Article(id=1172617835865063948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)05-0583-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719331200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503478256, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503478256, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503478256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503478256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172617833407197957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='591', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503477670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758275998347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=583, endPage=591, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172617836099944974, articleId=1172617835865063948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Recycling Process of Valuable Components from Decommissioned Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Cells, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Decommissioned crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar cells are rich in valuable resources and have recovery value. Increasing the separation efficiency of valuable components and metallurgy, and improving the multi-group decomposition effect of the bonding system are the key to achieve efficient resource recovery. EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) bonding behavior was weakened by roasting modification, and multi-component selective crushing characteristics of crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar cells were strengthened. Material distribution, EVA bonding weakening behavior and dissociation effect were analyzed by XRD, TG and SEM, and the target components were recovered step by step by acid leaching method. The results show that after roasting modification and crushing treatment, the bonding degree of EVA decreases, the dissociation degree of EVA increases, and the crushing effect is strengthened. After crushing, the yield of fine-grained components increase by 15%, and the valuable metals in different particle size components are selectively enriched. The selective dissociation behavior of multiple components is strengthened by grinding aid, and the selective crushing effect index φ reaches 0.112. The leaching rates of Cu, Ag, Al and Si are 98.33%, 94.12%, 97.21% and 95.17%, respectively, and the removal rate of Pb2+ is 93.53%. This process can provide technical reference for the development of short-range, clean and green recycling process for decommissioned crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar cells.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hongtao ZHANG, Hongxue WANG, Xianshu DONG, Yuanpeng FU, Suling YAO, Yuping FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1172618156947424054, articleId=1172617835865063948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池中有价组分的回收工艺研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池富含有价资源,具有一定回收价值,而提高有价组分分离和冶金效率,并改善黏结体系多组分解离效果,是实现资源高效回收的关键。研究了通过焙烧改性弱化EVA(乙烯-醋酸乙烯)黏结行为,强化晶硅光伏太阳能电池多组分选择性破碎特性,通过XRD、TG、SEM分析了物料分布规律、EVA黏结弱化行为及解离效果,并采用酸浸法进行目标组分的逐级回收。结果表明:经焙烧改性和破碎处理后,EVA黏结程度降低,材料的解离程度增强,强化了破碎效果;破碎后细粒级组分产率提高15%,不同粒度组成中有价金属发生选择性富集;通过助磨剂强化多组分的选择性解离行为,选择性破碎效果指数φ可达0.112;目标组分Cu、Ag、Al、Si浸出率为98.33%、94.12%、97.21%、95.17%,Pb2+去除率为93.53%。该工艺可为退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池的短程、清洁、绿色回收工艺的开发提供技术参考。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
付元鹏(1990—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为电子废弃物资源化。E-mail:
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张宏涛(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为二次资源回收。

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张宏涛(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为二次资源回收。

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张宏涛(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为二次资源回收。

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Dissolution of ethylene vinyl acetate in crystalline silicon PV modules using ultrasonic irrad-i ation and organic solvent[J]. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2012, 98(5):317-322., articleTitle=Dissolution of ethylene vinyl acetate in crystalline silicon PV modules using ultrasonic irrad-i ation and organic solvent, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1176950123859952398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617835865063948, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=239, pageEnd=248, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=GRANATA G, PAGNANELLIA F, MOSCARDINI E, journalName=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRANATA G, PAGNANELLIA F, MOSCARDINI E, et al. Recycling of photovoltaic panels by physical operations[J]. 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P1—-0.045 mm;P2—-0.074+0.045 mm;P3—-0.125+0.074 mm;P4—-0.25+0.125 mm;P5—-0.5+0.25 mm; P6—+0.5 mm。

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a—焙烧前;b—焙烧后,-0.25+0.125 mm;c—焙烧后,-0.074+0.045 mm。

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光伏玻璃 EVA-背板 硅电池片 金属材料
78.1 15.2 5.5 1.2
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晶硅光伏太阳能电池的组成 %

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光伏玻璃 EVA-背板 硅电池片 金属材料
78.1 15.2 5.5 1.2
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试验
序号
焙烧
温度/℃
焙烧
时间/h
升温速率/
(℃·min-1)
解离
度/%
1 250 4 30 37.58
2 250 5 30 43.08
3 250 6 30 39.68
4 300 4 30 57.85
5 300 5 30 68.51
6 300 6 30 62.40
7 350 4 30 54.32
8 350 5 30 60.21
9 350 6 30 58.29
均值1 40.11 49.92 54.76
均值2 62.80 56.27 53.27
均值3 57.61 53.47 52.58
极差R 22.69 6.35 2.18
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正交试验结果

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试验
序号
焙烧
温度/℃
焙烧
时间/h
升温速率/
(℃·min-1)
解离
度/%
1 250 4 30 37.58
2 250 5 30 43.08
3 250 6 30 39.68
4 300 4 30 57.85
5 300 5 30 68.51
6 300 6 30 62.40
7 350 4 30 54.32
8 350 5 30 60.21
9 350 6 30 58.29
均值1 40.11 49.92 54.76
均值2 62.80 56.27 53.27
均值3 57.61 53.47 52.58
极差R 22.69 6.35 2.18
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因素 离差
平方和
自由度 均方 F F临界 显著性
焙烧
温度
848.02 2 424.01 113.85 19.00 显著
焙烧
时间
60.77 2 30.38 8.16 19.00 不显著
误差 7.45 2 3.72
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正交试验方差分析结果

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因素 离差
平方和
自由度 均方 F F临界 显著性
焙烧
温度
848.02 2 424.01 113.85 19.00 显著
焙烧
时间
60.77 2 30.38 8.16 19.00 不显著
误差 7.45 2 3.72
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组分 平均粒度/mm
EVA-背板 2.320
光伏玻璃 0.072
硅电池片 0.037
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消除EVA后退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池破碎产物中不同组分的平均粒度

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组分 平均粒度/mm
EVA-背板 2.320
光伏玻璃 0.072
硅电池片 0.037
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粒级/mm 产率/%
EVA-背板 光伏玻璃 硅电池片
+0.5 82.14 2.27 0
-0.5+0.25 11.23 2.69 0
-0.25+0.125 5.44 8.96 1.21
-0.125+0.074 1.19 8.38 2.26
-0.074+0.045 0 64.26 30.41
-0.045 0 13.44 66.12
总计 100 100 100
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消除EVA后退役晶硅太阳能光伏电池各粒级破碎产物中不同组分的质量差

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粒级/mm 产率/%
EVA-背板 光伏玻璃 硅电池片
+0.5 82.14 2.27 0
-0.5+0.25 11.23 2.69 0
-0.25+0.125 5.44 8.96 1.21
-0.125+0.074 1.19 8.38 2.26
-0.074+0.045 0 64.26 30.41
-0.045 0 13.44 66.12
总计 100 100 100
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Si Cu Al Pb Ag
0.007 0.412 0.545 0.626 0.736
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不同组分的选择性破碎行为指数τm

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Si Cu Al Pb Ag
0.007 0.412 0.545 0.626 0.736
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退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池中有价组分的回收工艺研究
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张宏涛 , 王红雪 , 董宪姝 , 付元鹏 , 姚素玲 , 樊玉萍
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(5): 583-591
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(5): 583-591
退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池中有价组分的回收工艺研究
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张宏涛, 王红雪, 董宪姝, 付元鹏 , 姚素玲, 樊玉萍
作者信息
  • 太原理工大学 矿业工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
  • 张宏涛(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为二次资源回收。

通讯作者:

付元鹏(1990—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为电子废弃物资源化。E-mail:
Recycling Process of Valuable Components from Decommissioned Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Hongtao ZHANG, Hongxue WANG, Xianshu DONG, Yuanpeng FU , Suling YAO, Yuping FAN
Affiliations
  • School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.015
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退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池富含有价资源,具有一定回收价值,而提高有价组分分离和冶金效率,并改善黏结体系多组分解离效果,是实现资源高效回收的关键。研究了通过焙烧改性弱化EVA(乙烯-醋酸乙烯)黏结行为,强化晶硅光伏太阳能电池多组分选择性破碎特性,通过XRD、TG、SEM分析了物料分布规律、EVA黏结弱化行为及解离效果,并采用酸浸法进行目标组分的逐级回收。结果表明:经焙烧改性和破碎处理后,EVA黏结程度降低,材料的解离程度增强,强化了破碎效果;破碎后细粒级组分产率提高15%,不同粒度组成中有价金属发生选择性富集;通过助磨剂强化多组分的选择性解离行为,选择性破碎效果指数φ可达0.112;目标组分Cu、Ag、Al、Si浸出率为98.33%、94.12%、97.21%、95.17%,Pb2+去除率为93.53%。该工艺可为退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池的短程、清洁、绿色回收工艺的开发提供技术参考。
晶硅光伏太阳能电池  /  有价组分  /  回收  /  解离  /  焙烧  /  改性  /  选择性破碎指数  /  浸出

Decommissioned crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar cells are rich in valuable resources and have recovery value. Increasing the separation efficiency of valuable components and metallurgy, and improving the multi-group decomposition effect of the bonding system are the key to achieve efficient resource recovery. EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) bonding behavior was weakened by roasting modification, and multi-component selective crushing characteristics of crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar cells were strengthened. Material distribution, EVA bonding weakening behavior and dissociation effect were analyzed by XRD, TG and SEM, and the target components were recovered step by step by acid leaching method. The results show that after roasting modification and crushing treatment, the bonding degree of EVA decreases, the dissociation degree of EVA increases, and the crushing effect is strengthened. After crushing, the yield of fine-grained components increase by 15%, and the valuable metals in different particle size components are selectively enriched. The selective dissociation behavior of multiple components is strengthened by grinding aid, and the selective crushing effect index φ reaches 0.112. The leaching rates of Cu, Ag, Al and Si are 98.33%, 94.12%, 97.21% and 95.17%, respectively, and the removal rate of Pb2+ is 93.53%. This process can provide technical reference for the development of short-range, clean and green recycling process for decommissioned crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar cells.

crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar cells  /  valuable component  /  recycling  /  disociation  /  roasting  /  modification  /  selective fragmentation  /  leaching
张宏涛, 王红雪, 董宪姝, 付元鹏, 姚素玲, 樊玉萍. 退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池中有价组分的回收工艺研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (5) : 583 -591 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.015
Hongtao ZHANG, Hongxue WANG, Xianshu DONG, Yuanpeng FU, Suling YAO, Yuping FAN. Recycling Process of Valuable Components from Decommissioned Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Cells[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (5) : 583 -591 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.015
太阳能电池作为一种环境友好且转化率高的发电装置,近年来在世界各地迅速发展[1]。由于政策的大力支持,今年上半年,我国光伏新增装机102.48 GW,同比增长30.68%,预计2024年我国光伏新增装机为190 GW至220 GW[2]。由于晶硅光伏太阳能电池发展较早,技术成熟,转化率高,因此市场占比最大,约达90%。晶硅光伏太阳能电池通常由光伏玻璃、发电主体、背板材料(PET材料)和EVA(乙烯-醋酸乙烯)组成,其发电主体部件中Ag、Si、Al等金属和非金属材料极具有一定回收价值[3]。此外,晶硅光伏太阳能电池中含有铅、镉等重金属元素,合理处置背板中的有机材料和EVA,可减少对土壤、地下水资源的威胁,保护生态系统,有效保护环境。因此对退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池进行资源化、无害化处理尤为重要[4-5]
目前针对退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池的处理大多采用物理法[6-13]、化学法[14]及外场强化分离法[15]等。破碎、筛分后的热处理和湿法冶金技术能有效分离回收玻璃、金属等材料[16],特别是针对银等贵重金属的沉淀和离子交换回收技术[17],能促进资源循环利用。虽然这些技术在回收处理中发挥着重要作用,但目前还缺乏对预处理技术的深入研究,在电子废弃物的资源化处理中,分选冶炼方法已被证明是一种成熟高效的预处理技术,并得到了成功应用。因此,试验从退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池的结构和力学性能出发,研究了其破碎力学特征和组成特点,并在此基础上有针对性地选择适当的破碎方法,通过对破碎产物进行分析,判定选取方法对退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池破碎解离的有效性。
试验材料来自普通回收站退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池板,其各部分均保存完整。初步处理以去除外部的铝合金边框、接线盒,将主体部分裁剪成1 cm×1 cm大小的不规则小块。从原样品中取出一定量EVA。
硫酸、硝酸及氢氟酸,浓度均为16 mol/L,分别用于铝、银和硅的酸浸。
手工拆解退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池,分析其结构组成及各部分结合方式。对退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池进行破碎,分析元素破碎产物不同组分在不同粒级的分布规律,验证该破碎方法的有效性。试验前先对样品进行焙烧改性处理,将50 g样品放入马弗炉中于300 ℃下焙烧1~7 h(共7组);再将焙烧后样品放入粉碎制样机(入料粒度要求<15 mm),设置粉碎时间为10、15、20、25、30、35、40 s,对粉碎后的样品进行筛分(图1),实现光伏玻璃、发电主体和背板的解离;然后对分离产物进行破碎处理,利用各组分在破碎过程中的选择性破碎特性,使其在特定粒级范围内(-0.074+0.045 mm和-0.045 mm)实现有效分离,这2个粒级被确定为硅电池片及金属元素的主要富集体;根据各目标组分的化学性质通过酸浸逐级回收,同时对有害物铅进行处理,即用硝酸浸出Ag和Cu,用硫酸浸出Al,用氢氟酸浸出Si,Pb2+采用调节pH方式进行沉淀捕集。
采用背散射扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS,Phenom-ProX,Phenom)对电极材料的形貌进行分析。借助X射线衍射仪(XRD,D8 ADVANCE,Bruker)对粉末样品的物相组成和晶格结构进行表征,试验条件为:采用Cu-Kα(35 KV、30 mA)辐射源,步长0.02°,扫描速度0.2 s/步,数据采集范围5°~90°。通过热重分析仪(TGA,Q500,TA)测定电极材料的组分。采用TA公司热重分析仪对样品的热失重行为进行分析,试验条件为:常压,氮气流量100 mL/min,升温速率20 ℃/min,起始温度50 ℃,设定温度600 ℃。为了探明晶硅光伏太阳能电池有机组分的关键热失重温度点,以纯EVA有机材料为测试样品。
晶硅光伏太阳能电池主要由硅电池片、光伏玻璃、EVA-背板等有机材料和金属材料组成,成分占比见表1。电池主要为夹层结构,发电主体为最内层的硅基电池片,被上下两层钢化玻璃包裹,最下面是封装、防水的背板材料,整体被外围的铝金属边框固定;整个材料的结合方式为黏合,硅电池片、玻璃和背板之间通过EVA紧密的黏接在一起,该结合方式较牢固,作用力存在分子之间,物质间由轻微相互渗透。从破碎解离的角度来看,由于黏结剂的存在,不易通过破碎的方式完成解离。破碎前若能对黏结剂进行一定预处理,则破碎效果会显著提高,在拆解过程中玻璃由于应力作用会有脱落现象。
为了削弱EVA等有机材料的包覆,使回收组分更多暴露出来,必须对有机材料进行改性。试验在不同温度下对EVA(黏结剂)进行改性焙烧,使有机材料的黏性及延展性发生一定程度改变,减弱待回收组分的黏附性,并通过对破碎后产物进行表征分析,寻找最佳的解离条件,为后续的破碎和酸浸回收奠定基础。
破碎产物的各粒级组分样品的XRD分析,结果如图2所示。焙烧改性后晶硅光伏太阳能电池的解离程度由体式显微图像获取,如图3所示。正交试验结果见表2。可以看出:最佳工艺条件为焙烧温度300 ℃,焙烧时间5 h,升温速率30 ℃/min;焙烧温度对极差的贡献值最大,焙烧时间次之,说明对解离效果影响最大的因素为焙烧温度,其次为焙烧时间。表3为正交试验方差分析结果。可以看出:焙烧温度对退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池破碎后解离效果影响显著;在最佳试验条件下,退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池板的解离度为66.78%,相对标准偏差为2.53%,说明不同样品在预处理剪切过程中各组分占比存在一定偏差。
图4为样品焙烧前、后的SEM照片。
图4(a)看出,进行常规破碎时,晶硅光伏太阳能电池中由于存在EVA的包覆作用,细颗粒之间会出现严重得黏结现象,导致颗粒团聚程度较高;焙烧后样品的大颗粒数量明显减少,黏结团聚现象明显减弱,EVA包覆作用得到有效削弱,背板材料被破碎成絮状物,细颗粒逐渐暴露出来,有利于有价组分回收。
不同破碎粒级产品焙烧后(图4(b)、(c))与焙烧前相比,颗粒间的堆叠黏结程度降低,分散程度增大,主体部分得到充分解离,有价组分包覆现象较少。
为了强化样品的破碎效果,增加细粒级产率,对材料进行解离至关重要。焙烧改性可弱化EVA的黏结行为,增加材料解离效果。通过热重分析太阳能电池板中EVA的失重情况,结果如图5所示。可以看出,EVA失重过程主要分为2个阶段:第1个阶段发生在300~400 ℃之间,失重是由于EVA侧基的脂键断裂,脱除了乙酸,产生短链的烷烃和烯烃物质;第2阶段失重发生在400~480 ℃之间,乙酰基脱离醋酸乙烯,产生的新键重新组合成芳香族化合物,而乙烯聚合物则断裂成具有挥发性的脂肪烃。综合考虑,确定焙烧温度为300 ℃,此时EVA部分热解后黏结行为可得到弱化,冷却后背板材料脆性也能得到增加,更有利于破碎的进行和物质分离。
消除EVA后退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池板的不同组分破碎产物的平均粒度见表4。可以看出:EVA-背板材料的加权平均粒度较大,且远大于光伏玻璃和硅电池片的平均粒度,这是由各组分材料的破碎力学性质不同造成;背板粒度最大,很难细碎,是因为其有机材料,具有高延展性和柔韧性,不易破碎成细小颗粒;而玻璃和硅电池片平均粒度较小,是因为二者硬度较大,属于典型的脆性材料,极易受机械力的影响,从而破碎成细粒级的产物;退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池的破碎产物是一个由背板、玻璃和硅电池片不同组分的颗粒组成的粗细不均匀的粒群,这种破碎后的粒度差异也为筛分分离提供了有利条件。
消除EVA后退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池各粒级破碎产物中不同组分的质量差见表5。可以看出:EVA-背板破碎后颗粒粒级普遍大于0.074 mm,绝大多数颗粒粒级大于0.25 mm,破碎效率较高;光伏玻璃破碎后颗粒在各粒级均有分布,其中-0.074 mm粒级占比较大;硅电池片破碎后颗粒粒级都小于0.25 mm,绝大部分富集到-0.074 mm粒级中,其中,-0.045 mm粒级占比近2/3,这是因为在焙烧过程中,背板在高温下软化,黏结性变强,可能对硅电池片的后续破碎过程产生了一定影响:背板材料在高温处理冷却改性后,其破碎产物的平均粒为2.32 mm,相较于改性前,其破碎力学性质发生了很大的变化,整体而言,对整个材料破碎的积极影响远超于其黏结性带来的负面影响。
综上所述,退役晶硅太阳能光伏电池的选择性破碎效率较高,其原因在于各组分材料的破碎力学性质存在差异。这种差异主要表现为不同组分会产生具有明显粒级质量分布差异的破碎产物。为了优化破碎效果,应充分利用这一优势,通过精确调控破碎条件,有针对性地适应各组分材料的破碎特性。
在破碎过程中,随着颗粒逐渐细化,其表面因为断键作用而带电荷,这些带电颗粒之间容易发生相互吸附作用,形成团聚体,从而使粉碎效率下降;除了粒子间因断键带电出现团聚现象外,颗粒与颗粒之间、颗粒与机械之间的碰撞摩擦,不仅会导致温度升高,还可能使有机材料黏性增大,进一步造成颗粒间的团聚现象加剧。
二氧化硅粒径足够小,用作助磨剂可通过降低颗粒间摩擦力改善颗粒流动性;除此之外,其还具有抗黏附特性,可有效防止物料因冲击挤压而造成设备内部残留,使物料更加粉碎细化,提高细粒级产物产率。
加入助磨剂二氧化硅后,不同破碎时间和不同焙烧时间下的破碎产物粒级与产率之间的关系如图6所示。
图6(a)看出:加入二氧化硅后,-0.045 mm粒级产物产率有明显提升,随破碎时间延长其产率先升高后降低,破碎25 s时达最高,为16%。由图6(b)看出:-0.045 mm粒级产物产率随焙烧时间延长,也呈先升高后降低趋势,并在焙烧5 h时达最高,为15%;相较于改性前,+0.5 mm粒级产物产率增加2%左右,变化不大,-0.074+0.045 mm粒级产物产率降低10%左右,而-0.045 mm粒级产物产率增加13%左右,说明加入二氧化硅后,细粒级产物产率得到了一定程度提升。
矿物选择性越好,各组分在不同粒级的分布越不均匀,其品位与原始物料中的品位差别越大,破碎后各组分在各粒级的品位分散程度也越大。矿物品位指各粒级中该矿物品位的加权平均值,因此可通过各粒级中该矿物品位与原始物料中该组分品位的离散程度来表征选择性破碎效果。标准差是最常用的反映离散程度的指标。根据标准差公式可以得到组分m的选择性破碎行为指数τmτm在矿物加工或材料破碎领域中通常用于描述不同组分(或矿物)在破碎过程中的行为差异,主要是源于各组分之间的机械强度不同,破碎力学性质也不同,进而导致破碎产物在各粒级的分布存在差异[18],表达式如下:
τm=$\sqrt[ ]{\frac{1}{j}{\sum }_{i=1}^{j}{y}_{i}{\left(\frac{{\gamma }_{im}-{\gamma }_{m}}{{\gamma }_{m}}\right)}^{2}}$。
式中:m—组分;τm—矿物组分m的选择性破碎行为指数;i—破碎产物粒级;j—破碎产物总分级数;γimi粒级破碎产物中组分m质量分数,%;γm—破碎产物组分m质量分数,%;yii粒级破碎产物产率,%。
根据退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池的化学组成及产率,可计算出该电池在粉碎制样机粉碎25 s条件下,对不同组分的选择性破碎行为指数τm,结果见表6。通过对比τm可以判断退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池破碎中各组分选择性的强弱,其中Si、Ag、Cu、Al是目标回收的主要元素,Pb为主要处理的有害元素。
表6看出:目标回收组分的选择性破碎强弱顺序为Ag>Pb>Al>Cu>Si,可见,Si的选择性破碎指数远小于其他元素。这是由于玻璃中含大量Si元素,XRF对Si元素含量的测定包括玻璃,而玻璃是一种均相体系材料,破碎后虽在各粒级的质量分布存在差异,但在各粒级的品位差别不大,因此导致Si的选择性指数较小;但从晶硅光伏太阳能电池结构来看,金属元素与硅电池片结合紧密,结合各粒级产物的XRD图像可知,硅电池片上的晶硅在破碎后大部分富集在-0.074 mm粒级中,所以推测晶硅的实际选择性破碎指数应与金属相差不大。由表6还可看出:5种组分的选择性破碎特性都较强,这是由晶硅光伏太阳能电池的结构和物质本身的破碎力学性质导致;结合图2表5可知,硅及金属元素主要在细粒级产物中富集,而在粗粒级中较少,各组分破碎前后品位离散程度虽较大,但同一粒级样品中各组分组成仍会影响对其选择性破碎特性的判断,因此在式(1)的基础上提出了另一个选择性破碎行为指数ϑn,表达式如下:
ϑn=$\sqrt[ ]{\frac{1}{m}{\sum }_{i=1}^{m}{y}_{i}{\left(\frac{{\gamma }_{ij}-{\gamma }_{j}}{{\gamma }_{j}}\right)}^{2}}$。
式中:γij—该粒级中各组分质量分数,%;γj—某一指定元素质量分数,%,因在退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池中硅分布较为均匀且含量最大,所以将其设定为γj
假设矿物M有m个不同组分,那么各组分的选择性破碎指数分别为τ1,τ2,τ3τm,在破碎后分成了n个粒级,则每个粒级的选择性破碎指数为ϑ1ϑ2ϑ3ϑn。为了对整个矿物的选择性效果进行评价,考察了每个组分和每个粒级的选择性破碎行为,对τmϑn加权累计得选择性破碎效果判据φ,2个选择性破碎指数越大,则选择性破碎效果越好。φ的表达式如下:
φ=$\frac{1}{m}\sum _{i=1}^{m}$τm×$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}$ϑn
该判据主要是通过对2个选择性破碎行为指数的加权累计。选择性破碎行为指数τm主要是从矿物本身的机械强度出发,由于各组分的机械强度不同,破碎力学性质也不同,导致破碎产物在各粒级的分布会有差异;ϑn主要是从矿物破碎后的粒径性质出发,考察各粒级中不同组分矿物的选择性破碎效果。不同焙烧温度和时间下的选择性破碎行为指数和选择性破碎效果判据如图78所示。通过对粉碎制样机不同焙烧温度和焙烧时间下,破碎25 s的选择性破碎行为指数和选择性破碎效果判据的计算(主要关注元素为Si、Ag、Cu、Al、Pb),得到退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池的最大选择性破碎效果判据φ为0.112,说明粉碎制样机在焙烧时间5 h、焙烧温度300 ℃、破碎时间25 s条件下能使退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池达到最佳的选择性破碎效果。
为了排除不同金属离子间的沉淀和反应干扰,用硝酸浸出Ag、Cu,用硫酸浸出Al,用氢氟酸浸出Si,通过调节废液pH沉淀捕集其中残留杂质Pb2+
通过对退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池解离度及选择性破碎的研究,确定-0.074+0.045 mm和-0.045 mm两个粒级为硅电池片及金属元素的主要富集体,并将其制备成样品粉末。将电池粉末样品与硝酸按照固液质量体积比1∶250混合放入烧杯中,再将烧杯置于磁力加热搅拌器上,设置温度为60 ℃、反应时间为50 min、搅拌速率为500 r/min。待反应完全后,取样定容至100 mL容量瓶,使用ICP-OES测定其中Ag和Cu浓度并计算浸出率。不同硝酸浓度下的Ag、Cu浸出率变化曲线如图9所示。
图9看出,随硝酸浓度增大,Ag浸出率升高:硝酸浓度增至4 mol/L时,Ag浸出率达最大,为87.65%;硝酸浓度大于4 mol/L时,浸出率反而下降,这可能是由于硝酸浓度变大时,Cu会与Ag竞争硝酸根离子,导致Ag浸出率下降;Cu浸出率受硝酸浓度影响也较大,硝酸浓度为1 mol/L时,Cu浸出率较低,仅为2.72%;随硝酸浓度增大,Cu浸出率急剧升高,并在硝酸浓度增至4 mol/L时,达最大,为95.76%;继续增大硝酸浓度,Cu浸出率增幅不大,趋于平稳。综合考虑,确定适宜的硝酸浓度为4 mol/L,此时Ag、Cu浸出效果最佳。
将硝酸浸出Ag、Cu滤渣粉末样品与硫酸按照固液质量体积比1∶250混合放入烧杯中,再将烧杯置于磁力加热搅拌器上,设置温度为60 ℃、反应时间为70 min、搅拌速率为500 r/min。待反应完全后,取样定容至100 mL容量瓶,使用ICP-OES测定浓度并计算浸出率。不同硫酸浓度下Al浸出率的变化曲线如图10所示。
图10看出:硫酸浓度在1~3 mol/L范围内,随硫酸浓度增大,Al浸出率从62.83%升至96.33%;之后继续增大硫酸浓度,Al浸出率逐渐下降,在硫酸浓度增至6 mol/L时降至40.31%。这可能与溶液中氢离子浓度有关:在稀溶液中,硫酸电离能力更强,但整个体系氢离子浓度不高,所以当硫酸浓度增大时,溶液中氢离子浓度增大,使得Al浸出率升高;但硫酸浓度超过3 mol/L时,继续增大硫酸浓度,其电离能力逐渐减弱,电离出的氢离子数量也减少,造成Al浸出率降低。
将硫酸浸出Al后残渣样品粉末与氢氟酸按照固液质量体积比1∶250混合放入烧杯中,再将烧杯置于磁力加热搅拌器上,设置温度为60 ℃、反应时间为50 min、搅拌速率为500 r/min。待反应结束后,取样定容测定Si浓度并计算回收率。不同氢氟酸浓度下Si浸出率的变化曲线如图11所示。
图11看出:氢氟酸浓度在1~5 mol/L范围内,随氢氟酸浓度增大,Si浸出率升高,在氢氟酸浓度为4 mol/L时,Si浸出率已达92.34%;氢氟酸浓度大于5 mol/L后,Si浸出率升幅不大。从高浓度的氢氟酸对硅的浸出率较高推断,氢氟酸与晶硅的反应主要体现了其分子型特性,而非离子型特性,即氢氟酸分子的氢原子可以与硅原子结合形成Si—F不依赖氢氟酸电离产生的离子,而是直接利用了氢氟酸分子的反应活性。随氢氟酸浓度增大,Si浸出率升高,说明后续得到的晶硅产品纯度也较高。
在银、铜、铝的酸浸处理废液及残渣腐蚀处理后废液中残留着大量硝酸根离子、硫酸根离子、氟离子、氢离子和铅离子等有害物质,必须对废液进行处理,使其达标排放。为了去除废液中的Pb2+,通过加入氢氧化钠调节溶液pH方式,将Pb2+以Pb(OH)2形式沉淀下来,之后再对沉淀物进行高温加热,得到氧化铅。不同pH下Pb2+去除率的变化曲线如图12所示。
图12看出:废液pH在9~12范围内,随pH升高,Pb2+去除率升高,废弃pH升至12时,Pb2+去除率达93.42%;pH继续升高,Pb2+沉降速度虽变快,但最终去除率为93.53%,相较于pH=12时,变化不大。说明废液pH=12时,Pb2+去除率基本稳定,且去除效果良好。
在充分考虑退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池复杂黏结组分赋存特征的基础上,基于磨矿过程中粒度和组分的协同控制,探究了多组分选择性破碎行为,优化了光伏板破碎效果和细粒级组分的富集和酸浸过程,得出的主要结论如下:
1)在焙烧时间5 h、焙烧温度300 ℃、破碎时间25 s条件下,退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池能达到最佳的选择性破碎效果。
2)硝酸浓度为4 mol/L、硫酸浓度为3 mol/L、氢氟酸浓度为4 mol/L条件下,各组分浸出效果最佳,最终目标组分Cu、Ag、Al、Si浸出率分别为98.33%、94.12%、97.21%、95.17%。调节废液pH=12时,Pb2+去除率最佳,为93.53%。
通过对退役晶硅光伏太阳能电池中Ag、Cu、Si、Al等金属和非金属材料的梯级回收,可有效提高固体废物资源化利用的经济和社会效益,对其工业化发展具有重要意义。但试验仅考虑了Ag、Cu、Si、Al、Pb等元素进行的富集和酸浸,后续还可通过化学沉淀方式进一步回收退役晶硅太阳能电池,另外,玻璃、背板有机物等物质也可加以回收利用。
  • 山西省基础研究计划青年资助项目(202103021223045)
  • 山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2022-062)
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.015
  • 接收时间:2024-06-26
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-26
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山西省基础研究计划青年资助项目(202103021223045)
山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2022-062)
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    太原理工大学 矿业工程学院, 山西 太原 030024

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付元鹏(1990—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为电子废弃物资源化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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