Article(id=1172617835743425300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)05-0559-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719504000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503478226, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503478226, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503478226, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503478226, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172617833407197957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='591', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503477670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758275998347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=559, endPage=565, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172617835986694938, articleId=1172617835743425300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Extraction and Separation of Iron,Aluminum and Nickel from Electroplating Sludge by P204 Stepwise Extraction Process, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Extraction and separation of iron, aluminum and heavy metal nickel from electroplating sludge by P204 stepwise extraction process was studied. The effect of pH on the extraction process was discussed. The results show that the leaching solution of electroplating sludge after pretreatment with sulfuric acid was rich in nickel, and the insoluble substances were mainly calcium sulfate and silicon.Using 20%P204+80%sulfonated kerosene as organic phase, the extraction rates of Fe and Al can reach 99.9% and 97.6%, respectively, while the nickel loss rate is less than 2% under the conditons of VO/VA=1/1, electroplating sludge leaching solution nitial pH=0.9. When the pH of the raffinate is adjusted to 4.5, VO/VA =1/1, and the organic phase is 15%P204+85% sulfonated kerosene, the nickel extraction rate can reach 98% after four-stage extraction. The nickel-rich solution is obtained by four-stage strripping with 2 moL/L sulfuric acid, and nickel sulfate crystals with 22% nickel mass fraction are obtained by evaporation and crystallization.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhen LUO, Xin LAN, Zhan QU, Suiyi ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1172618110185124235, articleId=1172617835743425300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=P204顺序萃取分离电镀污泥中铁铝镍试验研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了采用P204萃取剂按顺序萃取分离电镀污泥中杂质铁铝和重金属镍,探讨了pH对萃取过程的影响机制。结果表明:电镀污泥经硫酸预处理后所得浸出液富含镍,所得不溶物主要为硫酸钙和硅;以20%P204+80%磺化煤油作为有机相,在萃取相比VO/VA=1/1、电镀污泥浸出液初始pH=0.9条件下,铁和铝萃取率分别达99.9%和97.6%,而镍损失率低于2%;将萃余液pH调至4.5,以15%P204+85%磺化煤油为有机相,在萃取相比VO/VA=1/1条件下,经过4级萃取,镍萃取率可达98%;用2 mol/L硫酸进行4级反萃取,所得富镍反萃液经蒸发结晶可得镍质量分数为22%的硫酸镍晶体。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曲展(1993—),男,博士,助理教授,主要研究方向为多金属固废资源化。E-mail:;
朱遂一(1981—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为富铁污泥资源化。E-mail:
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罗振(1989—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为固废资源化。

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罗振(1989—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为固废资源化。

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罗振(1989—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为固废资源化。

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language=CN, orderNo=8, keyword=硫酸)], refs=[Reference(id=1176950038036103556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617835743425300, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=46, issue=增刊1, pageStart=184, pageEnd=191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=朱佳天, 赖夏鹏, 孙盼, journalName=环境科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱佳天, 赖夏鹏, 孙盼, 等. 电镀污泥资源化处理技术现状及发展趋势[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2023, 46(增刊1):184-191., articleTitle=电镀污泥资源化处理技术现状及发展趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1176950038094823813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617835743425300, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=298, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=HUO Y, KHAN A, LIU Y W, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUO Y, KHAN A, LIU Y W, et al. 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Ni Fe Al Ca 硫酸
15.9 2.2 4.1 0.5 3.82
), ArticleFig(id=1176950037557952895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617835743425300, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电镀污泥的主要成分 %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ni Fe Al Ca 硫酸
15.9 2.2 4.1 0.5 3.82
), ArticleFig(id=1176950037612478848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617835743425300, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硫酸浓度/
(mol·L-1)
ρ(Ni2+)/
(g·L1)
ρ(Fe)/
(g·L-1)
ρ(Al3+)/
(g·L-1)
1 19.50 0.009 0.104
3 75.43 11.34 12.67
5 64.31 10.06 9.43
), ArticleFig(id=1176950037700559233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617835743425300, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

硫酸预处理电镀污泥后浸出液中镍、铁、铝质量浓度

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硫酸浓度/
(mol·L-1)
ρ(Ni2+)/
(g·L1)
ρ(Fe)/
(g·L-1)
ρ(Al3+)/
(g·L-1)
1 19.50 0.009 0.104
3 75.43 11.34 12.67
5 64.31 10.06 9.43
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P204顺序萃取分离电镀污泥中铁铝镍试验研究
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罗振 1, 2 , 兰馨 2 , 曲展 3 , 朱遂一 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(5): 559-565
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(5): 559-565
P204顺序萃取分离电镀污泥中铁铝镍试验研究
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罗振1, 2, 兰馨2, 曲展3 , 朱遂一2
作者信息
  • 1 无锡市新都环保科技有限公司, 江苏 无锡 214200
  • 2 仲恺农业工程学院 资源与环境学院, 广东 广州 510000
  • 3 南京大学 环境学院环境与健康研究院, 江苏 苏州 215000
  • 罗振(1989—),男,硕士,主要研究方向为固废资源化。

通讯作者:

曲展(1993—),男,博士,助理教授,主要研究方向为多金属固废资源化。E-mail:;
朱遂一(1981—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为富铁污泥资源化。E-mail:
Extraction and Separation of Iron,Aluminum and Nickel from Electroplating Sludge by P204 Stepwise Extraction Process
Zhen LUO1, 2, Xin LAN2, Zhan QU3 , Suiyi ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Xindu Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214200, China
  • 2 College of Resource and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • 3 Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215000, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.012
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研究了采用P204萃取剂按顺序萃取分离电镀污泥中杂质铁铝和重金属镍,探讨了pH对萃取过程的影响机制。结果表明:电镀污泥经硫酸预处理后所得浸出液富含镍,所得不溶物主要为硫酸钙和硅;以20%P204+80%磺化煤油作为有机相,在萃取相比VO/VA=1/1、电镀污泥浸出液初始pH=0.9条件下,铁和铝萃取率分别达99.9%和97.6%,而镍损失率低于2%;将萃余液pH调至4.5,以15%P204+85%磺化煤油为有机相,在萃取相比VO/VA=1/1条件下,经过4级萃取,镍萃取率可达98%;用2 mol/L硫酸进行4级反萃取,所得富镍反萃液经蒸发结晶可得镍质量分数为22%的硫酸镍晶体。
电镀污泥  /  P204  /  萃取  /  镍  /  铁  /  铝  /  分离  /  硫酸

Extraction and separation of iron, aluminum and heavy metal nickel from electroplating sludge by P204 stepwise extraction process was studied. The effect of pH on the extraction process was discussed. The results show that the leaching solution of electroplating sludge after pretreatment with sulfuric acid was rich in nickel, and the insoluble substances were mainly calcium sulfate and silicon.Using 20%P204+80%sulfonated kerosene as organic phase, the extraction rates of Fe and Al can reach 99.9% and 97.6%, respectively, while the nickel loss rate is less than 2% under the conditons of VO/VA=1/1, electroplating sludge leaching solution nitial pH=0.9. When the pH of the raffinate is adjusted to 4.5, VO/VA =1/1, and the organic phase is 15%P204+85% sulfonated kerosene, the nickel extraction rate can reach 98% after four-stage extraction. The nickel-rich solution is obtained by four-stage strripping with 2 moL/L sulfuric acid, and nickel sulfate crystals with 22% nickel mass fraction are obtained by evaporation and crystallization.

electroplating sludge  /  P204  /  extraction  /  nickel  /  iron  /  aluminum  /  separation  /  sulfuric acid
罗振, 兰馨, 曲展, 朱遂一. P204顺序萃取分离电镀污泥中铁铝镍试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (5) : 559 -565 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.012
Zhen LUO, Xin LAN, Zhan QU, Suiyi ZHU. Extraction and Separation of Iron,Aluminum and Nickel from Electroplating Sludge by P204 Stepwise Extraction Process[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (5) : 559 -565 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.012
电镀污泥是一种含重金属的有毒有害废弃物,大量产生于表面处理行业,通过直接填埋或掺烧制备建筑材料进行处理,会造成大量重金属损失,同时也存在污染风险[1]。因此,回收电镀污泥中的重金属,则可同步削减电镀污泥产量,并降低其潜在的环境污染风险。
电镀污泥中含有铜、锌、镍、铬等重金属,相对而言,镍更具有经济价值,因此受到更多关注[2-3]。目前,从电镀污泥中分离回收镍的方法较多,包括湿法溶解—萃取分离、火法煅烧—水浸萃取、电化学—膜分离等;但其中一些方法因受到场地条件和管理水平制约,或者要求高温高压条件,使其应用受到了一定限制。相较而言,强酸溶解结合多级萃取分离法则因在温和条件下即可高效分离电镀污泥中的重金属镍而得到了广泛应用[4-6]。除镍等重金属之外,电镀污泥中还含有铁、铝、钙、镁等杂质,通常可先采用P507、N235、Cyanex 272和PC-88A等萃取剂分离,再采用特异萃取剂,如HBL 110、Aliquat 336和P204等萃取萃余液,从中高效回收镍[7-15]。尽管已有萃取法在分离回收电镀污泥中的镍方面取得了一定成果,但大多侧重于去除含量较高的杂质以获得含镍溶液,而含量较低的杂质离子仍残留在溶液中,除杂效果不是很理想;另外,还存在部分萃取剂价格昂贵或萃取剂只能萃取单一金属镍等缺点,难以达到高效回收利用电镀污泥中有用组分的目的。
针对上述问题,试验研究了用单一萃取剂P204在不同pH条件下按顺序逐步萃取电镀污泥铁、铝和镍,对试验条件进行了优化,并探究了萃取机制,以期为含镍电镀污泥的高效资源化利用提供技术参考。
试验用电镀污泥呈灰绿色,取自河北霸州某电镀公司废水处理站,含水率为41.7%。取50 g污泥放入100 mL 3 mol/L硫酸溶液中,超声5 min,持续搅拌90 min后静置分层,溶液顶部产物为灰色絮体,经离心分离后得到绿色酸溶液。分别调节硫酸浓度为1和5 mol/L,重复上述试验。
萃取剂:二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(P204),分析纯,购于常州新元素化学有限公司;稀释剂:磺化煤油(260#溶油剂),分析纯,购于郑州和成新材料科技有限公司;反萃剂:H2SO4,分析纯,购于广东广试试剂科技有限公司;P507、N235、Cyanex272、TBP、Alamine 336、Versatic Acid 10和异癸醇,均为分析纯,购于上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。
主要设备:电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-OES,Avio 200,美国 Perkin),扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Inspect F50,美国 Fei),X射线衍射仪(XRD,Rint 2200,日本 Rigaku),pH计(S210-S,美国 Mettler Toledo)。
首先,取10 mL电镀污泥硫酸浸出液于100 mL容量瓶中,稀释后添加硫酸调节溶液pH至0.9,定容;然后,将20 mL P204与80 mL磺化煤油混合配制成20%P204+80%磺煤油有机溶剂;最后取一定量稀释后的溶液与有机溶剂,按相比VO/VA=1/1加入到125 mL分液漏斗中,振荡5 min,静置30 min,分离,得负载有机相a和萃余液a。用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪分析萃余液a中金属离子含量,考察铁铝分离效果。
选取P507、N235、Cyanex272、TBP、Alamine 336、Versatic Acid 10和异癸醇7种常用萃取剂取代P204萃取剂,按照上述试验条件与方法进行萃取对比试验。
萃取试验完成后,在VO/VA=1/1条件下,用6 mol/L盐酸溶液反萃取负载有机相a,振荡5 min后,静置30 min,分别收集反萃液a和贫有机相b进行表征。
取25 mL萃余液a,调节pH至4.5,在VO/VA=1/1条件下,仍使用15%P204+85%磺化煤油振荡5 min,静置30 min后分层,得负载有机相c和萃余液b。通过调节VO/VA、P204用量和溶液pH,优化试验参数。最后在VO/VA=1/1条件下,用2 mol/L硫酸对负载有机相c进行反萃取,即再生处理,得到的反萃液b进行蒸发结晶制备硫酸镍晶体。
镍、铁、铝萃取率计算公式如下:
EB=$\frac{{\rho }_{B0}-{\rho }_{B1}}{{\rho }_{B0}}$×100%。
式中:EB—金属(镍、铁、铝)萃取率,%;ρB0—浸出液中金属(镍、铁、铝)质量浓度,g/L;ρB1—萃余液中金属(镍、铁、铝)质量浓度,g/L。
金属分离系数β(A/B)、分配比D的计算公式如下:
β(A/B)=$\frac{{D}_{A}}{{D}_{B}}$;
D=$\frac{{\left[M\right]}_{org}}{{\left[M\right]}_{aq}}$。
式中:β(A/B)—金属A(铁或铝)与金属B(镍)的萃取分离系数;DA—金属(铁、铝、镍)分离比;DB—金属(铁、铝、镍)分离比;D—金属(铁、铝、镍)分离比;[M]org—有机相中金属(铁、铝、镍)浓度,[M]aq—水相中金属(铁、铝、镍)浓度。
电镀污泥的主要成分见表1,硫酸预处理后浸出液中镍、铁、铝质量浓度见表2。电镀污泥及硫酸预处理后不溶物的SEM/XRD分析结果如图1所示。
图1表1~2看出:电镀污泥呈不规则块状,其XRD谱中出现了一个硫酸钙的宽峰;该污泥含铁2.2%、铝4.1%、镍15.9%和钙0.5%;用1 mol/L硫酸预处理污泥后浸出液中镍质量浓度接近20 g/L,而铁、铝质量浓度均小于0.1 g/L;硫酸质量浓度增至3 mol/L,污泥浸出液中镍质量浓度增至75.43 g/L,铁、铝质量浓度分别达11.34 g/L和12.67 g/L,同时产生了灰色絮状不溶物,其XRD谱中出现了尖锐的石膏晶体峰(图1(c)),表明不溶物以石膏为主;硫酸质量浓度增至5 mol/L时,镍、铁、铝质量浓度分别降至64.31、10.06 和9.43 g/L。综上,选择3 mol/L硫酸溶解电镀污泥浸出液进行试验;但考虑到直接浸出后溶液中镍浓度过高会导致后续萃取过程中出现乳化现象,因此,取上清液稀释10倍作为电镀污泥浸出液进行后续试验,稀释后镍、铁、铝质量浓度分别为7.54、1.13和1.27 g/L。
为了考察不同萃取剂对电镀污泥中镍与铁铝的萃取分离效果,试验选用P507、N235、Cyanex272、TBP、Alamine 336、Versatic Acid 10和异癸醇8种萃取剂分别对电镀污泥浸出液进行萃取试验,试验条件为溶液初始pH=0.9、VO/VA=1/1、有机相组成为20%萃取剂+80%磺化煤油、振荡时间5 min。结果如图2所示。
图2看出:在8种萃取剂中,P204和P507对铁的萃取效果最佳,萃取率接近100%,而N235、C272、TBP、Alamine A336、Versatic Acid 10、癸醇6种萃取剂的铁萃取率均低于50%;8种萃取剂中,除P204对铝的萃取率达98%外,其他7种萃取剂萃取铝效果均较差,不足10%,说明P204具有更佳的除铝效果。综上可知,P204去除电镀污泥中铁铝能力较强,这可能与其具有独特的化学结构,能与铁和铝形成稳定的配合物有关。而其他7种萃取剂由于与铁、铝的亲和力较低,导致除铁和除铝效果较差。因此,选择P204进行后续试验。
为进一步优化P204的萃取效果,在电镀污泥浸出液平衡pH=1.2、有机相组成为20%P204+80%磺化煤油、振荡时间5 min条件下,考察萃取相比VO/VA对铁、铝和镍萃取率和萃取分离系数的影响,试验结果如图3所示。
图3(a)看出:随VO/VA增大,铁萃取率始终保持在较高水平,接近100%,说明P204在除铁方面具有高效性;VO/VA由1/5增至1.5/1时,铝萃取率显著升高,最大可达95.50%,镍萃取率也有小幅升高,最大升至10.55%;同时溶液平衡pH由0.97降至0.85,说明随VO/VA增大更多的P204中的—OH与金属离子结合形成金属配合物,同时释放H+,导致平衡pH有所降低。
图3(b)看出:VO/VA=1/1.5时,铁镍分离系数达最大,为735.83,铁镍分离效果最佳;VO/VA=1/1时,铝镍分离系数达最大,为167.51,铝镍分离效果最佳,此时铁镍分离系数为718.50。考虑到铁铝和镍分离效果的差异,确定萃取工艺的VO/VA为1/1。该比值不仅能有效提高铁和铝萃取率,同时还能保证镍萃取率。
在有机相组成为20%P204+80%磺化煤油、萃取相比VO/VA=1/1、振荡时间5 min条件下,电镀污泥浸出液初始pH对铁、铝和镍萃取率和萃取分离系数的影响,试验结果如图4所示。
图4(a)看出:初始pH在0.9~1.8范围内,随pH升高,铁萃取率逐渐下降,最低为86.4%,而铝萃取率维持在94.1%~97.6%范围内,镍萃取率有小幅升高,最大为7.2%;同时,平衡pH相较于萃取前,也随pH升高呈明显下降趋势。这主要归因于P204与金属离子发生酸碱反应,其分子结构中含有的羟基(—OH)与金属离子结合形成金属配合物,同时释放H+,因此反应后pH相比反应前有所降低。
图4(b)看出,初始pH对金属分离系数的影响显著:pH=0.9时,铁镍分离系数为719.55,铝镍分离系数为327.08;之后随pH增大,铁镍分离系数和铝镍分离系数均明显降低。说明pH=0.9时,铁、铝与镍的萃取分离效果最佳,通过合理调控pH,可进一步优化铁、铝和镍分离过程,从而提高杂质分离效果和镍回收率。
试验继续选用P204对除铁铝萃余液a进行萃取提纯。在萃余液a的pH=4.5、以15%P204+85%磺化煤油作为萃取镍有机相条件下,考察萃取相比VO/VA对P204萃取回收镍的影响,试验结果如图5所示。
图5看出:随VO/VA从1/5 增至2/1,镍萃取率从12.6%升至47.8%,这是因为随有机相体积增大,P204与镍离子的接触面积增加,会使更多的镍离子被成功萃取回收;溶液平衡pH随VO/VA增大呈下降趋势,由1.9降至1.4,这是因为VO/VA越大,P204释放的H+越多,造成溶液pH降低。为了确保获得较高的镍萃取率,同时避免萃取剂过度消耗,实现成本效益与萃取效率的最佳平衡,试验确定萃取回收镍的最佳相比VO/VA=1/1。
在萃余液a的pH=4.5、萃取相比VO/VA=1/1条件下,考察有机相中P204与煤油稀释比对萃取回收镍的影响,试验结果如图6所示。
图6看出:随有机相中P204体积分数从5%增至30%,镍萃取率从18.4%升至47.7%,这是因为P204用量增加能增强其与镍离子的结合能力,从而提高镍萃取率;随P204体积分数增大,溶液平衡pH从1.7降至1.3。综合考虑,试验确定选择15%P204+85%磺化煤油为有机相进行后续试验。
用15%P204+85%磺化煤油为有机相,控制萃取相比VO/VA=1/1条件下,考察萃余液a的初始pH对P204萃取回收镍的影响,试验结果如图7所示。
图7看出:溶液初始pH对镍的萃取影响不大,pH从3.5升至5.5,镍萃取率从28.2%升至34.5%;随初始pH升高,溶液平衡pH先升高后降低,但基本维持在1.5左右,变化幅度不大,且在pH高于4.5后稳定不变。综合考虑,试验确定调节除铁铝后萃余液a的pH=4.5为宜。
综上,确定P204萃取回收镍的优化工艺参数为:萃余液a的pH=4.5,15%P204+85%磺化煤油为有机相,萃取相比VO/VA=1/1。在该条件下进行4级逆流萃取镍试验,绘制McCabe-Thiele曲线,以优化镍萃取级数,结果如图8所示。可以看出:在优化工艺条件下4级逆流萃取镍,可有效回收萃余液a中剩余的镍。经过进行相应的萃取试验,结果表明经4级逆流萃取后镍萃取回收率可达98%。
用2 mol/L硫酸对负载有取机相c进行反萃取,即再生处理。通过4级反萃取后,对反萃液进行ICP检测分析。结果表明:负载有机相c中镍回收率为98.7%,反萃液b中镍质量浓度达7.3 g/L,而铁、铝质量浓度浓度均低于0.001 g/L。将反萃液b直接进行蒸发结晶,最终可得镍质量分数22%的硫酸镍晶体产品,符合HG/T 2824—2009工业一级硫酸镍标准要求,证明P204可高效选择性地回收镍,具有一定的工业应用潜力。该工艺可为镍资源的高效回收提供了一种新技术途径。
P204是一种酸性磷酸脂类萃取剂,其在煤油稀释剂中以氢键二聚体结构形式存在,并通过二聚体形式配合金属离子[12]。在硫酸浸出液中,铁、铝和镍存在多种水合配位离子形态。试验通过美杜莎软件分析计算并得出了金属离子的水解特征,在pH=0~2范围内,铁的水合配位离子包括$\mathrm{FeOH})_{2}^{+}$、FeOH2+、Fe3+、$\mathrm{FeHSO}_{4}^{2+}$、$\mathrm{FeSO}_{4}^{+}$、和$\mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right)_{2}^{-}$(图9(a))。这些配位离子中$\mathrm{FeSO}_{4}^{+}$和$\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}^{+}$为正一价,能被P204的配位基团捕获,生成P204-Fe配位体,同时释放与铁相邻的硫酸盐或羟基,进一步通过空间异构转化为稳定的有机-金属配体结构,从浸出液中萃取分离。铝与铁水解特征相似(图9(b),能够同步被P204萃取。与铁/铝不同,镍离子在pH=0~2范围内主要以Ni2+和NiSO4配体形式存在(图9(c)),不参与中间体的生成。随pH升高,P204逐渐转变为去质子态,同时镍离子发生水解,这种去质子态的P204对水合镍离子具有良好的亲和配位能力,从而生成有机镍配位体,使镍得到萃取分离。
用酸溶液对负载有机相进行反萃取时,可通过改变两相混合溶液pH促使铁、铝和镍配位离子的形态发生变化,从而使其从有机-金属配体中分离。如用2 mol/L硫酸反萃取时,镍的水合离子可转化成Ni2+和NiSO4,促使配位反应向左进行,导致有机-镍配体解配合,由此实现萃取剂P204的再生。
采用单一萃取剂P204,通过调节溶液pH可实现电镀污泥中铁、铝和镍的高效分离与回收。污泥电镀污泥经强酸溶解后生成的浸出液在萃取相比VO/VA=1/1、初始pH=0.9条件下,用P204进行一级萃取,可去除99.9%的铁和97.6%的铝,且镍损失仅为1.72%;进一步将萃余液pH调至4.5后,通过4级萃取可回收98%的镍,最终获得符合工业一级标准的硫酸镍晶体产品。该工艺采用单一萃取剂对电镀污泥中的多种金属进行顺序萃取分离,可简化流程,降低成本,弥补传统多步萃取工艺的不足,具有一定参考价值。但镍的单级萃取效率仍存在优化空间,未来应重点优化工艺以减少逆流萃取级数,进一步提升其工业化应用潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52200156)
  • 江苏省社会发展面上项目(BE2023697)
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.012
  • 接收时间:2024-06-28
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-28
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52200156)
江苏省社会发展面上项目(BE2023697)
作者信息
    1 无锡市新都环保科技有限公司, 江苏 无锡 214200
    2 仲恺农业工程学院 资源与环境学院, 广东 广州 510000
    3 南京大学 环境学院环境与健康研究院, 江苏 苏州 215000

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曲展(1993—),男,博士,助理教授,主要研究方向为多金属固废资源化。E-mail:;
朱遂一(1981—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为富铁污泥资源化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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