Article(id=1172617837542785559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)05-0483-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503478656, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503478656, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503478656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503478656, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172617833407197957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='591', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503477670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758275998347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=483, endPage=488, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172617837756695064, articleId=1172617837542785559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Advances in Microbial Biogeochemical Cycling of Uranium, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uranium is a widely distributed radioactive heavy metal on Earth, and its geochemical cycling is regulated by various microorganisms. This paper critically reviews the roles of microbes in the transformation of uranium species, including reductive immobilization, non-reductive immobilization, oxidative migration, and non-oxidative migration. By exploring the interaction between uranium and microorganisms in natural environments, a profound understanding of uranium migration, transformation, and enrichment mechanisms is achieved, thereby providing guiding insights for the exploration of uranium resources, the safe disposal of radioactive uranium-containing waste, and the remediation of heavy metal uranium pollution.

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铀元素是地球上广泛分布的放射性重金属元素之一,其地球化学循环过程受到多种微生物的调控。重点综述了微生物在铀元素形态转化过程中的作用机制,包括还原固定、非还原固定、氧化迁移及非氧化迁移。通过自然环境中铀元素-微生物之间相互作用的探讨,分析了铀元素的迁移、转化和富集机制,从而为铀矿资源勘探开发、放射性含铀废料安全处置及重金属铀污染防治修复提供指导性意见。

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夏庆银(1995—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为铀元素生物地球化学循环、铀矿采冶及共伴生矿产资源综合利用。

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夏庆银(1995—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为铀元素生物地球化学循环、铀矿采冶及共伴生矿产资源综合利用。

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夏庆银(1995—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为铀元素生物地球化学循环、铀矿采冶及共伴生矿产资源综合利用。

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铀元素微生物地球化学循环研究进展
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夏庆银 , 刘龙成 , 牛玉清
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(5): 483-488
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(5): 483-488
铀元素微生物地球化学循环研究进展
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夏庆银, 刘龙成, 牛玉清
作者信息
  • 核工业北京化工冶金研究院, 北京 101149
  • 夏庆银(1995—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为铀元素生物地球化学循环、铀矿采冶及共伴生矿产资源综合利用。

Research Advances in Microbial Biogeochemical Cycling of Uranium
Qingyin XIA, Longcheng LIU, Yuqing NIU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.002
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铀元素是地球上广泛分布的放射性重金属元素之一,其地球化学循环过程受到多种微生物的调控。重点综述了微生物在铀元素形态转化过程中的作用机制,包括还原固定、非还原固定、氧化迁移及非氧化迁移。通过自然环境中铀元素-微生物之间相互作用的探讨,分析了铀元素的迁移、转化和富集机制,从而为铀矿资源勘探开发、放射性含铀废料安全处置及重金属铀污染防治修复提供指导性意见。

铀元素  /  微生物  /  生物地球化学循环  /  矿物-微生物相互作用  /  氧化还原反应

Uranium is a widely distributed radioactive heavy metal on Earth, and its geochemical cycling is regulated by various microorganisms. This paper critically reviews the roles of microbes in the transformation of uranium species, including reductive immobilization, non-reductive immobilization, oxidative migration, and non-oxidative migration. By exploring the interaction between uranium and microorganisms in natural environments, a profound understanding of uranium migration, transformation, and enrichment mechanisms is achieved, thereby providing guiding insights for the exploration of uranium resources, the safe disposal of radioactive uranium-containing waste, and the remediation of heavy metal uranium pollution.

uranium  /  microbe  /  biogeochemical cycling  /  mineral-microbe interaction  /  redox reaction
夏庆银, 刘龙成, 牛玉清. 铀元素微生物地球化学循环研究进展. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (5) : 483 -488 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.002
Qingyin XIA, Longcheng LIU, Yuqing NIU. Research Advances in Microbial Biogeochemical Cycling of Uranium[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (5) : 483 -488 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.002
微生物地球化学是一门研究微生物介导下矿物、岩石地球化学行为的交叉学科,是生物地球化学研究的重要组成部分[1],主要从地球化学角度,探究微生物与元素、矿物、岩石及矿床之间的相互作用关系,反映微生物对元素迁移、聚集,矿物、岩石风化,矿床形成、演替等各种地质过程的影响[1]。微生物广泛分布于自然界水体、沉积物、土壤及岩石之中,能充分参与各种地球化学反应过程,开展微生物地球化学循环研究有助于深入了解微生物参与下的物质转化和能量流动过程,从而更好地为生产实践服务。
铀元素作为一种天然放射性重金属核素,兼具重金属化学毒性和放射性辐射危害,其赋存形式和分布规律对周围生态环境有深远影响[2]。近年来,已有一些研究表明,微生物在铀元素的地球化学循环过程中能发挥关键作用,通过微生物氧化还原、溶解沉淀等反应影响铀元素的赋存形式和迁移性,进而影响其在自然环境中的分布和富集状态[2-5]。本文系统综述了近年来铀元素微生物地球化学循环研究进展,深入探讨了微生物在铀元素迁移、转化过程中的作用机制。
铀元素在自然界中分布广泛,但丰度通常较低,水体中平均质量分数仅为2×10-10。近年来,由于铀矿采冶及尾矿处置等工业活动,加剧了环境中铀污染,国外某些铀污染区域水体中铀质量浓度甚至高达60.36 mg/L[6],远超世界卫生组织饮用水标准规定的铀质量浓度上限30 μg/L[7],对周边生态环境带来了一定影响。
铀在自然界中主要以U(Ⅳ)和U(Ⅵ)稳定赋存。其中,U(Ⅵ)常以可溶性铀酰离子($\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$)及其配合物,如UO2(OH)+$\mathrm{UO}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CO}_{3}\right)_{3}^{4-}$形式存在,具有较高的可迁移性,在氧化环境内占主导地位[4];U(Ⅵ)在无氧条件下可被生物/非生物还原为难溶或微溶的晶质铀矿(UO2)[3,8]、无定形U(Ⅳ)-磷酸盐物相[9],以及吸附态或胶体状U(Ⅳ)单体。铀元素价态与可迁移性之间的相关关系并不是一成不变的,在有强螯合剂存在条件下,U(Ⅳ)固体可被螯合溶解,发生迁移[11-12];相应地,易迁移的U(Ⅵ)与高浓度磷酸根共存时,也易发生聚集、沉降[13];但相较而言,U(Ⅵ)可迁移性更高,更易发生大范围污染,从而对周边环境产生较大影响。因此,目前治理铀污染采取的主要策略之一就是将溶解态U(Ⅵ)还原固定成U(Ⅳ)固体沉淀,防止其进一步迁移、扩散[3,9];但生成的U(Ⅳ)固体又常会受到共存环境地球化学条件(pH、Eh、有机质、电子供受体关系等)的影响,甚至可能被再次氧化成U(Ⅵ)而发生二次迁移。
在铀元素多种赋存形态相互转化过程中,微生物是不容忽视的因素之一。在铀矿采冶环境中,已经发现了包括放线菌、拟杆菌、硬毛菌和变形杆菌等多个微生物门类,它们与铀元素的地球化学行为联系紧密[2,14]。室内模拟试验[3,15-17]和污染场地修复实践[18]均证实多种还原微生物,如腐败希瓦氏菌Shewenalla putrefaciens CN32 (S.putrefaciens CN32)、硫还原地杆菌Geobacter sulfurreducens(G.sulfurreducens)等,可快速、高效地还原固定U(Ⅵ),实现铀的去除。微生物还原生成的U(Ⅳ)固体又可在硝酸盐还原细菌(如脱氮硫杆菌Thiobacillus denitrificans (T.denitrificans))及其他环境因素同时作用下发生再氧化,导致U(Ⅵ)污染的迁移[19-22]
铀元素共存环境内的各种微生物可直接参与铀氧化还原过程,并通过影响共存环境内的矿物(如铁氧化物、锰氧化物等)间接参与铀元素的地球化学循环[23]。部分微生物可通过分泌有机酸、铁载体等代谢产物,直接影响铀元素迁移而不改变其价态;或是通过螯合矿物结构内的铁、锰元素[24],间接影响铀元素价态、物相及其扩散、迁移能力。研究铀元素微生物地球化学行为,阐明微生物在铀元素迁移和转化过程中的作用,有助于开发基于微生物调控的铀污染修复防治手段和铀资源开发利用技术。
微生物介导的铀固定过程大致可分为4种机制(图1):生物还原、生物表面吸附、生物矿化、生物胞内积累[4,25]
铀元素的生物还原过程(图1)是指在特定功能微生物作用下,以环境中的H2、有机碳(如乳酸盐、醋酸盐)等作为电子供体,将U(Ⅵ)还原为U(Ⅳ)固体的过程[4]。早在1962年,Woolfolk和Whiteley曾观察到微乳球菌Micrococcus lactilyticus(M.lactilyticus)还原U(Ⅵ)的现象[26],但当时并未引起学界关注。直至20世纪90年代,Lovley课题组系统研究了地杆菌Geobacter sp.、希瓦氏菌Shewanella sp.、脱硫弧菌Desulfovibrio sp.等铁、硫还原微生物对溶解态U(Ⅵ)的还原作用与机制,结果表明:生物还原是一种环境友好、成本低廉的原位铀污染修复方法[3,27-28],该法才逐渐受到广泛关注。经过多年研究,虽已取得一些研究成果,但具体的铀元素生物还原机制目前尚不明确,主流观点认为直接酶促反应是其中一个重要机制[4]。近年来研究结果表明,多种微生物在电子穿梭介质,如细胞色素c[28]、鞭毛[29]等作用下,可实现在纳米[29]乃至厘米[30-31]级的胞外电子转移过程,最终将易迁移态U(Ⅵ)固定为U(Ⅳ)固体。
除了生物还原外,微生物还可通过吸附、矿化、胞内累积等方式(图1)实现对U(Ⅵ)的固定[32]。自然界中,微生物因具有巨大的比表面积、丰富的负电基团及胞外聚合物,对铀酰阳离子具有较强的吸附能力[25]。已有研究表明,U(Ⅵ)可富集在包括芽孢杆菌、地杆菌、放线菌、酵母菌和丝状真菌等在内的多种微生物细胞表面[25,33],并在局部碱化作用下发生沉降[34],部分微生物甚至可通过降解有机磷酸盐、释放无机磷酸盐等形式使细胞表面U(Ⅵ)产生生物矿化,生成HUO2PO4、Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2等溶解度较低的磷酸盐U(Ⅵ)矿物[4,33]。表面吸附态U(Ⅵ)具有一定生理毒性,会破坏微生物细胞膜的选择透过性[35],促使吸附态U(Ⅵ)进入胞内,形成生物积累[32,35]。为抑制胞内U(Ⅵ)累积带来的毒害作用,微生物一般会分泌磷酸盐等强效沉淀剂[36],提高微生物对U(Ⅵ)耐受能力,同时促进U(Ⅵ)的化学固定。
自然界中以固相形式存在的U(Ⅳ)矿物可在环境条件(如pH、氧化还原电位Eh及微生物的种类与生物量)改变时发生二次迁移[14,22,37]。目前,关于微生物介导的铀迁移过程有3种机制(图2):1)微生物直接将U(Ⅳ)矿物氧化为U(Ⅵ)铀酰根离子,促进铀元素迁移[19-21];2)微生物氧化共存矿物(如铁氧化物、含铁黏土矿物及锰氧化物等),利用高价态矿物结构铁/锰间接氧化U(Ⅳ)矿物;3)微生物通过分泌有机酸、铁载体等代谢产物,在改变环境pH的同时对铀元素赋存形态(螯合作用)及体系Eh产生影响[21]
天然赋存或者经化学/生物还原作用生成的U(Ⅳ)矿物都可在特定功能微生物作用下发生氧化迁移,可划分为3种机制:1)微生物以$\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}$作为电子受体,耦合氮元素还原过程,直接氧化U(Ⅳ)矿物[20];2)铁/锰氧化微生物通过形成高价态矿物结构铁/锰,间接氧化U(Ⅳ)矿物[38];3)微生物产生有机酸、铁载体等金属螯合剂,形成螯合剂-U(Ⅳ)复合体,克服固-固反应屏障,加速铁(氢)氧化物、锰(氢)氧化物、含铁黏土矿物等氧化U(Ⅳ)进程[12,39-40]
异养硝酸盐还原细菌反硝化($\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}$还原为N2)过程中会产生亚硝酸盐($\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}$)、一氧化二氮(N2O)、一氧化氮(NO)等多种中间体,这些中间体均可氧化U(Ⅳ)固体、促进铀元素迁移,其中$\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}$和NO的促进作用最为明显,由此表明,高浓度$\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}$可抑制U(Ⅵ)生物还原,并会对共存的U(Ⅳ)矿物造成二次氧化[20]
此外,部分微生物可通过氧化共存矿物形成高价态锰氧化物Mn(Ⅳ)O2及其中间体Mn(Ⅲ),间接氧化U(Ⅳ)矿物。U(Ⅳ)氧化过程中产生的Mn(Ⅱ)可被锰氧化微生物重新氧化成Mn(Ⅳ),作为电子受体持续推动U(Ⅳ)的氧化迁移[38]。铁氧化细菌也具有类似的促进效果。与U(Ⅳ)矿物相比,环境中常见的铁(氢)氧化物及含铁黏土矿物在同等环境条件下具有类似或更高的氧化还原电位Eh[41-42],因此,矿物结构铁和铁氧化细菌的共存组合能极大地加快U(Ⅳ)矿物的氧化速率,提高氧化效果[19]
固相U(Ⅳ)矿物在自然界中不孤立存在,常与大量铁(氢)氧化物、含铁黏土矿物、锰(氢)氧化物等共存[43]。在固-固反应体系内,不同矿物之间的接触概率较低,U(Ⅳ)氧化仅发生在矿物、岩石表面。共存环境中部分微生物可通过释放有机酸、铁载体等代谢产物,螯合、释放出部分Fe(Ⅲ)、Mn(Ⅳ)、U(Ⅳ),克服固-固反应屏障,影响矿物结构Fe(Ⅲ)/Mn(Ⅳ)和U(Ⅳ)之间的电子传递,改变U(Ⅳ)矿物的氧化动力学过程[37,40,44],该影响与螯合剂种类及浓度直接相关。枸橼酸和EDTA可降低U(Ⅳ)的氧化还原电位,促进固-固相反应向固-液相或者液-液相反应转变,增加电子供受体之间的碰撞、接触概率,从而加快矿物Fe(Ⅲ)/Mn(Ⅳ)对U(Ⅳ)的氧化速率,增强氧化效果,增强效果与螯合剂浓度呈正相关[37,40,44]。铁载体DFOB则部分抑制了U(Ⅳ)矿物的氧化进程,抑制效果与DFOB浓度呈负相关。这是由于DFOB与相应电子受体,如Fe(Ⅲ)、Mn(Ⅳ),形成异常稳定的螯合物,严重抑制了其DFOB-Fe(Ⅲ)/Mn(Ⅳ)的反应活性[12,39];而过量的DFOB与U(Ⅳ)配合,会降低U(Ⅳ)的氧化还原电位,削弱DFOB-Fe(Ⅲ)/Mn(Ⅳ)的抑制效果[37,40,44]
相较于U(Ⅳ)矿物的氧化迁移,自然环境中铀元素的非氧化迁移更为普遍。自然界中大量赋存的天然有机质,如小分子有机酸(枸橼酸、草酸、酒石酸等)、铁载体(儿茶酚型、异羟肟酸型)、大分子有机质(腐殖酸、胡米酸)等,均可在不改变铀元素价态条件下,实现铀迁移[23,45]。这些有机质对U(Ⅳ)和U(Ⅵ)均具有较强的螯合能力,不仅可高效溶解U(Ⅵ)矿物、解吸附矿物表面U(Ⅵ),对U(Ⅳ)固体的迁移作用同样不可忽视[11,46]
天然有机质对铀元素非氧化迁移能力大小主要取决于其螯合能力的强弱,而非对体系pH调节能力的大小[14]。浓度低至1.85 mmol/L的枸橼酸即可在4天内螯合、溶解40%左右的沥青铀矿[14]。有机质促进铀元素迁移的能力已在野外实践和实验室模拟中得到验证[23,45,47]。有机质虽可促进U(Ⅵ)的生物/非生物还原过程[45,48],但还原产物螯合态U(Ⅳ)仍处于可迁移状态,无法固定铀以达到去除污染的效果。在U(Ⅵ)生物还原过程中,共存微生物的代谢产物枸橼酸可与还原产物U(Ⅳ)形成U(Ⅳ)-枸橼酸复合体(溶解态、可迁移),消除吸附在还原细菌表面的固相U(Ⅳ)沉淀,促进U(Ⅵ)还原进程[48];但此时U(Ⅵ)还原最终产物U(Ⅳ)-枸橼酸复合体仍会发生大范围迁移,造成环境危害。自然界中有机质分布广泛,其结构官能团会严重影响U(Ⅳ)矿物的赋存形式,因此,给铀污染还原修复技术带来了极大挑战。
微生物与含铀矿物客观共存于自然环境中,二者之间会相互作用从而影响铀元素地球化学循环过程。铀元素作为重要的战略资源之一,是支撑核工业发展的重要物质基础,同时兼具重金属化学毒性与放射毒性,具有显著环境研究价值。了解铀元素的地球化学行为,对铀矿资源勘探开发、生态环境防护等具有极其重要的意义。
20世纪60年代,美国、葡萄牙、加拿大等国家先后针对铀矿山尾矿和边界低品位矿石开展了微生物浸铀工业生产并取得了一定经济效益,说明微生物的参与可显著提高铀元素浸出效果。我国早期铀矿微生物浸出研究,尤其是微生物堆浸技术紧跟世界前沿,但随着我国天然铀生产结构调整,相对成熟的微生物堆浸技术需求下降;近些年又提出了微生物地浸技术,但尚停留在研究和初步应用阶段,尤其是浸铀微生物选育的研究有待进一步突破。因此,研究具有针对性、低成本的铀矿生物地浸技术仍是今后一段时间内的重点,对我国铀资源开发具有重要意义。
2000年前后,美国能源部开始对位于科罗拉多州赖夫尔Rifle地区、华盛顿州汉福德Hanford地区及田纳西州橡树岭Oak Ridge周边的几个铀污染场地进行微生物修复工程实践,并成功达到了修复预期,目前正在持续监测以评估修复效果的长期稳定性;但微生物介导的铀污染修复效果仍存在不确定性,与实施地的具体理化参数密切相关。目前,我国针对铀污染的微生物治理技术还处于探索阶段,亟需解决的主要问题有2方面:1)微生物介导的矿物间电子传递机制仍存争议;2)克服微生物修复效果的不确定性,确保微生物还原固定产物U(Ⅳ)固体的长期稳定性是该技术推广的关键。
了解铀元素微生物地球化学循环,能为后续设计、实施基于微生物的铀矿资源勘探开发、铀污染防治修复提供重要的理论依据和技术支撑,同时为其他金属资源开采、污染修复机制提供借鉴。
  • 北京市科学技术协会2024—2026年度青年人才托举工程项目(BYESS2024071)
  • 中核矿业科技集团有限公司自主科研项目。
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.002
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
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北京市科学技术协会2024—2026年度青年人才托举工程项目(BYESS2024071)
中核矿业科技集团有限公司自主科研项目。
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    核工业北京化工冶金研究院, 北京 101149
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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