Article(id=1172618991337091256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)04-0407-13, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503753741, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503753741, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503753741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503753741, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172618990200434867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='345', pageEnd='471', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503753469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758502232130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1176806913292513711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1176806913296708016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=407, endPage=419, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172618991588749497, articleId=1172618991337091256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Multistage Leaching Kinetics of Chromite in HCl-Na2CrO4 System, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The multi-stage leaching of chromite in HCl-Na2CrO4 system has been studied, and the leaching kinetics of main metal elements in chromite has been discussed. The results show that under the optimal conditions of particle size of 45~75 μm, oxidizing agent Na2CrO4 dosage of 0.6 times of theoretical dosage, reaction time of 5 h, reaction temperature of 453.15 K, ball to material mass ratio of 1/1, stirring speed of 30 r/min, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 4 mL/1 g, the three-stage cyclic leaching is carried out, the leaching rates of Cr, Fe, Al and Mg can reach 91.98%, 94.54%, 76.62% and 78.03%, respectively. The acid leaching reaction of chromite is controlled by interfacial chemical reaction. The apparent activation energies of Cr, Fe, Al and Mg are 45.80, 40.43, 42.08 and 43.54 kJ/mol, respectively. In the range of 373.15~473.15 K, and the leaching effect is good.

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全学军(1963—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金与材料、工业固废资源化处理及环境化工。E-mail:
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蹇成宗(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铬盐清洁生产。

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蹇成宗(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铬盐清洁生产。

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蹇成宗(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铬盐清洁生产。

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1-(1-x)1/3:a1—Al;b1—Cr;c1—Fe;d1—Mg。1+2(1-x)-3(1-x)2/3:a2—Al;b2—Cr;c2—Fe;d2—Mg。

, figureFileSmall=9ZuP+ApqwapotGPrYgS6zQ==, figureFileBig=IQstX7DD1JQyeNedvNQ2zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1176950272954876159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618991337091256, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=odEq5D+d6l4v382f2OezXQ==, figureFileBig=B4mtluJ0UH3dZghHYmEq+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1176950273005207808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618991337091256, language=CN, label=图17, caption=阿伦尼斯曲线

a—Al;b—Cr;c—Fe;d—Mg。

, figureFileSmall=odEq5D+d6l4v382f2OezXQ==, figureFileBig=B4mtluJ0UH3dZghHYmEq+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1176950273055539457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618991337091256, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NEpiVeM9vkf33t86/t3M4A==, figureFileBig=b1wuHpPcWdmnaMi8WSnf5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1176950273110065410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618991337091256, language=CN, label=图18, caption=铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中的浸出机制, figureFileSmall=NEpiVeM9vkf33t86/t3M4A==, figureFileBig=b1wuHpPcWdmnaMi8WSnf5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1176950273168785667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618991337091256, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ΣFeO MgO Al2O3 Cr2O3 SiO2 其他
23.91 8.71 14.40 42.92 3.51 6.55
), ArticleFig(id=1176950273240088836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618991337091256, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铬铁矿的主要化学组成 %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ΣFeO MgO Al2O3 Cr2O3 SiO2 其他
23.91 8.71 14.40 42.92 3.51 6.55
), ArticleFig(id=1176950273294614789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618991337091256, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸出级数 总矿物溶解率/% 铬渣中wB/%
MgO Al2O3 SiO2 Cr2O3 ΣFeO 其他
1 61.88 8.65 30.86 9.10 33.56 16.43 1.40
2 74.46 8.65 58.02 9.68 13.22 9.34 1.09
3 78.65 8.84 73.52 15.23 0.27 0.88 1.26
), ArticleFig(id=1176950273361723654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172618991337091256, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多级循环浸出铬渣的XRF分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸出级数 总矿物溶解率/% 铬渣中wB/%
MgO Al2O3 SiO2 Cr2O3 ΣFeO 其他
1 61.88 8.65 30.86 9.10 33.56 16.43 1.40
2 74.46 8.65 58.02 9.68 13.22 9.34 1.09
3 78.65 8.84 73.52 15.23 0.27 0.88 1.26
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铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中的多级浸出动力学研究
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蹇成宗 , 田仪娟 , 蒋子文 , 闫春宇 , 全学军 , 李纲
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(4): 407-419
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(4): 407-419
铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中的多级浸出动力学研究
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蹇成宗, 田仪娟, 蒋子文, 闫春宇, 全学军 , 李纲
作者信息
  • 重庆理工大学 化学化工学院, 重庆 400054
  • 蹇成宗(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铬盐清洁生产。

通讯作者:

全学军(1963—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金与材料、工业固废资源化处理及环境化工。E-mail:
Multistage Leaching Kinetics of Chromite in HCl-Na2CrO4 System
Chengzong JIAN, Yijuan TIAN, Ziwen JIANG, Chunyu YAN, Xuejun QUAN , Gang LI
Affiliations
  • Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.009
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研究了在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中对铬铁矿进行多级浸出,并探讨了铬铁矿中主要金属元素的浸出动力学。结果表明:在粒径45~75 μm、氧化剂Na2CrO4用量为理论量0.6倍、反应时间5 h、反应温度453.15 K、料球质量比1/1、搅拌速度30 r/min、液固体积质量比4 mL/1 g最佳条件下进行3级循环浸出,铬、铁、铝、镁浸出率分别可达91.98%、94.54%、76.62%和78.03%;铬铁矿的酸浸反应受界面化学反应控制,温度在373.15~473.15 K范围内,铬、铁、铝、镁的浸出表观活化能分别为45.80、40.43、42.08和43.54 kJ/mol,浸出效果较好。
铬铁矿  /  铬渣  /  盐酸  /  Na2CrO4  /  浸出  /  多级  /  动力学

The multi-stage leaching of chromite in HCl-Na2CrO4 system has been studied, and the leaching kinetics of main metal elements in chromite has been discussed. The results show that under the optimal conditions of particle size of 45~75 μm, oxidizing agent Na2CrO4 dosage of 0.6 times of theoretical dosage, reaction time of 5 h, reaction temperature of 453.15 K, ball to material mass ratio of 1/1, stirring speed of 30 r/min, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 4 mL/1 g, the three-stage cyclic leaching is carried out, the leaching rates of Cr, Fe, Al and Mg can reach 91.98%, 94.54%, 76.62% and 78.03%, respectively. The acid leaching reaction of chromite is controlled by interfacial chemical reaction. The apparent activation energies of Cr, Fe, Al and Mg are 45.80, 40.43, 42.08 and 43.54 kJ/mol, respectively. In the range of 373.15~473.15 K, and the leaching effect is good.

chromite  /  chromium residue  /  hydrochloric acid  /  Na2CrO4  /  leaching  /  multistage  /  kinetics
蹇成宗, 田仪娟, 蒋子文, 闫春宇, 全学军, 李纲. 铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中的多级浸出动力学研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (4) : 407 -419 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.009
Chengzong JIAN, Yijuan TIAN, Ziwen JIANG, Chunyu YAN, Xuejun QUAN, Gang LI. Multistage Leaching Kinetics of Chromite in HCl-Na2CrO4 System[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (4) : 407 -419 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.009
铬盐作为重要的无机盐产品之一,已广泛应用于冶金、化工、军事、机械、皮革制革等领域[1-2]。目前,国内外铬盐生产的主流工艺为无钙焙烧工艺,但该工艺不可避免地会产生大量铬矿加工残留物(COPR)和Cr(Ⅵ)化合物[8-9]。鉴于Cr(Ⅵ)已被国际癌症研究机构(IARC)列为人类致癌物[10],因此,对铬盐的清洁生产技术的研发引起了国内外的广泛关注[11]
目前,清洁生产铬盐的主要技术包括液相氧化法和酸浸法等。液相氧化法是以高浓度碱性溶液为浸出介质,针对铬铁矿进行加压氧化浸出,但因浸出反应体系中碱性溶液黏度过大,易导致氧气传质缓慢,分离困难,阻碍铬浸出和提纯。酸浸法是用强酸从铬铁矿中提取铬和铝等金属。传统酸浸法破坏矿石中尖晶石结构的能力较低,采用硫酸浸出时,通过合理升高温度、加大压力和酸用量可使铬浸出率提升,但易产生废酸和有毒烟雾,造成严重的环境污染[22-23]。采用盐酸(HCl)为浸出剂时,可分离铬铁矿中大部分金属,且与硫酸浸出工艺相比更易从废酸中回收游离酸[24],有利于HCl介质在酸再生过程中再循环[25],说明以HCl作为浸出剂从铬铁矿中提取金属离子具有一定可行性。为强化传统酸浸法对矿石中尖晶石结构的破坏能力,可通过添加氧化剂将铬铁矿中的Fe(Ⅱ)氧化为Fe(Ⅲ),使尖晶石结构发生畸变,从而破坏尖晶石结构,提高金属浸出率;但高氧化性氧化剂会将铬铁矿中的Cr(Ⅲ)氧化为Cr(Ⅵ),造成Cr(Ⅵ)污染,因此,选择合适的氧化剂对于清洁生产铬盐具有重要意义。
由于铬铁矿的尖晶石结构稳定,单次浸出通常无法将铬铁矿中金属完全浸出,因此,试验研究了以HCl为浸出剂、Na2CrO4为氧化剂对铬铁矿进行常压多级酸浸,确定了最佳酸浸工艺参数,并考察了各因素对铬铁矿浸出率及循环试验结果的影响,探讨了浸出机制、浸出热力学和浸出动力学,通过将未反应完全的铬铁矿进行多级浸出,使铬铁矿中的金属完全浸出,实现铬矿资源化利用,减少铬渣危害。
原料:南非进口铬铁矿,由重庆民丰化工有限责任公司提供。将预处理后铬铁矿在378.15 K下的烘箱内干燥12 h,自然冷却,机械球磨筛分后,收集不同粒度的铬铁矿粉末样品。用光谱XRF分析样品组成,结果见表1。用XRD和SEM对铬铁矿进行分析,确定其矿物组成,并用激光粒度分析仪(Bettersize-2000)测定铬铁矿的粒度分布,结果如图1所示。可以看出:矿石的主要物相为MgCr2O4、(Mg,Fe)(Cr,Fe)2O4、MgFeAlO4和MgSiO3;铬铁矿表面光滑致密且无孔隙,具有典型的尖晶石结构;矿石粒径分布在100 μm以内的铬铁矿占比约为90%,粒径主要聚集在10~100 μm之间。
试剂:浓盐酸(37%)、铬酸钠、硝酸,均为分析纯,购于成都科隆化工有限公司;水为去离子水,由实验室净水系统(重庆摩尔水处理设备有限公司提供)制备。
试验装置如图2所示。首先将铬铁矿、HCl、Na2CrO4和锆球以适当比例装入PTFE罐中;然后将罐置于钢制高压釜中,密封,并插入均相反应器(Kljx-12型,中国烟台科力化工设备有限公司)中;启动系统,加热至预设反应温度(±1 K),同时开启搅拌,控制搅拌速度,开始计时;反应结束后,关闭加热和搅拌系统,移除高压釜,用冷水将反应器喷淋至室温,打开反应器并移除浆料;过滤,得滤液和滤渣。滤渣用去离子水洗涤并进行过滤分离,滤液和洗液置于200 mL容量瓶中。用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定滤液中Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浓度。将铬残留物置于烘箱中于383.15 K下干燥,进一步送分析。
通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定溶液中Cr、Fe、Al和Mg金属离子浓度。将收集的溶液稀释,在同一条件下,测定待测液中金属含量3次,取平均值,相对误差不超过5%,并计算各金属离子浸出率。计算公式如下:
$x=\frac{\rho Vn}{mw}\times 100\%$
式中:x—金属浸出率,%;n—溶液稀释倍数;ρ—浸出液中金属质量浓度,g/L;V—容量瓶中溶解液体积,L;m—铬铁矿质量,g;w—铬铁矿中金属质量分数,%。
分别利用X射线衍射仪(日本岛津,XRD-7000)、蔡司场发射扫描电镜(德国ZEISS,Sigma 300)、能量色散X荧光光谱仪(中国江苏天瑞仪器有限公司,EDX4500H)对铬铁矿及铬渣进行表征分析。
为了研究铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中浸出热力学可行性,利用HSC Chemistry 6软件绘制了Fe-Cr-H2O体系在473.15 K下的Eh-pH关系图(图3)。
图3看出:随pH降低,铬铁矿以Fe2O3(s)、FeCr2O4(s)和Cr2O3等稳定的尖晶石结构转移到浸出液中。高氧化电位有利于FeCr2O4分解,这是因为此时Fe(Ⅱ)会被氧化为Fe(Ⅲ)[28]。当铬铁矿尖晶石中的Fe(Ⅱ)转化为Fe(Ⅲ)时,所产生的晶格畸变会造成尖晶石结构的稳定性下降,可见pH较低时有利于铬和铁的形成。根据上述思路,采用HCl浸出铬铁矿时加入氧化剂Na2CrO4,通过破坏尖晶石稳定性,使其变形,促进铬铁矿浸出。HCl浸出铬铁矿发生的主要反应如下:
FeCr2O4+8HCl═══════FeCl2+2CrCl3+4H2O;
MgCr2O4+8HCl═══════MgCl2+2CrCl3+4H2O;
MgFeAlO4+8HCl═══════FeCl3+MgCl2+AlCl3+4H2O;
MgSiO3+2HCl═══════MgCl2+SiO2+H2O。
铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中发生的化学反应为:
3FeCr2O4+32HCl+Na2CrO4═══════3FeCl3+7CrCl3+2NaCl+16H2O。
在浓盐酸浓度37%、铬铁矿粒径45~75 μm、反应时间3 h、反应温度453.15 K、球料比(锆球质量与铬铁矿总质量比,g/g,下同)1/1、搅拌速度30 r/min、液固体积质量比2 mL/1 g条件下,考察氧化剂Na2CrO4用量对金属浸出率及矿物溶解率的影响,试验结果图4所示。
图4(a)看出:氧化剂用量与金属浸出率呈正相关;Na2CrO4用量从0增至理论量的0.6倍时,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率分别从16.51%、20.42%、27.18%和15.73%提升至31.38%、41.17%、37.19%和30.37%;继续添加Na2CrO4,各金属浸出率升高幅度较小,趋于稳定。这是因为Na2CrO4氧化作用使铬尖晶石在HCl体系中变得不稳定甚至变形,从而使金属浸出率得到提升。由图4(b)看出:随氧化剂用量增加,铬铁矿的矿物溶解率增大;氧化剂用量为理论量的0.6倍时,矿物溶解率达最大,为30.12%,这与金属离子的浸出规律基本一致。综合考虑,选择氧化剂最佳用量为理论量的0.6倍。
在浓盐酸浓度37%、氧化剂用量为理论量0.6倍、反应时间3 h、反应温度453.15 K、球料比1/1、搅拌速度30 r/min、液固体积质量比2 mL/1 g条件下,考察铬铁矿粒径对金属浸出率和矿物溶解率的影响,试验结果如图5所示。
图5看出,随铬铁矿粒径减小,金属浸出率均呈先升高后趋于稳定趋势:粒径为45~75 μm时,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率均达最大,分别为32.70%、41.77%、36.46%和30.22%,此时矿物溶解率为37.53%;矿石粒径0~45 μm时,金属浸出率变化较小,浸出效果不明显。这是由于随矿石粒径减小,硫酸与矿石颗粒之间接触面积增大,有利于金属浸出,从而提高金属离子浸出率;此外,铬铁矿的适度破碎可实现尖晶石和硅酸盐相的部分分离[29],也可促进金属浸出。综合考虑矿石粒径研磨成本和金属浸出率,确定控制矿石粒径在45~75 μm之间为宜。
在浓盐酸浓度37%、铬铁矿粒径45~75 μm、氧化剂用量为理论量0.6倍、反应温度453.15 K、球料比1/1、搅拌速度30 r/min、液固体积质量比2 mL/1 g条件下,考察浸出时间对金属浸出率和矿物溶解率的影响,试验结果如图6所示。
图6(a)看出:随浸出时间延长,各金属离子浸出率均显著提高;浸出5 h时,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率基本达最大,分别为38.81%、54.87%、41.38%和35.05%。这是因为随浸出进行,铬铁矿结构逐渐被酸蚀破坏,金属离子不断被释放,使浸出率提高。可见,为确保所需金属离子浸出率,保证足够的浸出时间或采取措施使固体产物层变薄很有必要[30]。由图6(b)看出:浸出5 h时,铬铁矿的矿物溶解率基本达最大,为40.31%,这与金属离子的浸出规律一致。综合考虑,选择5 h为最佳浸出时间。
在铬铁矿HCl-Na2CrO4浸出过程中,温度是影响反应速度的重要因素之一[31]。在浓盐酸浓度37%、铬铁矿粒径45~75 μm、氧化剂用量为理论量0.6倍、反应时间5 h、球料比1/1、搅拌速度30 r/min、液固体积质量比2 mL/1 g条件下,考察反应温度对金属浸出率和矿物溶解率的影响,试验结果如图7所示。
图7(a)看出:反应温度对金属浸出率的影响显著,呈正相关;温度升至473.15 K时,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率趋于稳定,分别为33.25%、54.59%、41.56%和30.65%。这是由于随温度升高,溶液黏度降低,金属离子可获得更多能量,使得离子间扩散速率加快,有利于氢离子进入固体颗粒,加速矿石分解。由图7(b)看出:反应温度升至473.15 K时,铬铁矿矿物溶解率达43.86%。综合考虑,选择473.15 K为最佳反应温度。
在铬铁矿HCl-Na2CrO4浸出过程中,锆球的添加是关键参数之一,不仅能增强固液混合物均匀性,还可增强传质。在浓盐酸浓度37%、铬铁矿粒径为45~75 μm、氧化剂用量为理论量0.6倍、反应时间为5 h、反应温度为453.15 K、搅拌速度为30 r/min、液固体积质量比为2mL/1 g条件下,考察球料比对金属浸出率和矿物溶解率的影响,试验结果如图8所示。
图8看出:球料比对金属浸出率和矿物溶解率的影响都相对较小。球料比为1/1时,金属离子浸出效果相对最好,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率分别为28.99%、40.17%、38.60%和27.39%,此时,铬铁矿矿物溶解率为33.06%。这是因为随锆球加入量增大,材料混合得更加均匀,能促进浸出反应完成。综合考虑,选择1/1为最佳球料比。
在浓HCl浓度37%、铬铁矿粒径45~75 μm、氧化剂用量为理论量0.6倍、反应时间5 h、反应温度453.15 K、球料比1/1、液固体积质量比2 mL/1 g条件下,考察搅拌速度对金属浸出率和矿物溶解率的影响,试验结果如图9所示。
图9看出:金属离子浸出率随搅拌速度增大变化较小,这可能是因为HCl浸出过程不受液膜扩散的控制[33]导致;搅拌速度为30 r/min时,金属离子浸出率均达最大,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率分别为31.38%、41.17%、33.99%和30.37%,此时,铬铁矿的矿物溶解率为30.12%。这是因为在浸出过程中,搅拌可增加铬铁矿颗粒之间碰撞概率,使其表面的固体产物层不断剥落,暴露出未反应表面,且能促进其与浸出剂之间的相对运动,降低矿石颗粒表面液膜层两侧的浓度差,加快产物从颗粒内部向浸出液的扩散速率,从而提高浸出效率。综合考虑,选择30 r/min为最佳搅拌速度。
铬铁矿的盐酸浸出是一个多相化学反应过程,金属离子浸出率一般会随盐酸浓度增大而提高。铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系的浸出试验中,HCl浓度是重要的影响因素之一。在铬铁矿粒径45~75 μm、氧化剂用量为理论量0.6倍、反应时间5 h、反应温度453.15 K、球料比1/1、搅拌速度30 r/min、液固体积质量比2 mL/1 g条件下,考察盐酸浓度对金属浸出率和矿物溶解率的影响,试验结果如图10所示。
图10看出:盐酸浓度与浸出率呈正相关,盐酸浓度从20%增至37%,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率分别从14.75%、25.24%、20.34%和19.01%升至31.38%、41.17%、37.19%和30.37%。这是由于酸浓度较大可加速矿体表面溶解,增大反应表面积,增加氢离子与铬铁矿之间的接触概率,促进金属浸出。此外,以浓HCl为浸出剂能提高矿物溶解率,盐酸浓度为37%时,矿物溶解率为30.12%。综合考虑,选择37%的HCl为最佳氧化剂。
液固体积质量比对浸出率和矿物溶解率有很大影响[25,37]。在粒径45~75 μm、氧化剂用量为理论量0.6倍、反应时间5 h、反应温度453.15 K、球料比1/1、搅拌速度30 r/min条件下,考察液固体积质量比对金属浸出率和矿物溶解率的影响,试验结果如图11所示。
图11(a)看出:随液固体积质量比增大,金属离子浸出率先升高后略有降低;液固体积质量比大于4 mL/1 g时,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率均达最大,分别为36.64%、52.84%、42.46%和32.39%;之后继续增大液固体积质量比,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率均略有下降。这是由于随液固体积质量比增大,反应体系黏度降低,传质驱动力增大,增加了HCl与反应物的接触概率,促进浸出反应进行。由图11(b)看出:随液固体积质量比增大,矿物溶解率先升高后小幅降低;液固体积质量比为4 mL/1 g时,矿物溶解率达最大,为36.68%。因此,选择4 mL/1 g为最佳液固体积质量比。
根据单次浸出试验确定的最佳条件,在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中对铬铁矿进行多级循环浸出试验[38],探索各金属离子在各浸出阶段的浸出率。循环浸出级数与金属浸出率之间的关系如图12(a)所示。可以看出:进行3级循环浸出时,Cr、Fe、Al和Mg总浸出率分别达91.98%、94.54%、76.62%和78.03%,金属离子浸出率相较单次浸出均有显著提高。浸出级数对矿物溶解率的影响试验结果如图12(b)所示。可以看出:总矿物溶解率分别为61.88%、74.46%、78.65%,各级矿物溶解率分别为61.88%、12.58%和4.19%,表明随循环浸出级数增加,总矿物溶解率提高,但各级矿物溶解率逐渐降低。
铬渣的XRF分析结果见表2。可以看出:当浸出级数为3级浸出时,铬渣中铬、铁质量分数均很低,仅为0.27%、0.88%,表明铬和铁元素基本浸出完全,剩余元素主要为铝、镁和硅,符合金属离子的浸出规律。
利用XRD对3级循环浸出铬渣进行分析,结果如图13所示。可以看出:第1级浸出后,铬渣和铬铁矿的峰位大致相同,其主要物相组成为MgCr2O4、(Mg,Fe)(Cr,Fe)2O4、MgFeAlO4和MgSiO3,但相应的峰值强度较低,表明部分铬铁矿被HCl分解破坏;第2级浸出后,铬渣主要为氧化铝,这与XRF分析结果一致,说明铬渣主要由铝组成。这是因为氯化铝在浓HCl中的溶解度可忽略不计,在浸出过程中极易达到化学平衡,从而抑制铝的浸出。
铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中的浸出是一种液固非催化反应,通常用未反应缩芯模型(或缩芯模型,SCM)来描述。不同浸出时间下所得铬渣的粒度分析结果如图14所示。可以看出:在连续反应过程中,铬铁矿表面不断溶解,铬渣的中值粒径(D50)不断下降,浸出1 h时为56.730 μm,浸出6 h时降至44.280 μm,这表明浸出反应属于典型的缩核模型(SCM)。通常,矿物溶解的动力学主要受以下3个步骤之一控制:液膜扩散控制、界面化学反应控制和固体产物层扩散控制。
本研究可消除通过液膜的扩散,因为浸出反应发生在更高温度下,且分子运动强烈,故铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4溶液中的浸出反应速率主要受界面化学反应控制和固体产物层扩散控制。控制模型方程如下:
$1-{(1-x)}^{\frac{1}{3}}={k}_{1}t$;
$1+2(1-x)-3{(1-x)}^{\frac{2}{3}}={k}_{2}t。$
式中:x—金属浸出率,%;k1k2—界面化学反应控制、固体产物层扩散控制模型反应速率常数min-1;t—反应时间,min。
为了分析HCl浸出铬铁矿过程的动力学,研究了金属离子浸出率在不同温度下随时间的变化情况,结果如图15所示。
图15看出:随浸出时间延长和浸出温度升高,各金属浸出率不断提高,这与HCl浸出工艺条件对铬铁矿的影响规律一致;温度为433.15~473.15 K时,各金属浸出率明显提高;Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率在浸出时间5 h、温度473.15 K时均达最大,之后变化不大,仅有小幅下降。
将试验数据分别代入式(7)、(8)中进行线性拟合,结果如图16所示。对比图16(a1)~(d1)图16(a2)~(d2)看出:图16(a1)~(d1)的线性相关系数更好,拟合相关系数R2在0.945 7~0.996 1之间,说明铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中的浸出过程主要受界面化学反应控制;各金属浸出反应的表观速率常数(拟合直线斜率)随温度升高而增加,表明温度升高有利于反应进行,从而使各金属浸出率提高。
根据Arrhenius方程(式(9))得到ln kT-1的关系曲线(图17)。
$ln k=ln A-\frac{{E}_{a}}{RT}。$
式中:k—化学反应速率常数,min-1;A—频率因子,min-1;R—理想气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);Ea—表观活化能,kJ/mol。
图17看出:拟合相关系数R2在0.983 1和0.994 1之间。通过图中的线性拟合可得到直线斜率,然后将其代入式(9)计算得到浸出过程中Cr、Fe、Al和Mg的表观活化能,分别为45.80、40.43、42.08和43.54 kJ/mol,说明该过程的反应速率由化学反应控制[42]
图18为铬铁矿在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中的浸出机制。初始铬铁矿中的金属离子占据氧骨架的间隙并与氧结合,以尖晶石结构的形式存在。在均匀反应器中的铬铁矿浸出的第1阶段(0~1 h),颗粒通过反应器中锆球的旋转而缓慢破碎,且铬铁矿中尖晶石颗粒之间的硅酸盐相和尖晶石相分离,将包裹的尖晶石相缓慢地暴露于溶液中;第2阶段(1~3 h),氢离子通过裂缝进入内部,为颗粒形成多向裂缝和凹槽;第3阶段(3~5 h),尖晶石中的一些金属离子被氧化,导致离子半径减小,尖晶石晶格畸变,导致铬铁矿稳定性降低,促进颗粒中多向裂纹和凹槽的形成,提高金属离子浸出效率。这解释了Fe(Ⅱ)含量较高的铬铁矿更易分解的原因[36]。随浸出时间延长,一些铬铁矿颗粒无法通过旋转碰撞解离,原因是简单地碰撞不能破坏尖晶石的结构;而且硅酸盐在浸出过程中会产生SiO2,阻碍铬酸钠、氢离子和溶液中尖晶石相之间的进一步接触,降低金属浸出率。包裹在尖晶石中的金属矿物更难浸出,各种金属完全浸出需要更多时间。因此,经过多次浸出循环,金属可以得到完全浸出。
在HCl-Na2CrO4体系中对铬铁矿进行多级浸出,经热力学分析可知,在强酸条件和高氧化电位下,Fe(Ⅱ)极易被氧化为Fe(Ⅲ),从而扭曲和破坏尖晶石结构,使金属离子更易浸出。宏观动力学结果表明,浸出过程由未反应的缩芯模型描述,反应速率控制步骤为界面化学反应控制。铬铁矿经过3级循环浸出,适宜条件下的Cr、Fe、Al和Mg浸出率分别达91.98%、94.54%、76.62%和78.03%,说明多级浸出可使铬铁矿中的主要金属得到有效浸出,提高铬铁矿资源利用率。
  • 重庆英才计划项目(CQYC20210309538)
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2024年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.009
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
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重庆英才计划项目(CQYC20210309538)
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    重庆理工大学 化学化工学院, 重庆 400054

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全学军(1963—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金与材料、工业固废资源化处理及环境化工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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