洗涤环节产生酸性高浓度含砷废水[3],为最大程度去除砷等有害物质及其他杂质,有必要排放部分酸性高浓度含砷废水,以净化洗涤水[4]。冶炼厂排放的酸性高浓度含砷废水中砷质量浓度在1~30 g/L不等,同时含有大量铜、锌等金属离子,以及氟、氯等非金属离子,导致该类废水具有成分复杂、变化大、毒性强和难以存放等特点,若不加处理直接排放,会对环境造成影响,甚至严重威胁人类身体健康。因此,研究酸性高浓度含砷废水的处理方法具有重要意义。
目前,处理含砷废水的方法主要包括化学沉淀法(石灰铁盐法、硫化沉淀法、臭葱石沉淀法等)、物理化学法(蒸发浓缩法、离子交换法、萃取法、膜分离法、吸附法等)、生物法(活性污泥法、菌藻共生体法、生物膜法等)和电化学法等[5]。其中,物理化学法、生物法和电化学法一般用于处理低浓度砷溶液,而不适用于处理有色冶炼产生的酸性高浓度含砷废水;而化学沉淀法和蒸发浓缩法因具有独特的优势已广泛应用于从有色冶炼产生的酸性高浓度含砷废水中脱除砷。近年来,金属粉末法作为一种高效、先进的脱砷方法,也得到了广泛研究,具有广阔的发展前景和应用空间。
本文主要阐述了有色冶炼过程中产生的酸性高浓度含砷溶液脱砷的3种方法,即化学沉淀法(石灰铁盐法、硫化沉淀法、臭葱石沉淀法)、蒸发浓缩法、利用金属粉末法的研究进度。重点总结了化学沉淀法和蒸发浓缩法的脱砷原理、优缺点,以及各脱砷方法的未来发展方向和趋势,并对金属粉末法进行综述,以期为今后该技术的研究发展提供参考和借鉴。
化学沉淀法是通过沉淀剂与酸性高浓度砷溶液中砷离子发生反应生成难溶性化合物沉淀从而达到除砷目的。该法主要包括石灰铁盐法、硫化沉淀法和臭葱石沉淀法。
传统的石灰铁盐法脱砷原理是向酸性高浓度含砷溶液中加入石灰进行中和处理,然后再加入铁盐和氧化剂进行脱砷处置。在脱砷过程中,铁盐和氧化剂将溶液中的砷氧化并与石灰发生化学反应生成难溶性化合物。溶液中的二价铁离子被氧化成三价铁离子并发生水解,生成胶状的氢氧化铁,由于氢氧化铁具有巨大的活性表面及强烈的吸附性能,其在凝聚过程中可吸附溶液中的砷及其化合物,使砷沉淀,丧失溶解能力,从而达到除砷目的[6]。该法的优点在于可去除大部分砷,且成本低廉,操作简单,对设备要求较低;但将处理后溶液再净化至排放标准的情况不稳定,废渣量较大,存放困难,易造成二次污染。
曹广峰等[7]研究了用石灰铁盐法处理酸性含砷溶液的原理、方法及工艺流程。结果表明,当溶液中砷质量浓度在10~20 mg/L之间时,砷去除率可达95%以上,出水能达标排放,说明采用石灰铁盐法脱砷在技术、经济上可行,具有一定推广价值。黎明[8]针对冶炼过程中产生的酸性高浓度含砷溶液,提出采用“二次反应二次沉淀”方法除砷,该法是通过一段中和沉淀使重金属离子生成难溶于水的氢氧化物沉淀以达到污酸净化的目的,再通过二段加入硫酸亚铁氧化和沉淀进一步除砷,将残留砷质量浓度降至0.5 mg/L以下。边德军等[9]研究发现,针对酸性高浓度含砷溶液,三价铁离子的脱砷效果优于二价铁离子,通过鼓风搅拌溶液将其中的二价铁离子氧化为三价铁离子,再将部分三价砷离子氧化成五价砷离子,可提高脱砷效率,各价态As离子组分随pH变化情况如图1所示。
易求实[10]提出了采用三段石灰-铁盐法处理高酸度高砷洗气污酸废水。该法的第一段为中和反应,目的是将溶液中硫酸尽可能去除,以提高第二段生成的砷钙渣品质;第二段为亚砷酸钙或砷酸钙的生成过程,目的是将砷固定在砷钙渣中;第三段为铁盐沉淀,目的是通过加入铁盐沉淀废液中剩余砷,并降低废液pH确保达标排放。图2为三段石灰-铁盐法除砷工艺流程[3]。该法具有沉淀速度快、去除效果好、废水排放达标情况稳定、投入成本低、流程简单和管理方便等优点,是当前常用方法之一。
除此之外,姚瑛瑛等[11]对石灰铁盐法进行了优化,提出采用双钙法处理高砷高氟污酸,该法一段为碳酸钙中和阶段,二段为石灰除砷氟阶段,三段为混凝阶段。研究结果表明:采用该法可实现As、F同步富集,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd等金属可基本得到去除;但钙砷渣和铁砷渣须进一步稳定和固化,才能降低对环境的危害。刘祖鹏等[12]采用三段碳酸钙-石灰-铁盐除砷工艺处理砷质量浓度为6.36 g/L的酸性高浓度含砷溶液,该方法第一、二段分别加入碳酸钙和石灰进行中和处理,第三段采用加酸回调pH法除砷。研究结果表明,在排除硫酸根离子影响情况下,处理后的滤液中砷质量浓度可降至0.3 mg/L。
硫化沉淀法的脱砷原理是硫化剂与酸性高浓度含砷溶液中的氢离子发生反应生成硫化氢气体,并与溶液中砷离子反应生成难溶性化合物硫化砷沉淀,从而达到除砷目的。与此同时,其他重金属离子在溶液中与硫化剂反应生成硫化物沉淀,再根据溶度积原理,可确定能被硫化物沉淀的离子及其沉淀顺序,从而实现各离子选择性分离[13]。硫化法除砷具有工艺流程简单、易操作、除砷效率高等优点,缺点则是该工艺对温度及酸度要求都较高,成本也较高。图3为某硫化沉淀法除砷工艺流程[14]
王培栋[15]提出了用硫化中和法除砷,通过向酸性含砷溶液中加入硫化钠,使砷以硫化砷形式在溶液中固定,再通过石灰-硫酸亚铁混凝沉降法处理,结果表明,经2次处理后废液pH、Fe和As质量浓度均低于国家排放标准。杨中超等[16]研究了硫化沉淀法和中和沉淀法在强酸性体系下对三价砷和五价砷的处理效果,并考察了沉淀剂种类与投加量、酸度等因素对除砷效果的影响。结果表明:硫化沉淀法对三价砷去除效果优于五价砷,且五价砷去除过程中存在五价砷转化为三价砷的还原过程;而中和沉淀法对三价砷和五价砷的去除率均可达98%以上,但不存在砷形态转化过程。黎铉海等[14]采用硫化氢法脱除酸性高浓度含砷溶液中的砷,利用硫化氢气体溶于水后电离产生的二价硫离子与溶液中的砷酸根和亚砷酸根发生反应生成沉淀,从而达到脱砷目的。结果表明:采用该法脱砷产生的石膏不含砷,净化后的酸能返回硫酸生产中循环使用;滤渣中砷质量分数均在33%以上,可达到砷矿原料要求。蔡晨龙等[17]采用一段间接—二段直接的两段硫化工艺脱砷,其中,一段间接硫化沉砷是向过量稀硫酸投加硫化钡,将反应产生的硫化氢气体通入酸性高砷溶液中脱除砷,二段直接硫化沉砷是向一段除砷尾液中加入硫化钡进行硫化脱砷。研究结果表明:该工艺产生的硫化渣量较小,且产生的硫酸钡可二次利用;二段脱砷后液中不会引入新的杂质离子,降低了后续处理工序难度。张文岐等[18]对硫化沉淀法进行了改进,用硫氢化钠代替硫化钠除砷,并在设备废酸原液槽上新增混合器和改进硫化反应槽进液管,改进后方法的除砷率明显提高,且降低了废酸综合处理成本。杜主义等[19]研究发现了一种新硫化剂——铁锍,该硫化剂处理后溶液中砷质量浓度低于0.03 g/L,砷去除率可达99.5%以上,解决了因反应速率过快、可控制性较差,以及发生其他无关反应等问题造成的硫化钠、硫氢化钠等硫化剂利用率低等问题;此外,使用该硫化剂还能避免处理系统中引入一价钠离子,使脱砷后液作为后续氧化中和深度净化水处理工序中的反应物料。肖祈春[20]通过二级硫化分步除铜、砷,研究了氧化还原电位、硫化剂种类对酸性高浓度含砷溶液中铜、砷去除率的影响,并以H2S为硫化剂处理污酸,控制一级ORP为245 mV、二级ORP为10 mV,所得铜渣中Cu、As质量分数分别为3.09%和15.90%,砷渣中Cu、As质量分数分别为0.03%和23.90%,实现了铜、砷的分步沉淀,其研究装置如图4所示。
臭葱石化学式为FeAsO4·2H2O,因其具有稳定性高、理论含砷量高达30%、呈结晶态有利于固液分离、产生的尾渣含水低等优点,成为了目前国内外公认的最佳固砷矿物[21-24]。水热法是传统合成臭葱石的方法,由Dutrizac和Jambor在1988年首次提出,并在实验室成功应用[24]。该法是向高压釜内加入一定量铁盐和砷溶液,在高温高压密闭条件下使二者发生化学反应合成臭葱石。该法合成速度快,在很短时间内即可合成品性较好的晶型臭葱石,但合成的臭葱石过饱和度大、颗粒较细,且对密封设备及其辅助设备要求高,需要设备耐高温、高压、磨损,运行成本较高[23]
1995年,Demopoulos等在常压、温度低于沸点条件下,将含三价铁和五价砷溶液进行连续加热搅拌制备出了臭葱石[25]。该法较传统水热法流程简便,设备要求较低,投入成本也较低;但因在常温常压下进行合成,须严格控制临界pH,导致操作繁琐,所合成臭葱石晶粒较小,同时大量晶种的加入也会降低生产效率,造成合成的臭葱石结晶度和稳定性较差。为了解决上述问题,Fujita等[26]改进常压法,提出了一种合成臭葱石的新型方法,即将二价铁缓慢氧化为三价铁后,再与五价砷反应合成臭葱石。该法能有效控制较低的过饱和度,合成的臭葱石颗粒结晶性较好,颗粒也较大;但缺点是仅适用于处理高浓度含砷溶液[27]图5为某改进常压法除砷工艺流程[28]
近些年,我国关于晶形臭葱石沉淀法除砷的研究也取得一些进展。如王长印等[29]针对低溶液过饱和度是常压臭葱石合成过程的关键要素这一问题,在As(Ⅴ)-Fe(Ⅱ)体系下,通过Fe2+缓慢氧化来控制溶液过饱和度,研究了pH对Fe2+氧化速率的影响、Fe2+氧化速率与过饱和度的关系,以及过饱和度对砷铁沉淀率、臭葱石组分含量、颗粒粒径、形貌及其稳定性的影响。结果表明:Fe2+的氧化速率随初始pH降低而降低,溶液过饱和度随Fe2+氧化速率的降低而降低;较低的初始过饱和度不利于砷、铁的沉淀,对渣中砷、铁含量影响不明显,但对渣中硫含量影响较大;初始过饱和度从7.86升至78.86时,砷、铁沉淀率分别从77.05%、53.9%升至88.66%、61.79%,渣中砷、铁和硫质量分数分别为30.74%、24.14%和0.58%~0.17%;臭葱石颗粒粒径随初始过饱和度增大而先增大后减小,初始过饱和度值为11.7时,颗粒尺寸达最大,为87.5 μm,初始过饱和度为7.86~24时,形成类球型臭葱石颗粒,初始过饱和度为24~78.86时,形成无规则型臭葱石颗粒;通过控制初始过饱和度在7.86~78.86之间,合成的臭葱石稳定性较高,其浸出毒性均小于1 mg/L。
尹一男等[30]提出了降酸—沉砷—稳砷三步合成臭葱石晶体的分步稳砷技术,即在常温常压条件下,先调节pH至稳定后,再向溶液中投加沉砷剂和氧化剂,最后通过控制体系过饱和度制备高结晶度臭葱石颗粒,实现砷的固化。曹俊雅等[31]提出了臭氧氧化合成臭葱石除砷的方法,即在一定加热条件下,用臭氧将二价铁离子氧化成三价铁离子后,再与废水中的五价砷离子反应生成臭葱石沉淀,砷去除率可达89.64%,且生成的大尺寸臭葱石颗粒结晶良好。为了提高合成后臭葱石的稳定性,柯平超等[32]提出了一种同时合成并原位包覆臭葱石的方法,在初始Fe/As物质的量比超过1∶1条件下合成时,臭葱石颗粒表面会生成一层含硫酸盐的铁(氢)氧化物涂层,这些涂层能有效减少砷的暴露。Yang J.Q.等[33]通过在制备臭葱石过程中加入醇,使体系中的二价铁离子与三价铁离子达到平衡,制备出一种新型混合价态铁的砷酸盐黑色晶体,该晶体的砷含量较臭葱石更高,浸出毒性也可达到国家标准。张俊等[34]研究了铜冶炼含砷废水水热臭葱石沉砷及亚稳态铁物相转化行为。结果表明:控制初始Fe/As物质的量比、初始pH、氧分压、反应时间及反应温度能提高溶液中的砷、铁沉淀率,有利于促使溶液中的铁向形成臭葱石物相转化,降低渣中硫含量,从而获得更高品质的臭葱石沉砷渣。张鹏等[35]研究了铜和锌离子对水热臭葱石沉砷过程的影响。结果表明:Cu2+/Cu+离子对的催化作用可使亚铁离子氧化速率加快,同时还能促进亚稳态碱式硫酸铁水热沉淀反应的发生;Cu2+初始质量浓度为20 g/L时,As和Fe沉淀率分别为96.9%和74.9%,Cu2+质量浓度增大可促进Fe2+/$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$离子对的氧化,使三价铁离子更易达到过饱和状态,从而促进亚稳态铁矾物相的生成,形成以臭葱石为主并伴有微量铁矾和碱式硫酸铁的聚合体;当Zn2+初始质量浓度为20 g/L时,沉淀渣中As、Fe和S质量分数分别为23.5%,28.5%和3.7%,其中Zn主要以聚合物的形式包覆在臭葱石表面。Cai G.Y.等[36]提出了一种采用铁氧化物作为原位铁源的污酸高效除砷新技术,即用磁铁矿作为污酸中除砷的固体铁源的优点是可将其作为中和剂使用,并为反应提供充足的铁源,从而为合成臭葱石创造适宜环境,同时也为砷离子提供大量的吸附位点,有利于臭葱石和砷酸铁的结晶。基于上述研究,Li Y.K.等[37-38]研究了采用铜渣作为铁源除砷。结果表明:铜渣中的铁氧化物可为合成反应提供充足的铁源,首先氢离子与碱性氧化物发生中和反应能为臭葱石的合成创造较为适宜的环境,使得溶解于污酸中的铜渣释放出大量铁离子和硅离子,2种离子与污酸中砷酸根离子反应可形成稳定的臭葱石和二次矿;二次矿能为沉砷反应提供丰富的核位点,促使臭葱石成核和长大;该法除砷率高达97.86%。铜渣处置铜冶炼高砷污酸工艺流程如图6所示。
目前,传统酸性高浓度含砷溶液脱砷方法在实际应用中还存在许多不足,如在脱砷过程中,有用物质无法进行资源化再利用造成资源浪费,产生大量难以再回用的固废和液废,导致处置费用高、存在二次污染风险等问题。为了解决上述问题,有必要寻找一种可以资源化、循环再利用的方法。蒸发浓缩法为酸性高浓度含砷溶液资源化、循环化处置提供了一种新思路。
蒸发浓缩法是对酸性高浓度含砷溶液进行加热处理,使得溶液中的水慢慢蒸发,随着水量减少,溶液中三氧化二砷因过饱和而析出,剩余溶液去除氟、氯和砷离子后,再回收有用物质,最终使得处理后液可达到工业用水标准。该法具有工艺流程简单,可同时去除砷、氟和氯等优点。但该法也有一定局限性:仅适用于处理高浓度污酸;与其他传统酸性高砷溶液除砷法相比,对体系要求严格,需保持高温,能耗高;在运行过程中设备易腐蚀,对设备要求较高,投入成本大;此外,产生的蒸汽如若处理不当,还易造成环境污染。
陈少武[39]研究了采用真空蒸发系统从亚砷酸车间含砷废酸中回收砷。结果表明,含砷废酸的真空蒸发系统具有投资少、处理量大、日常操作维护简单、自动化程度高、无二次污染等优点。刘晓来[40]研究了不同加热温度和浓缩倍数条件下污酸蒸发浓缩中氟、氯、硫酸根、砷在浓缩液和冷凝液中的走向及分布。结果表明:污酸中砷、氟、氯去除率分别在130 ℃时和蒸发浓缩6~7倍时达最高,表明该法经济、高效且具有资源综合回收处理的可行性。陈华盛等[41]的研究结果也表明:在蒸发温度130 ℃、浓缩比为6~7条件下,污酸中砷、氟、氯去除率最高;此外,在该条件下的三氧化二砷结晶量也最大,经蒸馏浓缩收集的浓缩液可回收铜、锌、铅、镉等有价金属,三氧化二砷可用作工业级产品白砷的原料。姚瑛瑛[42]研究了浓缩倍数、酸度、温度、旋转蒸发仪转速等因素对负压蒸发分离酸性高浓度含砷溶液中F、Cl、As的影响,并确定了最佳试验条件,探讨了浓缩液回用次数及其对冷凝液中As浓度的影响,其工艺流程如图7所示。
由上可知,针对含氟、氯、砷的冶炼污酸废水,蒸发浓缩法处理效率较高,对铜、锌、铅、镉等有价金属回收效果较好,产生危废量较低、投入成本较低,经济效益明显,具有广阔应用前景,有望成为今后除砷技术重点研究方向。该法目前面临的主要问题是收集的冷凝液不能达到回用水工业应用标准,收集的浓缩液仍须后续处理,三氧化二砷结晶也需进一步提纯。
除了上述几种常见方法外,金属粉末法作为一种高效、先进的方法近些年也得到了广泛研究。Nuñez等[43]提出一种纳米零价铁与电絮凝法联合处理酸性高砷溶液的新方法。该法分为两步:第一步是砷酸盐吸附在细微的FeO(OH)层上的铁纳米粒子上;第二步是用电絮凝生成的二价铁离子和三价铁离子沉淀砷。研究结果表明:电絮凝法与纳米零价铁的联合可有效处理酸性高砷溶液,能为今后此类溶液脱除砷提供一种新思路,比单独使用电絮凝法和纳米零价铁处理效果更好;且电絮凝法和纳米零价铁组合处理能在一定程度上中和溶液酸性,有利于重金属Cu、Zn和Pb的沉淀,并在一定时间内去除99%的砷;但在正式脱砷之前须加入氢氧化钙以除去硫酸盐,并将pH提高至2后再进行除砷,否则除砷效果不理想。Wang A.等[44]基于碘离子协同作用,利用铜粉将三价砷还原为无毒零价态砷,从而达到脱砷目的,最佳脱砷条件下的砷去除率达99.99%。在此基础上他们又提出一种铜粉与氯化物协同还原脱除酸性高砷溶液中砷的新方法。结果表明:铜粉在氯化物存在下可将三价砷还原为无毒的零价砷,酸性高砷溶液中的酸保留并可在后续工艺中回收;在氢离子初始浓度5 mol/L、Cu/As物质的量比为8/1、Cl/As物质的量比为10、反应温度60 ℃、铜粉粒径24~68 μm、搅拌速度300 r/min最佳脱砷条件下,砷去除率接近100%[45]。Liao T.Q.等[46]提出了一种零价铝粉(ZVAl)脱除酸性溶液中高浓度砷的新方法,考察了零价铝单独脱砷的性能。结果表明,在最佳条件下,砷去除率可达99.98%,表明该法是一种简单、高效、环境友好的方法。ZVAl在酸性含砷废水中的除砷机制如图8所示。
在上述研究基础上,Liao T.Q.等[47]又提出了一种超声波强化零价铅结合CuSO4去除酸性溶液中砷的新方法,反应机制如图9所示。研究结果表明:CuSO4可加速零价铅的还原过程,对砷有较好的去除作用,零价铅与CuSO4联用可取得更好的除砷效果;在Pb/As物质的量比为3∶1、CuSO4加入量1 g/L、反应温度55 ℃、超声功率90 W、反应时间120 min最佳脱砷条件下,酸性溶液中砷质量浓度可由4 706 mg/L降至1.04 mg/L,砷去除率达99.98%;该法省去了pH调节步骤,流程更简单,同时还能减少中和残渣和酸损失;零价铅的应用成本较低,除砷过程中无新杂质离子产生,不产生二次污染,大量的水和酸可循环利用,避免资源浪费,降低去除成本。表1为几种金属粉末法优缺点的对比。
酸性高浓度含砷废水常用的几种脱砷方法优缺点对比见表2
有色冶炼酸性高浓度含砷溶液作为主要的含砷污染源,如何将其进行绿色、经济的处理,已成为我国有色冶炼企业共同面临的一个问题。随着有色冶炼工业的快速发展和环保要求的日益严格,酸性高浓度含砷溶液的无害化、减量化处置显得尤为重要。整个脱砷处置工艺流程应从达标排放到资源化处理方向发展,因为资源化处理可以减轻环境的负载能力,缓解企业储存压力,同时也能降低风险,对有色冶炼行业的环保和节能减排具有重大意义。建议今后应从以下几方面对酸性高浓度含砷溶液脱砷加强研究:
1)利用不同方法之间的共性与优势,开展多种脱砷方法联合应用研究,为高效处理酸性高浓度含砷溶液处理探寻高效的除砷方法;
2)开发价格低廉、性质稳定、脱砷效果明显的试剂;
3)根据生产中的实际问题,对已有设备进行改进,提升脱砷效率;
4)改进现有工艺流程并对酸性高浓度含砷溶液中的有价元素及物质进行资源化回收,降低处理成本,提升企业经济效益。
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2024年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.003
  • 接收时间:2024-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-25
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    1 云南驰宏锌锗股份有限公司, 云南 曲靖 655011
    2 昆明理工大学 冶金与能源工程学院, 云南 昆明 650093
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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