Article(id=1172617836200608271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)05-0497-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503478335, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503478335, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503478335, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503478335, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172617833407197957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='591', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503477670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758275998347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=497, endPage=503, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172617836427100690, articleId=1172617836200608271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Status and Prospect of Enhanced Dissociation Technology for Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Materials, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry and the energy storage field, the comprehensive recycling of a large number of spent LiFePO4 batteries has become a key challenge and urgent demand for the sustainable development of new energy in China. This paper summarizes the principle, advantages and disadvantages, research and application status of major strong dissociation technologies for retired LiFePO4 battery cathode materials, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, mechanochemistry, electrochemical metallurgy, etc., and further expounds the innovation progress of strong dissociation technology in improving the recovery efficiency of valuable components, reducing costs and reducing environmental impact. The future development trend is also prospected.

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随着新能源汽车产业及储能领域快速发展,退役LiFePO4电池的规模化综合回收已成为我国新能源领域可持续发展面临的关键挑战与迫切需求。总结了退役LiFePO4电池正极材料的主要强化解离技术,包括火法冶金、湿法冶金、机械化学、电化学冶金等的原理、优缺点及研究应用现状,进一步阐述了强化解离技术在提高有价组分回收效率、降低成本和减少环境影响方面的创新进展,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。

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顾菁(1982—),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为退役新能源器件综合回收。E-mail:
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刘功起(1991—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为退役锂电池资源化利用。

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刘功起(1991—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为退役锂电池资源化利用。

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退役LiFePO4正极材料强化解离技术研究现状及展望
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刘功起 1, 2 , 刘泽健 1, 2 , 顾菁 1, 2 , 袁浩然 1, 2
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(5): 497-503
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(5): 497-503
退役LiFePO4正极材料强化解离技术研究现状及展望
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刘功起1, 2, 刘泽健1, 2, 顾菁1, 2 , 袁浩然1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院广州能源研究所, 广东 广州 510640
  • 2 广东省退役新能源器件高质循环利用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510640
  • 刘功起(1991—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为退役锂电池资源化利用。

通讯作者:

顾菁(1982—),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为退役新能源器件综合回收。E-mail:
Research Status and Prospect of Enhanced Dissociation Technology for Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Materials
Gongqi LIU1, 2, Zejian LIU1, 2, Jing GU1, 2 , Haoran YUAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Quality Recycling of End-of-Life New Energy Devices, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.004
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随着新能源汽车产业及储能领域快速发展,退役LiFePO4电池的规模化综合回收已成为我国新能源领域可持续发展面临的关键挑战与迫切需求。总结了退役LiFePO4电池正极材料的主要强化解离技术,包括火法冶金、湿法冶金、机械化学、电化学冶金等的原理、优缺点及研究应用现状,进一步阐述了强化解离技术在提高有价组分回收效率、降低成本和减少环境影响方面的创新进展,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。

退役磷酸铁锂电池  /  正极材料  /  强化解离  /  综合回收  /  研究进展

With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry and the energy storage field, the comprehensive recycling of a large number of spent LiFePO4 batteries has become a key challenge and urgent demand for the sustainable development of new energy in China. This paper summarizes the principle, advantages and disadvantages, research and application status of major strong dissociation technologies for retired LiFePO4 battery cathode materials, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, mechanochemistry, electrochemical metallurgy, etc., and further expounds the innovation progress of strong dissociation technology in improving the recovery efficiency of valuable components, reducing costs and reducing environmental impact. The future development trend is also prospected.

spent LiFePO4 batteries  /  cathode materials  /  enhanced dissociation  /  comprehensive recycling  /  research status
刘功起, 刘泽健, 顾菁, 袁浩然. 退役LiFePO4正极材料强化解离技术研究现状及展望. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (5) : 497 -503 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.004
Gongqi LIU, Zejian LIU, Jing GU, Haoran YUAN. Research Status and Prospect of Enhanced Dissociation Technology for Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Materials[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (5) : 497 -503 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.004
磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4,LFP)因具有成本低、结构稳定性强、安全性能高及循环性能好等优点,被广泛应用于电动汽车和储能设备等领域[1]。LFP电池在充放电循环过程中,正负极材料会发生结构变化和化学反应,导致电极活性物质的损失和结构的破坏,使用5~10年后性能会减退,从而降低电池容量和循环寿命,直至退役[2]。据中国新能源汽车动力电池回收利用产业协同发展联盟预测,2023—2025年期间,全国动力锂电池退役量将达63.8 GWh(53.0万t),其中LFP电池占52.6%,退役量远超其他类型锂电池[3]。相比于LiCoO2和LiNixCoyMnzO2等类型锂电池,LFP电池中稀贵金属含量较低,导致其回收的经济驱动力较弱,此外,退役LFP电池中含有的电解液、隔膜及黏结剂等含氟毒害组分对土壤、水体、大气及人体健康也存在潜在威胁。因此,退役LFP电池的安全处置及资源综合回收问题逐渐成为了我国新能源领域可持续发展面临的关键挑战与迫切需求[4]
目前,对于退役LFP电池的处置措施主要依据容量保持率灵活选择:容量保持率在20%~80%之间的,通常作为储能设备进行梯次利用;而容量保持率在20%以下的,因无法梯次利用,通常进行报废处置。因此如何利用退役LFP独特性质,在优化成本、提高效率的同时,确保回收过程的经济性和可持续性,特别是对其正极材料强化解离及其有价组分可控迁移转化,成为了一个具有挑战性和开拓性的课题。退役LFP电池正极材料有价金属回收的过程一般是由预处理、正极材料强化解离2个核心环节构成[5]:预处理环节包括放电、拆解、破碎、分选等,技术已相对成熟;针对正极材料强化解离过程,国内外也已开展了大量创新性研究,涉及的方法主要有火法冶金、湿法冶金、机械化学、电化学冶金及直接修复再生等方法,这些方法各有优缺点,构建了一个多元发展、相互补充的技术格局。本文概述了退役LFP电池结构组成及预处理技术发展现状,重点综述了正极材料强化解离技术的研究发展现状,并提出了未来可能的发展趋势,旨在为退役LFP电池综合回收的相关研究理清思路。
LFP电池通常是由壳体、正极材料、负极石墨、铜箔、铝箔、电解液、有机隔膜、黏结剂等组成,其中正极材料是LFP电池的核心,占电池成本的30%以上,是退役LFP电池回收的主要经济驱动力。正极材料回收前须进行放电、拆解、破碎、分选等预处理,流程如图1所示。放电工序是为了防止其在拆解过程中发生短路导致起火或爆炸。目前实验室大多采用外部充放电装置进行放电,或将退役锂电池浸入氯化钠、氯化钾等盐溶液中进行放电,具有简单、经济且安全的特性。放电后的锂电池一般采用机械破碎分选等物理方式进行不同组分分离,但因正极材料与铝箔通过黏合剂牢牢粘附在一起,很难通过单一的物理方式彻底分离,研究人员对其进行了重点研究。如He L.P.等[6]根据相似相溶原理,研究了将N-甲基吡咯烷酮(C5H9NO)有机溶液与超声波的空化效应相结合剥离正极材料与铝箔,结果表明,通过优化过程参数,正极材料剥离效率达99%。为避免有机挥发物对操作人员健康造成伤害,Jie Y.F.等[7]利用有机黏结剂和铝箔的熔点不同(前者为400 ℃左右,后者为650 ℃左右)的特性,研究了用氧化焙烧方式剥离正极材料。结果表明:焙烧温度、氧气浓度和流量等因素是影响正极材料剥离的关键;但氧化焙烧过程中LiFePO4逐渐被氧化生成Li3Fe2(PO4)3和Fe2O3等难溶物相,会影响后续湿法分离提取效率。为了改善氧化焙烧的缺陷,Jie Y.F.等[8]研究了采用真空热解的方式解离有机黏结剂,结果表明,在反应温度600 ℃、压力1 000 Pa条件下真空热解30 min,正极材料的剥离效率显著提高,同时也保持了LiFePO4的完整性,能为后续的金属回收和再利用创造有利条件。
尽管上述方法在正极材料解离过程中展现出高效的特点,但往往存在能耗高、过程复杂等问题。Zhao Y.等[9]和Fan M.C.等[5]为了缩短预处理工艺流程,避免放电破碎等带来的安全隐患,开发了一种退役LFP电池在水中带电破碎分选的预处理方法,即以水作为优良的灭火剂和氧气隔离剂,实现各组分清洁、高效且经济的分离。预处理的目的是为了采用简单、高效的方式实现退役锂电池解离,并得到杂质含量较低的正极材料。因此,在实际生产中,关注预处理方式的经济性、环境友好性十分必要。
退役LFP电池正极材料通常存在结构疲劳、结晶度下降和表面失活等问题,会影响其再利用效率。因此,开发稳定高效、清洁环保的正极材料强化解离技术显得尤为重要,对于有效提高电池材料回收率和纯度,促进新能源领域可持续发展具有重要意义。强化解离技术经过不断地优化和创新,涉及物理、化学、材料科学等多个领域的交叉应用和研究,主流的技术包括火法冶金、湿法冶金、机械化学活化和电化学冶金等,为LFP电池正极材料的回收处理提供了多样化的解决方案,各技术简要流程如图2所示[10-12]
火法冶金是在高温状态下,以Na2CO3、NaOH等为添加剂,借助焙烧、冶炼及熔盐等手段实现对退役LFP电池正极材料的热化转化,在实际生产中具有大通量处理和短流程等优势[13-14]。Zhang B.L.等[15]以Na2CO3为活化剂,在600 ℃条件下,通过碳热还原破坏LiFePO4的化学键,使其转化为Fe、Li2NaPO4和LiNa5(PO4)2,焙烧产物可通过磁选工艺分离,锂回收率为92.7%。为降低焙烧温度,Li X.Y.等[16]提出了一种NaOH辅助低温焙烧回收退役LFP电池正极材料的方法,在焙烧过程中,NaOH作为氧化剂,在150 ℃下将Fe2+氧化为Fe3+(Fe3O4),从而破坏其稳定的橄榄石结构,而$\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}$捕获Li+和Na+形成Li2NaPO4和LiNa5(PO4)2,得到的锂盐可进一步回收为Li3PO4。除此以外,NaHSO4[17]、K2CO3[18]、(NH4)2SO4[19]等也可作为添加剂,用于火法冶金退役LFP电池正极材料的热化转化。
火法冶金是一种有前途的回收退役LFP电池正极材料方法,具有很大的工业规模实施潜力,但其能耗及经济性有待进一步验证。为此,Qu X.等[19]基于Everbatt模型,详细对比分析了不同温度(低、中、高)条件下,火法冶金回收退役LFP电池的经济和环境影响。实际回收过程中应考虑反应温度和时间之间的平衡,从而获得最佳回收效率。过高的反应温度会明显增加能耗,降低回收效益。因此,火法冶金应该在确保回收效率前提下,适当选择温和的反应温度,在尽可能短的时间内实现目标组分的高效回收。
与火法冶金相比,湿法冶金因具有选择性高、能耗低和回收率高等优势逐渐成为了退役LFP电池正极材料的主流回收工艺[20]。目前,湿法冶金回收主要采用无机酸(HCl、H2SO4、H3PO4等)或有机酸(CH3COOH、H2C2O4、C6H8O7、HCOOH等)作为浸出剂[21-22],在H2O2[23]、Na2S2O8[24]、NaClO[25]、O2等氧化还原剂的辅助下浸出提取有价金属,再根据溶液中目标元素的物理化学性质,采用沉淀、萃取、离子交换等方法达到“优先提锂”的目的,最终将回收的Li、Fe、P等元素返回到再生锂电池的循环利用,工艺流程如图3所示[26-27]。如Zhang J.L.等[24]以Na2S2O8为氧化剂,在保持LiFePO4晶体结构稳定性情况下,诱导Fe2+转化为Fe3+,同时Li+从晶相中释放到水溶液中,Li转化率达99.7%;此外,Yang Y.X.等[28]和Qiu X.J.等[29]以H2O2为氧化剂、Liu K.等[25]以NaClO为氧化剂均从不同角度阐明了氧化环境是决定LiFePO4物相解离方式及Li的释放途径。
在湿法冶金过程中,溶剂和化学品的使用及后续处理是不可避免的环节,这可能造成环境污染,特别是对于有机溶剂和含有毒性金属的废水处理,需采取严格的环境管理和安全措施,以避免造成不良影响。此外,强酸、强碱等化学试剂的使用,对冶金设备及操作环境也提出了更高要求。因此,开发绿色、可持续的湿法冶金新体系已成为当前企业发展的重要方向。
机械化学活化技术主要是指借助剪切、摩擦、冲击、挤压等技术手段[30],对混合物料加多重机械力,使目标物质发生物理、化学性质改变,从而引起化学反应。该法因具有简单、高效、环保等特性,成为了退役LFP电池正极材料解离的有效辅助手段[31-32]。Li L.等[33]研究了以枸橼酸为活化剂,将其与退役LiFePO4混合研磨后,再用H2O2强化浸出Li。结果表明:Li浸出率可达99.35%,而Fe浸出率仅为3.86%,能实现选择性回收Li的目的;富锂浸出液用NaOH脱除杂质Fe后,Li会与饱和Na2CO3在95 ℃下反应生成Li2CO3,使锂得到有效回收。在此基础上,Yue X.H.等[34]和Liu K.等[35]以Na2S2O8为固相活化剂,采用机械活化方式实现了LiFePO4向FePO4和Li2SO4相的转变;Fan E.S.等[36]以草酸作为活化剂,采用机械活化法将LiFePO4向FeC2O4物相转变,Li、Fe回收率分别达93%和94%,转化机制如图4[36]所示。
机械化学法在一定程度上可提高锂离子回收率,是退役LFP电池正极材料强化解离的一种有效手段,但该法通常转化时间较长,应用规模还停留在实验室和中试研究阶段,能否实现工业化应用还有待进一步验证。
近年来,为了解决传统火法熔炼温度高、湿法反应流程长及目标组元纯度低的难题,研究人员提出了采用电场辅助强化解离退役LFP电池正极材料的方法——电化学冶金法。该法是基于电解质中金属离子在电场作用下的电化学还原或氧化过程,通过电极反应将金属离子还原成金属或在阳极氧化成阳离子,从而实现金属的分离和纯化[37-38]。1993年,Kanoh等[39]提出了用电化学方法从溶液中提取锂离子的设想,为湿法提取锂技术开辟了新的研究路径。目前,电化学冶金法在退役LFP电池正极材料回收领域已呈多元化的发展态势,以直接/间接氧化法、电渗析、电沉积、熔盐电解及电化学锂化修复等为主的电化学冶金方法均得到了深入研究和应用[40]。为提升电池材料回收效率与纯度提供了有力支持。
Zhu G.H.等[41]提出了一种新的“粉末电解”法,从退役LFP正极材料和石墨混合粉末中选择性提取锂。该法是将混合粉末填充并固定在阳极骨架中,并将其作为一个整体多孔阳极进行电解,混合粉末中的石墨可实现快速电子转移,从而大幅降低电阻,促进LiFePO4中的Li+浸出到溶液中。此外,Tian S.C.等[42]建立了一种以高析氧电位的以掺硼金刚石电极为阳极、RuO2/Ti为阴极的电化学系统,以产生氧化物并增强氧化反应接触,从而实现退役LFP正极材料的间接氧化。研究结果表明:在室温和最佳操作条件下,锂离子浸出率为95.53%,浸出残渣中FePO4橄榄石结构保留完好,可用于合成LFP;该法通过间接氧化实现高效、快速选择性浸出Li、Fe离子,实现选择性浸出并显著减少酸用量。Yu J.Z.等[43]基于LiFePO4与[Fe(CN)6]3-的氧化还原靶向反应设计了一种再生氧流电池,并用于间接氧化还原退役LFP正极材料,反应原理如图5[43]所示。当以0.20 mol/L的[Fe(CN)6]3+溶液作为选择性再生氧化还原介质时,LiFePO4分解为FePO4和Li+,反应50 min后,锂浸出率可达99.8%,最终产品为高纯度的LiOH(99.90%)和FePO4(99.97%),反应结束后氧化还原介质立即在电极上再生。反应过程的化学方程式如下:

LiFePO4+[Fe(CN)6]3-→FePO4+Li++

[Fe(CN)6]4-;

[Fe(CN)6]4--e-→[Fe(CN)6]3-;

O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-

Li Z.等[44]设计了包含电渗析工艺的悬浮电解系统,LiFePO4首先在正腔中氧化,释放出95%的Li,然后溶液中的Li+通过阳离子交换膜迁移到负腔中,转化为高纯度的LiOH溶液,整个过程无需任何化学添加剂,只产生少量固体废物和废水,实现了绿色闭环提取锂。对于晶体结构未完全塌陷的LiFePO4,还可通过电化学直接修复实现其再生利用。郭玉国等[45-46]以预处理过的退役LiFePO4为正极,预锂化石墨为负极组装了一个完整的电池,在第一个放电周期中,石墨阳极中多余的Li+被嵌入到FePO4中,使退役LFP再生(图6);在放电电流密度为0.05 C条件下对LiFePO4进行修复,首圈放电容量达143 mAh/g,循环100次后容量保持率为93.6%。
电化学冶金使用电能代替传统氧化剂或还原剂驱动氧化还原过程,反应过程中可完全或部分替代传统无机酸或强碱试剂的使用,具有绿色、安全、选择性高、化学试剂使用量少等优点[47-49];但受限于能耗等原因,目前电化学冶金应用到退役LFP电池大规模工业生产中仍面临一定的挑战[50]。如何更好地设计开发高效、绿色及经济的电化学冶金工艺,以高效综合回收退役LFP电池,仍是当前的重点研究方向。
退役LFP电池正极材料综合回收的研究正由传统火法冶金、强酸/碱湿法冶金体系向多场强化绿色冶金新体系的回收方向转化,其中,电化学冶金在退役LFP电池正极材料回收过程中已表现出较高的解离效率和可持续性,值得重点关注。未来,退役LFP电池正极材料综合回收技术将逐渐向化学试剂绿色化、反应流程短程化、转化过程无污化、组分回收全量化、工业生产减量化及再生材料增值化方向发展,因此,为了进一步实现退役LFP电池正极材料的高效回收与资源化利用,获得较高的回收效率和经济效益,还应加强强化解离工艺、金属短流程回收技术、尾液安全处置等方面的深入研究与探讨。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3902600)
  • 中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划(YSBR-098)
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.004
  • 接收时间:2024-07-11
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3902600)
中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划(YSBR-098)
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    1 中国科学院广州能源研究所, 广东 广州 510640
    2 广东省退役新能源器件高质循环利用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510640

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顾菁(1982—),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为退役新能源器件综合回收。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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