Article(id=1172617839589602082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)05-0513-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503479143, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503479143, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503479143, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503479143, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172617833407197957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='591', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503477670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758275998347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=513, endPage=523, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172617839866426148, articleId=1172617839589602082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Recovery and Regeneration of Valuable Metals from Cathode Materials of Spent Ternary Lithium-ion Batteries, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cathode material of spent ternary lithium-ion battery is rich in valuable metals such as Li, Ni, Co and Mn, and efficient separation and recovery of these metals is crucial for environmental protection. The principles, conditions and effects of chemical precipitation, solvent extraction and electrochemical deposition for the separation of dissolved Li, Ni, Co and Mn are evaluated and analyzed. According to the failure mechanism of NCM cathode material, the development status, advantages and disadvantages of direct regeneration strategy of solid-state sintering, hydrothermal method and lithium based eutectic molten salt method, and indirect regeneration strategy of coprecipitation method, sol-gel method and electrochemical method are systematically reviewed. The challenges faced in the separation of valuable metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese and the recycling of electrode materials are summarized, and the improvement direction is put forward to provide important guidance for the efficient recycling of valuable metals in the cathode materials of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries.

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退役三元锂离子电池正极材料(NCM)富含Li、Ni、Co、Mn等有价金属,其高效分离与回收对环保至关重要。评价分析了化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法和电化学沉积法分离溶解态Li、Ni、Co、Mn的工艺原理、条件及效果;根据NCM正极材料的失效机制,对直接再生策略的固态烧结、水热法和锂基共晶熔盐法,以及间接再生策略的共沉淀法、溶胶凝胶法和电化学法的发展现状及优缺点进行了系统评述;总结了锂、镍、钴、锰等有价金属分离与电极材料再生过程中面临的挑战,并提出了改进方向,旨在为退役三元锂离子电池正极材料中有价金属的高效回收利用提供重要指导。

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郭慧(1989—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为关键金属矿产资源的高效利用。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pbIGBK+Bp8wIfL+k3JHgzA==, magXml=NXJPzAniIEw1k0JNphss3Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cMJkqC1kis+c8YtFwczlfQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4D2l2vBlT4fi4780F5wSCw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张豪(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为退役三元锂离子电池正极材料的回收利用。

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张豪(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为退役三元锂离子电池正极材料的回收利用。

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张豪(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为退役三元锂离子电池正极材料的回收利用。

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沉淀剂 原理 沉淀金属
离子
优点 缺点 沉淀产物 参考文献
H2C2O4 提供H+,完全电离出的
$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}$易与溶液中的二价
金属阳离子形成草酸沉淀
Co2+ 简单易操作,获
得材料性能好
具有腐蚀性 CoC2O4 [14][15]
KMnO4 利用KMnO4的强氧化性,
将溶液中的Mn2+氧化成
MnO2沉淀
Mn2+ 具有一定的强
氧化性、除锰速
度快、效果好
强腐蚀性 MnO2
Mn2O3
[14]
NaOH 水解后电离出OH-,与金
属离子结合生成氢氧化物
沉淀
Ni2+ 易于调节pH、
反应速度快
引入Na+杂质,Na在工
艺中累积形成大量高溶
解度钠盐,最后通常结晶
为低价值副产物
Ni(OH)2 [16]
(NH4)C2O4 水解可电离出$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$和
$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}$,与金属离子反应可
生成碳酸盐沉淀物
Co2+ 易于调节pH 性质不稳定、易吸潮分解 CoC2O4 [17]
NH3·H2O 与金属离子生成难溶性弱
碱、两性氢氧化物或配合物
Mn2+ 无杂质引入、
pH变化幅度
小、具有缓冲
作用
易挥发造成损失,并对人
体健康和环境造成危害
Mn(OH)2 [16]
丁二酮肟
(C4H8N2O2)
在适当条件下,丁二酮肟与
金属离子形成配合物从溶
液中沉淀出来
Ni2+ 选择性高、沉淀
效率高
有毒 Ni(C4H6N2O2)2 [14][15]
[17]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949664373944379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617839589602082, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沉淀Ni、Co、Mn的常用沉淀剂及沉淀产物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉淀剂 原理 沉淀金属
离子
优点 缺点 沉淀产物 参考文献
H2C2O4 提供H+,完全电离出的
$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}$易与溶液中的二价
金属阳离子形成草酸沉淀
Co2+ 简单易操作,获
得材料性能好
具有腐蚀性 CoC2O4 [14][15]
KMnO4 利用KMnO4的强氧化性,
将溶液中的Mn2+氧化成
MnO2沉淀
Mn2+ 具有一定的强
氧化性、除锰速
度快、效果好
强腐蚀性 MnO2
Mn2O3
[14]
NaOH 水解后电离出OH-,与金
属离子结合生成氢氧化物
沉淀
Ni2+ 易于调节pH、
反应速度快
引入Na+杂质,Na在工
艺中累积形成大量高溶
解度钠盐,最后通常结晶
为低价值副产物
Ni(OH)2 [16]
(NH4)C2O4 水解可电离出$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$和
$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}$,与金属离子反应可
生成碳酸盐沉淀物
Co2+ 易于调节pH 性质不稳定、易吸潮分解 CoC2O4 [17]
NH3·H2O 与金属离子生成难溶性弱
碱、两性氢氧化物或配合物
Mn2+ 无杂质引入、
pH变化幅度
小、具有缓冲
作用
易挥发造成损失,并对人
体健康和环境造成危害
Mn(OH)2 [16]
丁二酮肟
(C4H8N2O2)
在适当条件下,丁二酮肟与
金属离子形成配合物从溶
液中沉淀出来
Ni2+ 选择性高、沉淀
效率高
有毒 Ni(C4H6N2O2)2 [14][15]
[17]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949664474607676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617839589602082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萃取剂 溶液组成/(g·L-1) 萃取条件 萃取率 参考文献
D2EHPA Co:0.175,Ni:0.09,
Mn:5.269,Li:1.248
皂化率70%~75%,萃取时间300 s,
pH=5,VA/VO=1/2,20%D2EHPA
Mn 97% [17]
Mextral272P Co:7.18,Ni:4.29,
Mn:0.045,Li:1.49
萃取时间300 s,平衡pH=4.5,
20%Mextral272P,VA/VO =1/1
Co 97.8% [31]
P507 Co:10.14,Ni:10.30,
Mn:0.20
萃取级数为3,溶液pH=1,
有机相为25%P507+75%磺化煤油,
萃取时间5 min,VA/VO=2/7
Ni >97%,Co >96%,
Mn >97%
[30]
Cyanex 272 Co:13.8,Ni:0.015,
Mn:0.011,Li:2.04
50%皂化0.4 mol/L Cyanex 272,
最佳平衡pH为5.5~6.0,VA/VO =1/2
Co 95%,Ni 1% [32]
LIX84-I+Versatic10 Co:7.887,Ni:7.555,
Mn:7.59,Li:3.24
0.23 mol/L LIX 84-I+1.41 mol/L Versatic 10,
VA/VO =1/1,溶液pH=5,萃取温度25 ℃
Ni 93%,Co 0.23%,
Mn 0.15%,Li 0.19%
[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949664633991229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617839589602082, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

回收退役NMC材料的常用萃取剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萃取剂 溶液组成/(g·L-1) 萃取条件 萃取率 参考文献
D2EHPA Co:0.175,Ni:0.09,
Mn:5.269,Li:1.248
皂化率70%~75%,萃取时间300 s,
pH=5,VA/VO=1/2,20%D2EHPA
Mn 97% [17]
Mextral272P Co:7.18,Ni:4.29,
Mn:0.045,Li:1.49
萃取时间300 s,平衡pH=4.5,
20%Mextral272P,VA/VO =1/1
Co 97.8% [31]
P507 Co:10.14,Ni:10.30,
Mn:0.20
萃取级数为3,溶液pH=1,
有机相为25%P507+75%磺化煤油,
萃取时间5 min,VA/VO=2/7
Ni >97%,Co >96%,
Mn >97%
[30]
Cyanex 272 Co:13.8,Ni:0.015,
Mn:0.011,Li:2.04
50%皂化0.4 mol/L Cyanex 272,
最佳平衡pH为5.5~6.0,VA/VO =1/2
Co 95%,Ni 1% [32]
LIX84-I+Versatic10 Co:7.887,Ni:7.555,
Mn:7.59,Li:3.24
0.23 mol/L LIX 84-I+1.41 mol/L Versatic 10,
VA/VO =1/1,溶液pH=5,萃取温度25 ℃
Ni 93%,Co 0.23%,
Mn 0.15%,Li 0.19%
[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949664814346302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617839589602082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 方法 原理 性能 优点 缺点 参考文献



固态
烧结法
直接补锂,煅烧
修复晶体结构
再生NCM111在0.5 C下循环后200次
充放电容量为129.1 mAh/g。
工艺简单 不能量化锂源添加量 [44]
水热
再生NCM622在0.1 C下
初始充放电容量为175 mAh/g。
废旧材料
与锂源混
合均匀
需在高温高压下
反应,不能量化
锂源添加量
[45]
锂基共
晶熔
盐法
再生NCM523初始充放电容量
从46.8恢复到155.5 mAh/g,
循环200次后容量保持率为88.2%。
反应条件
简单,能耗
需进一步退
火处理,不能量
化锂源添加量
[50]



共沉
淀法
共沉淀过渡金属
获得前驱体
再生NCM111初始充放电容量高于
商用NCM111,0.2 C下循环100次
后容量保持率为91.3%。
成本低,设备少,
使用方便
二次颗粒
结晶度低。
[54]
电化
学法
电解产生的OH-
过渡金属形成共沉淀
物前驱体
再生NCM111在1 C下循环300次
后充放电容量为130.1 mAh/g,
容量保持率为87.55%。
环保可控 设备操作
成本高
[55]
溶胶
凝胶法
有机酸的酸性和螯合
特性,从浸出液中重新
合成正极活性物质
再生NCM111在0.2 C下初始
充放电容量为152.9 mAh/g,循环
100次后容量保持率为95.06%。
无需煅烧 再生材料震动
密度和体积密
度低
[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949665019867199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617839589602082, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

直接再生与间接再生策略的各种方法的原理及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 方法 原理 性能 优点 缺点 参考文献



固态
烧结法
直接补锂,煅烧
修复晶体结构
再生NCM111在0.5 C下循环后200次
充放电容量为129.1 mAh/g。
工艺简单 不能量化锂源添加量 [44]
水热
再生NCM622在0.1 C下
初始充放电容量为175 mAh/g。
废旧材料
与锂源混
合均匀
需在高温高压下
反应,不能量化
锂源添加量
[45]
锂基共
晶熔
盐法
再生NCM523初始充放电容量
从46.8恢复到155.5 mAh/g,
循环200次后容量保持率为88.2%。
反应条件
简单,能耗
需进一步退
火处理,不能量
化锂源添加量
[50]



共沉
淀法
共沉淀过渡金属
获得前驱体
再生NCM111初始充放电容量高于
商用NCM111,0.2 C下循环100次
后容量保持率为91.3%。
成本低,设备少,
使用方便
二次颗粒
结晶度低。
[54]
电化
学法
电解产生的OH-
过渡金属形成共沉淀
物前驱体
再生NCM111在1 C下循环300次
后充放电容量为130.1 mAh/g,
容量保持率为87.55%。
环保可控 设备操作
成本高
[55]
溶胶
凝胶法
有机酸的酸性和螯合
特性,从浸出液中重新
合成正极活性物质
再生NCM111在0.2 C下初始
充放电容量为152.9 mAh/g,循环
100次后容量保持率为95.06%。
无需煅烧 再生材料震动
密度和体积密
度低
[58]
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退役三元锂离子电池正极材料中有价金属的回收与再生研究进展
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张豪 1 , 宋东祺 1 , 闫庆康 1 , 柏明军 2 , 万浩 3 , 郭慧 1
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(5): 513-523
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(5): 513-523
退役三元锂离子电池正极材料中有价金属的回收与再生研究进展
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张豪1, 宋东祺1, 闫庆康1, 柏明军2, 万浩3, 郭慧1
作者信息
  • 1 郑州大学 化工学院, 河南 郑州 450001
  • 2 重庆理工大学 材料科学与工程学院, 重庆 400054
  • 3 郑州大学 中原关键金属实验室, 河南 郑州 450001
  • 张豪(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为退役三元锂离子电池正极材料的回收利用。

通讯作者:

郭慧(1989—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为关键金属矿产资源的高效利用。E-mail:
Research Progress on Recovery and Regeneration of Valuable Metals from Cathode Materials of Spent Ternary Lithium-ion Batteries
Hao ZHANG1, Dongqi SONG1, Qingkang YAN1, Mingjun BAI2, Hao WAN3, Hui GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
  • 3 Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.006
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退役三元锂离子电池正极材料(NCM)富含Li、Ni、Co、Mn等有价金属,其高效分离与回收对环保至关重要。评价分析了化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法和电化学沉积法分离溶解态Li、Ni、Co、Mn的工艺原理、条件及效果;根据NCM正极材料的失效机制,对直接再生策略的固态烧结、水热法和锂基共晶熔盐法,以及间接再生策略的共沉淀法、溶胶凝胶法和电化学法的发展现状及优缺点进行了系统评述;总结了锂、镍、钴、锰等有价金属分离与电极材料再生过程中面临的挑战,并提出了改进方向,旨在为退役三元锂离子电池正极材料中有价金属的高效回收利用提供重要指导。

退役三元锂离子电池  /  正极材料  /  分离  /  再生  /  有价金属  /  研究进展

The cathode material of spent ternary lithium-ion battery is rich in valuable metals such as Li, Ni, Co and Mn, and efficient separation and recovery of these metals is crucial for environmental protection. The principles, conditions and effects of chemical precipitation, solvent extraction and electrochemical deposition for the separation of dissolved Li, Ni, Co and Mn are evaluated and analyzed. According to the failure mechanism of NCM cathode material, the development status, advantages and disadvantages of direct regeneration strategy of solid-state sintering, hydrothermal method and lithium based eutectic molten salt method, and indirect regeneration strategy of coprecipitation method, sol-gel method and electrochemical method are systematically reviewed. The challenges faced in the separation of valuable metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese and the recycling of electrode materials are summarized, and the improvement direction is put forward to provide important guidance for the efficient recycling of valuable metals in the cathode materials of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries.

spent ternary lithium-ion batteries  /  cathode material  /  separation  /  regeneration  /  valuable metals  /  research progress
张豪, 宋东祺, 闫庆康, 柏明军, 万浩, 郭慧. 退役三元锂离子电池正极材料中有价金属的回收与再生研究进展. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (5) : 513 -523 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.006
Hao ZHANG, Dongqi SONG, Qingkang YAN, Mingjun BAI, Hao WAN, Hui GUO. Research Progress on Recovery and Regeneration of Valuable Metals from Cathode Materials of Spent Ternary Lithium-ion Batteries[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (5) : 513 -523 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.006
三元镍钴锰锂离子电池以其高能量密度和优异的循环性能被广泛应用于新能源汽车行业[1],预计到2025年,三元锂离子电池的市场份额占比将超过40%[2]。退役三元锂离子电池中有价金属的品位远高于天然矿石[3-5],其中含Li 3%~7%,Ni 5%~10%,Co 10%~20%,Mn 10%~15%[6],被称作“城市矿产”。有价金属的有效回收利用不仅能解决环境污染问题,还能在一定程度上缓解资源供需紧张,具有较高的环境与经济双重效益[7]
目前,从三元材料中提取有价金属的主流工艺包括两类:一类是以发达国家常用的Umicore工艺为代表的火法(联合湿法)工艺;另一类是国内企业采用较多的湿法浸出工艺,即将浸出液中的Li、Ni、Co、Mn等有价金属通过化学沉淀、溶剂萃取和电化学沉积等工艺分离提取并获得对应的产品,或通过共沉淀和溶胶-凝胶等间接再生策略再生为NCM材料[8]。固相烧结和水热法等再生NCM正极材料的直接再生策略无须经过焙烧、浸出等步骤,而是基于NCM的失效机制,通过补锂恢复结构的手段实现NCM正极材料的再生。
本文从金属分离与材料再生两个角度深入分析了NCM中有价金属的回收利用策略。评价分析了化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法和电化学沉积法分离纯化退役NCM浸出液中有价金属离子的机制、效果及优劣势。系统阐述了补锂修复缺陷结构的直接再生和基于湿法冶金的间接再生NCM正极材料策略的原理及优缺点。对有价金属分离与NCM材料再生面临的挑战进行了总结,并展望了未来改进发展方向。
通过火法焙烧—浸出联合工艺能高效浸出退役NCM材料中的锂、镍、钴、锰,但所用浸出剂多为无机酸,其对金属选择性较差,导致浸出液中仍含有少量Al、Fe等杂质,因此对浸出液进行分离纯化十分必要。目前,从退役NCM浸出液中分离有价金属的方法主要有化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法和电化学沉积法3种。化学沉淀法能够实现金属离子的初步分离,其中沉淀剂的选择性是实现金属离子有效分离的关键;溶剂萃取法对金属有较高的选择性,是分离有价元素常用的方法之一,可有效解决杂质与有价金属掺杂的问题;电化学沉积法分离的产品纯度更高,适用于分离具有还原电势的金属离子[9]
化学沉淀法是通过向浸出液中加入含有OH-、$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}$和$\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$等特殊阴离子的沉淀剂,使其与有价金属离子反应生成沉淀物以达到分离目的的方法[10-12]。溶液中的Li+通常采用饱和Na2CO3为沉淀剂进行分离,使Li+以Li2CO3形式析出,但由于浸出液中Li+浓度通常较低,且Li2CO3微溶于水,在析出Li之前需对溶液进行浓缩[13]。Ni、Co、Mn可根据沉淀物溶度积不同选择沉淀剂依次进行沉淀。沉淀Ni、Co、Mn的常用沉淀剂及沉淀产物见表1
石秋成等[16]研究了采用分步沉淀法回收NCM浸出液中的Ni、Co、Mn。首先用NH3·H2O沉淀Mn2+,在pH=9碱性条件下,Ni2+、Co2+与NH3·H2O反应生成配合物[Ni(NH3)6]2+、[Co(NH3)6]2+,此时Mn2+以Mn(OH)2形式优先其他金属离子沉淀分离;过滤后再加入Na2CO3调节溶液pH=10,使Co2+以CoCO3和Co(OH)2形式沉淀;最后再加入NaOH调节溶液pH=11,将Ni2+以Ni(OH)2形式沉淀。结果表明:Ni2+、Co2+、Mn2+回收率分别为98.28%、98.10%、98.32%。Chen X.P.等[14]研究了通过多步沉淀工艺从浸出溶液中分离Mn、Ni、Co和Li。首先添加0.5 mol/L KMnO4溶液使Mn完全沉淀为MnO2或Mn2O3;然后用0.2 mol/L丁二酮肟(DMG)溶液、0.5 mol/L草酸和0.5 mol/L磷酸逐步沉淀Ni、Co和Li,生成Ni(C4H6N2O2)2、CoC2O4和Li3PO4,最终使得Mn、Ni、Co和Li得到有效分离。
化学沉淀法也常与溶剂萃取法联合使用,从复杂浸出液中回收有价金属[18-19]。Chen X.P.等[17]首先用丁二酮肟和草酸铵溶液依次沉淀Ni和Co;然后用D2EHPA萃取Mn,再用硫酸溶液洗脱,以MnSO4形式回收Mn;剩余的Li用Na3PO4溶液沉淀,以Li3PO4形式回收,Li、Ni、Co和Mn回收率分别为89%、98%、97%和97%,此工艺流程回收效率高且绿色环保,浸出液中所有金属均能有效分离回收。Li C.Y.等[15]首先用H2O2还原—H2SO4浸出工艺浸出NCM正极材料中的有价金属,再加入丁二酮肟分离Ni2+,使其以Ni(C4H8N2O2)2沉淀形式分离;然后用双-2-乙基己基磷酸(P204)和双(2,4,4-三甲基戊基)次磷酸(C272)分步萃取除镍后液中的Mn和Co。在最佳萃取条件下,Li、Ni、Co和Mn回收率分别为91.39%、96.84%、81.46%和92.65%;萃取机制为阳离子交换反应,即金属离子与有机溶剂P—OH中的H+离子交换,以及微量金属离子与P—O的配位;负载有机相中的金属用稀硫酸反萃取到溶液中,用KMnO4、H2C2O4和Na2CO3沉淀回收Mn2+、Co2+、Li+,分别以MnO2、CoC2O4和Li2CO3形式得以回收。该法将化学沉淀法与溶剂萃取法相结合,优化了从退役三元锂离子电池中分离回收有价金属的技术路线,丁二酮肟和萃取剂可回收再利用,大大降低了回收成本,可为退役NCM正极材料的回收提供参考。
化学沉淀法操作流程短、工艺较简单、分离提纯效果好,如要提高回收镍钴锰等有价金属回收率,选用合适的沉淀剂和沉淀条件是关键[20]
溶剂萃取法是湿法冶金领域分离有价金属的常用方法之一,是利用溶质在两种互不相溶或微溶溶剂中的溶解度或分配系数不同,使溶质从一种溶剂转移至另一种溶剂中,达到分离溶质的目的[21-22]。通过选择合适的萃取剂和操作条件可以高效快速分离三元锂离子电池正极材料浸出液中的有价金属离子。常用的萃取剂可分为酸性和中性两种。其中,酸性萃取剂又可分为有机磷酸萃取剂和羧酸萃取剂[23]。用于萃取分离Li、Ni、Co、Mn的萃取剂主要有Cyanex272[24-26]、D2EHPA[27]、Versatic10[28-29]和P507[30](2-乙基己基膦酸单(2-乙基己基)酯)等。回收退役NMC材料常用萃取剂见表2
Wang F.等[33]研究了从含Co、Ni、Mn和Cu的NCM浸出液中萃取回收钴。首先分别在pH为2.7和2.6条件下,采用皂化率为20%的D2EHPA进行两步萃取,将Cu2+、Mn2+几乎全部去除;之后在pH=4.25条件下,采用皂化率20%的PC-88A萃取Co2+,萃取率可达80.13%,此时仅有少量Ni进入萃取有机相。D2EHPA和PC-88A的最佳萃取条件均为磺化煤油体积70%,VA/VO=1/1,萃取时间10 min。Kang J.G.等[32]采用皂化率50%的0.4 mol/L Cyanex272萃取NCM浸出液中的Co,在最佳平衡pH为5.5~6.0条件下,Co萃取率为95~98%,Ni萃取率为1%。Chen X.P.等[17]首先使用化学沉淀法除去正极浸出液中的Ni和Co,然后以皂化率70%的D2EHPA作为萃取剂提取溶液中的Mn。在有机相中D2EHPA体积分数为20%、萃取时间300 s、pH = 5、VA/VO= 1/2最佳条件下,Mn萃取率可达97%,该过程的萃取机制如图1所示。最后用H2SO4反萃取有机相中的Mn,Mn可以MnSO4形式回收。
Tan J.等[22]以P507/TBP/磺化煤油为萃取剂,研究了采用萃取—再萃取的方法,并利用微分散的(G1/L1+G2)/L2乳液结构,分离NCM浸出液中的Co/Li。结果表明:通过对乳液结构和分散方法进行优化,使得分离性能和质量传递特性提高;利用膜分散组件制备的微分散油包水(O/W)预乳化液能有效提高萃取效率;设计的G1/O/W型乳状液中G1为含萃取剂的有机相,通过特殊方式将黏性油滴转化为液膜,可进一步减小有机相传质阻力,极大增加油水接触面积,从而加速萃取反应;针对G1/W型乳状液,通过引入新型双膜分散组件,制备的G2/W(O+G2)/W复杂乳状液结构可进一步优化G2/W体积比,提升系统稳定性和萃取效率;在优化条件下,仅需7.35 mL接触体积即可去除99.1%的Co2+,该萃取体系及乳液技术具有一定的高效性和实用性。
溶剂萃取法对金属离子的选择性更高,是目前工业上应用广泛的金属分离方法,但有机溶剂通常成本较高,因此将沉淀法与萃取法联合使用有利于降低金属离子分离成本。
电化学沉积法是指溶液中的金属离子在外加电压作用下获得电子并沉积在正极上达到分离目的的方法。离子沉积的顺序与沉积金属离子的性质(氧化还原电势)、电解液的组成、pH、温度和电流密度等因素有关[34]。因此,通过调节上述条件可使特定的金属离子优先还原,从而实现不同金属元素的分步回收。电化学过程简单且易于控制和放大,主要消耗电力,在能源转型背景下的绿电使用使之更具有优势[35]。将电化学沉积方法应用于废旧锂离子电池的回收,以外加电流作为反应驱动力,取代传统的化学浸出,可大大提高回收效率,同时减少试剂消耗和环境危害[36]
Prabaharan等[37]研究了采用电化学沉积法分离三元正极材料中的Co、Cu和Mn。结果表明:在电化学浸出阶段,控制电流密度为400 A/m2,用2 mol/L硫酸浸出3 h,能浸出99%以上的Co和Mn,在此过程中,Cu能从正极中自然回收,简化工艺流程,且通过电解可精准分离出Co和Mn;最终Co、Cu和Mn的总回收率分别达96%、97%和99%以上,得到的Co、Cu、MnO2等产品纯度分别达99.2%、99.5%和96%。该法清洁环保,容易控制,具有一定的工业化生产潜力和商业价值。Li X.H.等[38]采用了一种创新的电化学方法处理NCM正极材料。先用10 mol/L HCl溶液浸出溶解其中的有价金属,然后用LiOH调节pH至3.0;之后分别以PDADMA/Cu(0.07 mg/cm2)电极作为正极、Pt作为负极进行电沉积,使大部分Co2+沉积在正极上,实现Co与Ni的初步分离;负极的溶解促进了Co/Ni重新释放至HCl溶液中,便于后续次级电解富集处理;PDADMA驱动的第二电极的重复定位使Co纯度明显提升至(96.4±3.1)%;分离钴后的含镍电解液与第一次电解后浸出液共沉淀,制得了纯度为(94.1±2.3)%的金属镍;PDADMA/Cu电极可重复使用,LiOH的消耗构成了主要成本,但通过回收LiCl可降低该费用;实验室研究阶段可获得95%的金属回收率,且回收1 kg废NCM粉末的利润为0.2美元,但大规模应用仍有难度,包括进一步提高金属离子的选择性,确保金属产品纯度达到要求等。Kim等[39]研究了将电解质控制和界面设计协同组合在电沉积过程中高度选择性分离Co和Ni。该法是利用高浓度氯化物体系中[CoCl4]2-阴离子配合物的形成特性控制Co的沉积形态,同时保持Ni以[Ni(H2O)5Cl]+形式稳定存在,从而实现镍钴初步分离。为了进一步提升分离效果,以带正电荷的聚(二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵)为聚电解质调控剂,通过静电稳定化改变[CoCl4]2-的迁移率;此外,通过优化聚电解质的负载量调节Co的选择性,再通过使用聚合物涂层,进一步增强选择性,最终获得Co和Ni的纯度分别达(96.4±3.1)%和(94.1±2.3)%的金属产品。该法通过选择性电沉积能实现废旧电池金属的有效回收和再利用。
电化学沉积法对金属离子的选择性比化学沉淀法和溶剂萃取法更高,无废液等污染性物质产生[40];但存在能耗高、设备复杂、杂质要求苛刻等缺点,限制了其在工业上规模化应用。
正极材料的再生分为直接再生策略和间接再生策略。直接再生策略因能对废正极材料的直接修复而不破坏其原始晶体结构和化学组成而成为了一种有潜力的方法[19];间接再生策略是通过湿法冶金工艺从滤液中再生NCM材料,即先通过预处理得到NCM正极电极粉末,之后选用合适浸出剂浸出得到含过渡金属离子的浸出液,最后通过调节浸出液中过渡金属离子比例,采用共沉淀法或溶胶凝胶法再生NCM正极材料。
退役正极材料长期循环后会导致结构缺陷和电化学失效,这些现象主要归因于晶体结构中锂离子的损失。补充锂修复结构缺陷是直接再生策略之一,通过直接补充损失的锂,并同步修复受损的晶体结构,恢复或提升材料的电化学性能[41-43]。相较于其他需先将金属离子预浸提到溶液中的再生方法,直接再生过程的酸碱等化学试剂消耗量较低,环境污染程度低。根据工艺不同,直接再生策略可分为固态烧结法、水热法和锂基共晶熔盐法等。
固态烧结法类似于正极材料的生产工艺,是在高温条件下驱动锂离子嵌入废正极材料的晶体结构中,实现高结晶度并再生具有理论化学计量的正极材料。Chi Z.X.等[44]研究了采用固态烧结法直接再生NCM111。首先将预处理粉碎后正极粉末在空气气氛、450 ℃下进行煅烧,以完全去除废旧正极板中的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF);然后手动分离出正极粉末,放入填充氧气的管式炉中,在500 ℃下初步再生处理2 h,再分别在800、850、900 ℃下煅烧12 h,以获得再生的NCM111材料锂空位,并通过分解的表面锂杂质使之得到补充;再生的NCM111与退役的NCM相比,循环稳定性更好(0.5 C下循环200次,容量为129.1 mAh/g),且具有有序的层状结构;该法可显著提高废旧正极材料的电化学性能,高效回收其中的锂,能耗低于制造商用NCM材料。该研究结果不仅能为退役正极材料的再生机制提供一种新途径,也能为绿色回收退役正极材料提供一定实践指导。
水热法是在相对较低温度(120~220 ℃)下,借助于还原剂,在富锂溶液中再生废正极材料的方法[45]。该法一般以水作为反应介质,目的是确保再锂化过程均匀,同时还需要一个短时间的退火步骤来提高产品结晶度;另外,该法需在高压环境下进行,存在较大安全隐患。Yu X.L.等[46]通过引入低浓度(1%~3%)的氧化还原介体及绿色还原剂(如乙醇、过氧化氢或乙二醇),使水热锂化温度从220 ℃降至100 ℃,甚至更低,成功地对LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2(NCM111)、NCM622废正极材料进行再生。在此过程中,以LiOH溶液为锂源,恢复了材料的锂含量、晶体结构和电化学性能。结果表明:再生后NCM材料的锂含量几乎恢复到原始状态,且Li/Ni混合比显著降低;再生的NCM622在0.1 C条件下,容量从初始的121 mAh/g提升至175 mAh/g;锂化温度和反应压力的降低,使能耗大幅降低,对设备要求也大大降低,这极大增强了工艺的可扩展性,有利于工业化应用。
锂基共晶熔盐法已被用于NCM正极材料的锂源补充。与水热法相比,该法显著降低了对温度和压力的要求,使得NCM材料的再生能在相对温和条件下进行[47]。该法的优势在于其体系黏度较低,离子扩散速率较高,更有利于晶体结构重塑[48-49]。当锂基共晶熔盐在足够高的温度下呈现熔融态时,其内部增强的锂离子扩散会进一步促进正极材料的再生,使得修复效果得到显著提升。
Qin Z.Y.等[50]研究了在三元熔盐中,于400 ℃下对废NCM正极粉末进行再生的方法,并在氧气气氛中退火,补充废旧NCM中损失的锂元素及其结构降解。结果表明:再生后的NCM正极材料在0.5 C下可提供160 mAh/g的可逆容量,循环100次后保持率高达93.7%;与商用NCM正极材料相比,再生后NCM正极材料的化学性能更佳。熔盐法在直接再生NCM正极材料方面具有一定可行性,能为废旧锂离子电池的循环利用提供一种新的思路和方法。
Liu X.等[51]提出了采用有机锂盐辅助低共熔盐方法直接再生NCM正极材料。首先控制LiOH、LiNO3、水杨酸锂(LSA)物质的量比为2∶3∶5,制备混合的低共熔盐体系;再将其与NCM正极粉按照物质的量比1∶1混合,并充分研磨;之后在200~400 ℃下煅烧4 h,以促进锂离子的扩散和正极材料的重构;煅烧后样品用去离子水和乙醇各洗涤3次,之后在70 ℃下干燥10 h;为了补偿高温处理过程中可能发生的锂损失,最后将干燥产物与过量的5%碳酸锂混合,并在850 ℃下烧结6 h,完成NCM材料再生。研究结果表明:初始容量仅为46.8 mAh/g的NCM材料再生后的容量可恢复到155.5 mAh/g,容量保持率达95.6%,电化学性能几乎完全得到了恢复;再生NCM材料经过200次循环后,仍能保持优异的比容量(136.9 mAh/g),容量保持率为88.2%,循环稳定性良好。与传统的直接共晶盐再生方法相比,该有机锂盐辅助方法不仅能保持低碳操作优势,还能有效提升经济效益,并通过优化工艺条件实现材料性能的最大化恢复。该法不仅具有一定实际工业应用的潜力,还能为其他废旧电池材料的直接回收策略的开发提供重要参考和启发。
间接再生策略是采用共沉淀、溶胶凝胶或电化学沉积等工艺将浸出液中的有价金属离子沉淀分离之后再进行一系列后续处理得到再生NCM正极材料前驱体的方法。
共沉淀法是通过向NCM正极材料浸出液中加入共沉淀剂形成NCM前驱体进而制备再生NCM正极材料的方法。Yang Y.等[52]基于简单的共萃取和共沉淀工艺,研究了一种提取过渡金属、回收锂和再生正极材料的新工艺。首先用D2EHPA从锂浸出液中萃取分离Mn、Co、Ni,萃取率分别为100%、99%、85%;然后通过沉淀法从萃余液中以Li2CO3形式沉淀Li,Li2CO3纯度为99.2%;最后用0.5 mol/L H2SO4汽提负载有机相,并通过共沉淀法从汽提液中直接再生正极材料NCM111。研究结果表明,NCM111为微小球形,不含任何杂质,能达到国标要求,具有良好的电化学性能。曹玲等[53]研究了采用酸浸+共沉淀法制备共沉淀前驱体材料。首先采用磷酸+过氧化氢溶液将正极材料溶解,并将锂与钴镍锰分开,得到含钴镍锰金属的混合溶液;之后通过加入草酸,制得草酸共沉淀前体材料(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)C2O4;最后通过补充锂源,煅烧合成NCM111正极材料。合成的正极材料初次充放电容量可达136.4 mAh/g,电化学性能良好。Refly等[54]研究了采用抗坏血酸浸出—草酸共沉淀—热处理工艺从废旧锂离子电池中再生NCM111正极材料。结果表明:抗坏血酸能从废旧NCM111正极材料中浸出Li+、Ni2+、Co2+和Mn2+,浸出率相对较高,均可达90%;草酸共沉淀法能以金属草酸盐MC2O4·2H2O (M=Ni、Mn、Co)形式有效回收滤液中的过渡金属离子,析出物中Ni、Co、Mn质量分数比约为1∶1∶1,Mn略低;在800~950 ℃下对金属草酸盐进行热处理可再生出具有层状结构的NCM(R-NCM)材料,该材料可用作锂离子电池正极;在900 ℃下合成的R-NCM正极电池的初始放电容量(0.2 C,164.9 mAh/g)略高于商用NCM(0.2 C,157.4 mAh/g),且锂离子电池在0.2 C下循环100次后的容量保持率为91.3%,性能十分稳定。
Luo Y.等[55]研究了一种由二甲基锡(DMT)、草酸(OA)和水组成的低黏度深共晶溶剂(DES),该溶剂与其他DES系统不同,可选择性浸出NCM正极材料中的锂,Ni+、Co2+和Mn2+则可通过与草酸根形成沉淀物留在渣相中。结果表明:在水添加量30%、DMT∶OA质量比1∶1、温度60 ℃、浸出时间15 min最佳条件下,DES对Li的选择性浸出率可达99.98%;在浸出过程中可实现前驱体的原位再生,再生后前驱体可用于生产新的NCM523再生电池,其首次充、放电容量分别为166.8和138.4 mAh/g,与商用NCM523电池相当。通过该DES系统实现的金属离子分离与前驱体再生技术,能保持电池性能,并具有良好的应用前景和经济价值。
电化学法是利用电解体系产生的OH-与过渡金属离子结合形成共沉淀前驱体进而再生NCM正极材料的方法[56]。Yang S.L.等[57]研究了采用电化学法直接再生NCM正极材料,通过一步可控电化学沉淀、并在不添加任何分离或沉淀剂条件下,实现NCM废料酸性浸出液中Li与Ni、Co、Mn的完全分离。研究结果表明:电解体系自身产生的OH-与浸出液中的Ni2+、Co2+和Mn2+结合形成了M(OH)x(M=Ni、Co和Mn)共沉淀物,可作为制备NCM的前驱体;在外加电压32 V、电流密度0.56 A/cm2、电极间距12 cm、电解时间1 h条件下,Ni2+、Co2+和Mn2+沉淀率接近100%;蒸发剩余的含Li溶液能得到LiOH,这2种氢氧化物可直接用于再生具有优异电化学性能的新型NCM正极材料;再生的NCM锂电池在1 C下循环300次,充放电容量仍保持在130.1 mAh/g,容量保持率为87.55%。该技术大大降低了试剂消耗,减少了回收步骤,且清洁无污染,但电化学设备成本较高,限制其工业化推广应用。
溶胶凝胶法是利用有机酸的酸性和螯合特性,从浸出液中重新合成正极活性物质的方法。崔鹏媛等[58]研究了以苹果酸为浸出剂、过氧化氢为还原剂浸出废旧三元锂离子电池中的Li、Ni、Co、Mn,并利用溶胶凝胶法再生正极材料。Li、Ni、Co、Mn浸出率分别为99.95%、99.75%、99.81%、99.93%。该法首先通过向浸出液中补充金属离子,使Li、Ni、Co、Mn物质的量比为1.05∶0.5∶0.2∶0.3,再加入氨水调节pH为8,在80 ℃下搅拌,形成透明黏稠的湿凝胶;之后将湿凝胶在120 ℃下干燥12 h,得干凝胶;干凝胶在马弗炉中分段煅烧,第1段在450 ℃下煅烧4 h,第2段在850 ℃下煅烧10 h,冷却后碾磨均匀形成再生正极材料。测试结果表明,再生的正极材料表明光滑,结晶度好,电化学性能良好。
Yao L.等[59]研究了采用DL-苹果酸为浸出剂和配合剂,通过溶胶凝胶法再生NCM111正极材料。首先将浸出液中Li、Ni、Co、Mn的物质的量比调节为1.05∶0.33∶0.33∶0.33,并通过添加相应的金属硝酸盐调节金属离子浓度均为1.0 mol/L,再将pH调节至8.0;将溶液在80 ℃的水浴中加热,得到透明凝胶,透明凝胶在110 ℃的烘箱中干燥后,在常温下预热至400 ℃,分解有机化合物;前驱体混合物冷却至室温后,再次研磨,并在650~950 ℃下加热2~8 h,可得再生NCM111正极材料。电化学性能测试结果表明:在0.2 C下,再生正极材料的初始充放电容量为152.9 mAh/g,经100次循环,容量保持率为95.06%,电化学循环性能良好,可以满足新型锂离子电池的生产要求。
直接再生策略无须将金属离子预先溶解到浸出液中,因此对酸碱等化学试剂的依赖较小[60]。该法具有较高的经济性,对环境的影响较小,但锂源溶液的量化存在一定困难。间接再生策略可以实现较高的材料回收率,但需使用大量化学试剂,易对环境造成影响。直接再生与间接再生策略的各种方法的原理及优缺点见表3。目前工业上对三元正极材料再生通常采用间接再生策略,直接再生策略因存在锂源溶液回收困难问题,在工业中应用较少,但近十年来关于直接再生策略的研究逐年增加,基本与间接再生策略的研究数量相当[8],表明直接再生策略逐渐受到关注,其规模化应用前景良好。
随着电动汽车行业的快速发展产生了大量退役三元锂离子电池,也产生了含Li、Ni、Co、Mn等有价金属的废三元材料,如何从此类二次资源中高效分离与回收有价金属越来越受到关注。
现有的分离Li、Ni、Co、Mn的方法各有优缺点。化学沉淀法工艺简单,Li通常以Li2CO3沉淀的形式回收,但Ni、Co、Mn分离效果不佳,且沉淀剂会与杂质离子形成沉淀物影响回收产物的纯度。溶剂萃取法是金属分离的主流工艺,能快速高效萃取金属离子,金属回收率比化学沉淀法更高,但存在Ni和Co分离效果不佳、萃取剂成本高、不能循环使用等问题。电化学沉积法能得到较高纯度的金属单质,但设备成本高限制其工业推广应用。针对浸出液中复杂多样的金属离子成分(包括Li、Ni、Co、Mn、Cu、Fe、Al等),当前采用的化学沉淀与溶剂萃取联合工艺(如先萃取Ni,再用沉淀剂调节溶液pH梯次沉淀Li、Co、Mn等)步骤繁琐,效率有待提升,因此,仍需研发选择性更强的新型萃取剂或沉淀剂以优化回收效率,特别是重点研发可循环利用萃取剂。
补锂直接修复缺陷结构的直接再生策略,如固态烧结法和水热法,工艺简单,可简化湿法分离过程,今后应重点关注如何量化锂源的添加量,并深入分析再生过程杂质离子迁移行为及其对再生电极材料性能的影响。基于湿法冶金的间接再生策略可以先对溶液净化除杂,再利用共沉淀法或溶胶凝胶法进行前驱体的制备,工艺简单,条件可控。针对间接再生策略的共沉淀法,今后应特别关注二次结晶颗粒的聚集问题;而溶胶凝胶法无须高温烧结,颗粒分布均匀,但制备的正极材料往往存在震动密度和体积密度低等问题,多数螯合化合物都是带有羟基或羧基的有机酸,而有机酸又必须陈化后干燥,会造成耗时长、成本高等问题,因此,开发成本低、浸出效率高、生态友好的螯合剂将是溶胶凝胶法的未来发展方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(52104271)
  • 河南省自然科学基金资助项目(242300421222)
  • 冶金减排与资源综合利用教育部重点实验室开放基金资助项目(JKF24-02)
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.006
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(52104271)
河南省自然科学基金资助项目(242300421222)
冶金减排与资源综合利用教育部重点实验室开放基金资助项目(JKF24-02)
作者信息
    1 郑州大学 化工学院, 河南 郑州 450001
    2 重庆理工大学 材料科学与工程学院, 重庆 400054
    3 郑州大学 中原关键金属实验室, 河南 郑州 450001

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郭慧(1989—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为关键金属矿产资源的高效利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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