Article(id=1172617834585797389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)05-0473-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715270400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503477951, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503477951, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503477951, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503477951, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172617833407197957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='591', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503477670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758275998347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=473, endPage=482, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172617834808095502, articleId=1172617834585797389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Membrane Extraction Technology in Hydrometallurgy, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The composition, preparation methods, and mass transfer mechanisms of ELM (emulsion liquid membrane), SLM (supported liquid membrane), and PIM (polymeric inclusion membrane), and the research progress of these three types of membranes in hydrometallurgy in recent 5 years are reviewed. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the three membranes in hydrometallurgy were summarized, and the solution to the problems such as ELM films exhibited instability and difficulties with emulsion breaking, SLM membranes tended to be unstable with the membrane phase is lost to the water phase and PIM demonstrated lower mass transfer efficiency requiring longer time to reach equilibrium are proposed. Finally, the future development direction for the three membranes in the field of hydrometallurgy are prospected, providing a crucial foundation for further promoting the application of membrane extraction technology in hydrometallurgy and expediting the industrial production of membrane extraction technology.

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综述了乳状液膜(ELM)、支撑液膜(SLM)和聚合物包容膜(PIM)的组成、制备方法、传质机制,以及近5年来3种膜在湿法冶金中的研究进展,总结了3种膜在湿法冶金中存在的优点和缺点。针对ELM膜相不稳定、破乳困难,SLM膜相不稳定、易流失,PIM传质效率较低、耗时长等缺点提出了相应的弥补方法。对3种膜在湿法冶金领域未来的发展方向进行了展望,为进一步促进膜萃取技术在湿法冶金中的应用研究,加快膜萃取技术工业化生产提供了重要依据。

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朱山(1989—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为冶金固废资源化。

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朱山(1989—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为冶金固废资源化。

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朱山(1989—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为冶金固废资源化。

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Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 386.DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121990., articleTitle=Electro-membrane extraction of cadmium(Ⅱ) by bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate/kerosene/polyvinyl chloride polymer inclusion membrane, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1176949700101026137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617834585797389, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=202, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[95], rfOrder=94, authorNames=MENG X, LONG Y, TIAN Y, journalName=Hydrometallurgy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG X, LONG Y, TIAN Y, et al. Electro-membrane extraction of lithium with D2EHPA/TBP compound extractant[J]. 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膜相(载体-膜溶剂-表面活性剂-增膜剂) 内相 外相 萃取分离效果 参考文献
D2EHPA-煤油-span80-液体石蜡 HCl Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ) 均达98%以上 [18]
N503-煤油-span80-液体石蜡 EDTA Pd(Ⅱ) 96.6% [19]
TOPO-葵花籽油-PGPR+Tween 80-无 Na2CO3 Cr(Ⅵ) 96% [20]
D2EHPA-葵花籽油-span80-无 HCl Cu(Ⅱ) 94% [21]
1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐-
煤油-span80-Al(OH)3
NaOH Sb(Ⅲ) 99% [22]
D2EHPA-煤油-span80-Fe2O3 H2SO4 Pb(Ⅱ) 97.2% [23]
Cyanex 272-煤油-span80+Tween-SiO2 H2SO4 Mn(Ⅱ) 大于97% [24]
N2O3型Schiff碱-二氯甲烷-span80-液体石蜡 HCl Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、
Zn(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅲ)
除Pb(Ⅱ)外,可选择性
回收Cu(Ⅱ)
[25]
Aliquat 336-棕桐油-span80-1-辛醇 硫脲、H2SO4 Cr(Ⅵ) 82%被反萃取为Cr(Ⅲ) [26]
D2EHPA+EDTA-煤油-鼠李糖脂-无 H2SO4 Mn(Ⅱ) 77% [27]
M2EHPA+D2EHPA-正己烷-span80-无 H2SO4 Cu(Ⅱ) 99.95% [28]
D2EHPA-煤油-Triton X 100-无 H2SO4 Cd(Ⅱ) 98% [29]
D2EHPA-基于植物油的餐饮废油-span80-无 H2SO4 Pb(Ⅱ) 97.39% [30]
D2EHPA-煤油-span80-无 H2SO4 Sb(Ⅲ) 99% [31]
M5640-煤油-span80-无 H2SO4 Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ) Cu(Ⅱ) 99.9%、Ni(Ⅱ) 4.2% [32]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949691620143287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617834585797389, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ELM分离富集金属离子的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜相(载体-膜溶剂-表面活性剂-增膜剂) 内相 外相 萃取分离效果 参考文献
D2EHPA-煤油-span80-液体石蜡 HCl Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ) 均达98%以上 [18]
N503-煤油-span80-液体石蜡 EDTA Pd(Ⅱ) 96.6% [19]
TOPO-葵花籽油-PGPR+Tween 80-无 Na2CO3 Cr(Ⅵ) 96% [20]
D2EHPA-葵花籽油-span80-无 HCl Cu(Ⅱ) 94% [21]
1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐-
煤油-span80-Al(OH)3
NaOH Sb(Ⅲ) 99% [22]
D2EHPA-煤油-span80-Fe2O3 H2SO4 Pb(Ⅱ) 97.2% [23]
Cyanex 272-煤油-span80+Tween-SiO2 H2SO4 Mn(Ⅱ) 大于97% [24]
N2O3型Schiff碱-二氯甲烷-span80-液体石蜡 HCl Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、
Zn(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅲ)
除Pb(Ⅱ)外,可选择性
回收Cu(Ⅱ)
[25]
Aliquat 336-棕桐油-span80-1-辛醇 硫脲、H2SO4 Cr(Ⅵ) 82%被反萃取为Cr(Ⅲ) [26]
D2EHPA+EDTA-煤油-鼠李糖脂-无 H2SO4 Mn(Ⅱ) 77% [27]
M2EHPA+D2EHPA-正己烷-span80-无 H2SO4 Cu(Ⅱ) 99.95% [28]
D2EHPA-煤油-Triton X 100-无 H2SO4 Cd(Ⅱ) 98% [29]
D2EHPA-基于植物油的餐饮废油-span80-无 H2SO4 Pb(Ⅱ) 97.39% [30]
D2EHPA-煤油-span80-无 H2SO4 Sb(Ⅲ) 99% [31]
M5640-煤油-span80-无 H2SO4 Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ) Cu(Ⅱ) 99.9%、Ni(Ⅱ) 4.2% [32]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949691708223674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617834585797389, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜相(萃取剂-稀释剂) 支撑体 料液相 接收相 萃取分离效果 参考文献
P507-庚烷 LiCl改性PVDF Er(Ⅲ) HCl 94.8% [38]
N235-煤油 PVDF 页岩提钒酸浸液 Na2CO3 V(Ⅴ) 92%,其余金属
低于2%
[39]
[C4mim][NTf2]+
TBP-无
PVDF Li(Ⅰ)、Na(Ⅰ)、Mg(Ⅱ)、
Co(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)
Na2CO3+NaHCO3 可选择性分离Li(Ⅰ) [40]
HFDOD+
TOPO-十二烷
PVDF Li(Ⅰ)、Na(Ⅰ) HCl Li(Ⅰ) 100%被萃取,
Li(Ⅰ)和Na(Ⅰ)成功分离
[41]
D2EHPA-矿物油 PVDF 粉煤灰渗滤液 HNO3 重稀土元素>75%;
轻稀土元素<50%
[42]
[C4mim][NTf2]+
TOPO+TBP-煤油
PVDF 永磁NdFeB浸出液 H2SO4 Nd(Ⅲ)和Dy(Ⅲ)
均在90%左右
[43]
三月桂胺-THF PP As(Ⅲ) NaOH 93% [44]
薄荷醇+水杨酸-无 PP Ni(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、
Cu(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅱ)、Ag(Ⅰ)
Na2S2O3 可选择性分离Ag(Ⅰ) [45]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949691796304059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617834585797389, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SLM分离富集金属离子的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜相(萃取剂-稀释剂) 支撑体 料液相 接收相 萃取分离效果 参考文献
P507-庚烷 LiCl改性PVDF Er(Ⅲ) HCl 94.8% [38]
N235-煤油 PVDF 页岩提钒酸浸液 Na2CO3 V(Ⅴ) 92%,其余金属
低于2%
[39]
[C4mim][NTf2]+
TBP-无
PVDF Li(Ⅰ)、Na(Ⅰ)、Mg(Ⅱ)、
Co(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)
Na2CO3+NaHCO3 可选择性分离Li(Ⅰ) [40]
HFDOD+
TOPO-十二烷
PVDF Li(Ⅰ)、Na(Ⅰ) HCl Li(Ⅰ) 100%被萃取,
Li(Ⅰ)和Na(Ⅰ)成功分离
[41]
D2EHPA-矿物油 PVDF 粉煤灰渗滤液 HNO3 重稀土元素>75%;
轻稀土元素<50%
[42]
[C4mim][NTf2]+
TOPO+TBP-煤油
PVDF 永磁NdFeB浸出液 H2SO4 Nd(Ⅲ)和Dy(Ⅲ)
均在90%左右
[43]
三月桂胺-THF PP As(Ⅲ) NaOH 93% [44]
薄荷醇+水杨酸-无 PP Ni(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、
Cu(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅱ)、Ag(Ⅰ)
Na2S2O3 可选择性分离Ag(Ⅰ) [45]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949691913744573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617834585797389, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载体 基础聚合物-增塑剂 料液相 接收相 萃取分离效果 参考文献
N,N-二癸基-2-
氨甲基吡啶
PVC-NPOE Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ) HCl 可选择性分离Cu(Ⅱ) [62]
D2EHPA PVC-无 Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、
Ni(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Al(Ⅲ)、Mo(Ⅵ)、
Cr(Ⅲ)、Bi(Ⅲ)
H2SO4 可选择性分离Bi(Ⅲ) [63]
D2EHPA CTA-NPOE Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ) HNO3 Zn(Ⅱ)≥Pb(Ⅱ)>Cd(Ⅱ)>
Cu(Ⅱ)
[64]
M5640 PVC-无 Cu(Ⅱ) H2SO4 98% [65]
D2EHPA+
辛基异羟肟酸
PVC-无 Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ) H2SO4 可选择性分离Zn(Ⅱ) [66]
Kelex 100 CTA-TEHP Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、
Cu(Ⅱ)、Ca(Ⅱ)、Mg(Ⅱ)
HCl 当Pb(Ⅱ)不存在时,可选择性
分离Ni(Ⅱ)与Ca(Ⅱ)和Mg(Ⅱ)
[67]
1-戊基三唑 CTA-邻硝基
苯戊醚
Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ) HCl Pd(Ⅱ)>Zn(Ⅱ)>Ni(Ⅱ) [68]
D2EHPA PVC-无 In(Ⅲ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ) HCl In(Ⅲ) 100% [69]
乙二胺-
双乙酰丙酮
CTA-邻硝基
苯戊醚
Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、
Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)
H2O Zn(Ⅱ)>Cd(Ⅱ)>Co(Ⅱ)>
Cu(Ⅱ)>Ni(Ⅱ)
[70]
TTA+TOPO CTA-无 Li(Ⅰ)、Na(Ⅰ)、K(Ⅰ) HCl 可高度选择性分离Li(Ⅰ) [71]
TOA CTA-TBP Bi(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、
Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、
Cr(Ⅲ)、Mo(Ⅵ)、W(Ⅵ)
Na2CO3 Bi(Ⅲ)>95%,几乎无
其他金属离子
[72]
LIX84I+新癸酸 PVC-NPOE Cu(Ⅱ) H2SO4 97% [73]
P227 PVDF-无 Lu(Ⅲ)、La(Ⅲ)、Sm(Ⅲ) HCl Lu(Ⅲ) 91%,Sm(Ⅲ) 5%,
无La(Ⅲ)
[74]
A336 PVC-聚氧乙
烯烷基醚
Te(IV) Na2CO3 55.56% [75]
A336 PVDF-HTP-邻苯
二甲酸二丁酯
Al(Ⅲ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、
Mn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、V(Ⅴ)
H2SO4+
H2O2
可选择性分离V(Ⅴ) [76]
A336 CTA+聚己二酸-
对苯二甲酸丁
二醇酯-无
Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、
Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)
NaOH 单Cr(Ⅵ) 99%;多金属混合,
可选择性分离Cr(Ⅵ),91.5%
[77]
A336 CTA-无 As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ) NaCl As(Ⅴ) 99.7% [78]
A336 PVDF-NPOE Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、
Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)
醋酸+
醋酸铵
可选择性分离Cr(Ⅵ),97% [79]
[A336][SCN] PVDF-NPOE Au(Ⅰ) KSCN 98.2% [80]
A336或
Cyphos IL 101
PVDF-HTP-无 Cr(Ⅵ) NaNO3 79%或66% [81]
A336 PVC-无 Fe(Ⅲ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ) HCl 分离系数β(Zn/Cu)、β(Zn/Fe)和
β(Cd/Cu)分别为1 996、606和112
[82]
1,3-癸基-1-咪唑-
3-溴化铵
PVC-NPOE Fe(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、
Cr(Ⅲ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)
NH4OH 可有效去除Cd(Ⅱ) [83]
三辛基(十二
烷基)氯化磷
PVDF-HTP-NPOE Pt(Ⅳ)、Pd(Ⅱ)、Rh(Ⅲ) HCl等 Pt(Ⅳ) 93%,Pd(Ⅱ) 93% [84]
溴化3-(1,3-
二乙氧基-1,3-
二氧代丙-2-基)-
1-辛基咪唑
CTA-NPOE Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ) HNO3 Cd(Ⅱ)>Zn(Ⅱ)>Pb(Ⅱ)≫
Cu(Ⅱ)
[85]
苯扎氯铵 PVC-DOP As(Ⅴ) NaCl 91% [86]
), ArticleFig(id=1176949691993436351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172617834585797389, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PIM分离富集金属离子的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载体 基础聚合物-增塑剂 料液相 接收相 萃取分离效果 参考文献
N,N-二癸基-2-
氨甲基吡啶
PVC-NPOE Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ) HCl 可选择性分离Cu(Ⅱ) [62]
D2EHPA PVC-无 Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、
Ni(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Al(Ⅲ)、Mo(Ⅵ)、
Cr(Ⅲ)、Bi(Ⅲ)
H2SO4 可选择性分离Bi(Ⅲ) [63]
D2EHPA CTA-NPOE Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ) HNO3 Zn(Ⅱ)≥Pb(Ⅱ)>Cd(Ⅱ)>
Cu(Ⅱ)
[64]
M5640 PVC-无 Cu(Ⅱ) H2SO4 98% [65]
D2EHPA+
辛基异羟肟酸
PVC-无 Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ) H2SO4 可选择性分离Zn(Ⅱ) [66]
Kelex 100 CTA-TEHP Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、
Cu(Ⅱ)、Ca(Ⅱ)、Mg(Ⅱ)
HCl 当Pb(Ⅱ)不存在时,可选择性
分离Ni(Ⅱ)与Ca(Ⅱ)和Mg(Ⅱ)
[67]
1-戊基三唑 CTA-邻硝基
苯戊醚
Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ) HCl Pd(Ⅱ)>Zn(Ⅱ)>Ni(Ⅱ) [68]
D2EHPA PVC-无 In(Ⅲ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ) HCl In(Ⅲ) 100% [69]
乙二胺-
双乙酰丙酮
CTA-邻硝基
苯戊醚
Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、
Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)
H2O Zn(Ⅱ)>Cd(Ⅱ)>Co(Ⅱ)>
Cu(Ⅱ)>Ni(Ⅱ)
[70]
TTA+TOPO CTA-无 Li(Ⅰ)、Na(Ⅰ)、K(Ⅰ) HCl 可高度选择性分离Li(Ⅰ) [71]
TOA CTA-TBP Bi(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、
Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、
Cr(Ⅲ)、Mo(Ⅵ)、W(Ⅵ)
Na2CO3 Bi(Ⅲ)>95%,几乎无
其他金属离子
[72]
LIX84I+新癸酸 PVC-NPOE Cu(Ⅱ) H2SO4 97% [73]
P227 PVDF-无 Lu(Ⅲ)、La(Ⅲ)、Sm(Ⅲ) HCl Lu(Ⅲ) 91%,Sm(Ⅲ) 5%,
无La(Ⅲ)
[74]
A336 PVC-聚氧乙
烯烷基醚
Te(IV) Na2CO3 55.56% [75]
A336 PVDF-HTP-邻苯
二甲酸二丁酯
Al(Ⅲ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、
Mn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、V(Ⅴ)
H2SO4+
H2O2
可选择性分离V(Ⅴ) [76]
A336 CTA+聚己二酸-
对苯二甲酸丁
二醇酯-无
Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、
Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)
NaOH 单Cr(Ⅵ) 99%;多金属混合,
可选择性分离Cr(Ⅵ),91.5%
[77]
A336 CTA-无 As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ) NaCl As(Ⅴ) 99.7% [78]
A336 PVDF-NPOE Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、
Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)
醋酸+
醋酸铵
可选择性分离Cr(Ⅵ),97% [79]
[A336][SCN] PVDF-NPOE Au(Ⅰ) KSCN 98.2% [80]
A336或
Cyphos IL 101
PVDF-HTP-无 Cr(Ⅵ) NaNO3 79%或66% [81]
A336 PVC-无 Fe(Ⅲ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ) HCl 分离系数β(Zn/Cu)、β(Zn/Fe)和
β(Cd/Cu)分别为1 996、606和112
[82]
1,3-癸基-1-咪唑-
3-溴化铵
PVC-NPOE Fe(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、
Cr(Ⅲ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)
NH4OH 可有效去除Cd(Ⅱ) [83]
三辛基(十二
烷基)氯化磷
PVDF-HTP-NPOE Pt(Ⅳ)、Pd(Ⅱ)、Rh(Ⅲ) HCl等 Pt(Ⅳ) 93%,Pd(Ⅱ) 93% [84]
溴化3-(1,3-
二乙氧基-1,3-
二氧代丙-2-基)-
1-辛基咪唑
CTA-NPOE Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ) HNO3 Cd(Ⅱ)>Zn(Ⅱ)>Pb(Ⅱ)≫
Cu(Ⅱ)
[85]
苯扎氯铵 PVC-DOP As(Ⅴ) NaCl 91% [86]
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膜萃取技术在湿法冶金中的研究进展
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朱山 1 , 陈珏 1, 2
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(5): 473-482
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(5): 473-482
膜萃取技术在湿法冶金中的研究进展
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朱山1, 陈珏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 六盘水师范学院 化学与材料工程学院, 贵州 六盘水 553004
  • 2 大连大学 环境与化学工程学院, 辽宁 大连 116622
  • 朱山(1989—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为冶金固废资源化。

Research Progress on Membrane Extraction Technology in Hydrometallurgy
Shan ZHU1, Jue CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
  • 2 College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.001
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综述了乳状液膜(ELM)、支撑液膜(SLM)和聚合物包容膜(PIM)的组成、制备方法、传质机制,以及近5年来3种膜在湿法冶金中的研究进展,总结了3种膜在湿法冶金中存在的优点和缺点。针对ELM膜相不稳定、破乳困难,SLM膜相不稳定、易流失,PIM传质效率较低、耗时长等缺点提出了相应的弥补方法。对3种膜在湿法冶金领域未来的发展方向进行了展望,为进一步促进膜萃取技术在湿法冶金中的应用研究,加快膜萃取技术工业化生产提供了重要依据。

膜  /  溶剂萃取  /  回收  /  ELM  /  SLM  /  PIM  /  研究进展

The composition, preparation methods, and mass transfer mechanisms of ELM (emulsion liquid membrane), SLM (supported liquid membrane), and PIM (polymeric inclusion membrane), and the research progress of these three types of membranes in hydrometallurgy in recent 5 years are reviewed. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the three membranes in hydrometallurgy were summarized, and the solution to the problems such as ELM films exhibited instability and difficulties with emulsion breaking, SLM membranes tended to be unstable with the membrane phase is lost to the water phase and PIM demonstrated lower mass transfer efficiency requiring longer time to reach equilibrium are proposed. Finally, the future development direction for the three membranes in the field of hydrometallurgy are prospected, providing a crucial foundation for further promoting the application of membrane extraction technology in hydrometallurgy and expediting the industrial production of membrane extraction technology.

membranes  /  solvent extraction  /  recovery  /  ELM  /  SLM  /  PIM  /  research progress
朱山, 陈珏. 膜萃取技术在湿法冶金中的研究进展. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (5) : 473 -482 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.001
Shan ZHU, Jue CHEN. Research Progress on Membrane Extraction Technology in Hydrometallurgy[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (5) : 473 -482 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.001
在工业生产中,冶金方法主要包括火法冶金、湿法冶金、电冶金等,其中,湿法冶金因具有回收率高、污染较小、能耗较低等优点应用较为广泛[1]。在湿法冶金中,常用化学沉淀法[2]、离子交换法[3]、吸附法[4]、液液萃取法[5]、膜分离法[6]等分离富集金属离子,达到回收有价金属的目的。其中,液液萃取法因具有选择性好、操作简单快捷、回收率高等优点,被广泛应用于富集分离金属元素[7-8]
在20世纪末,膜萃取的概念由Kiani[9]、PRASAD[10]相继提出。膜萃取技术是将液液萃取过程和膜分离过程相结合的一种新型传质分离技术,与传统的液液萃取相比具有独特优势[11-12]:两相之间没有分散和聚结过程,可减少萃取剂损失;萃取过程中,两相分别在膜的两侧各自流动,可避免“返混”的影响和“液泛”条件的限制;对萃取剂密度、黏度、界面张力等物理性质要求较低,扩大了萃取剂的选择范围;能实现传统液液萃取无法轻易实现的同级萃取—反萃取过程,提高传质效率。目前,关于膜萃取技术在湿法冶金中的应用研究多集中在某种液膜在湿法冶金中的应用或膜萃取技术在某种金属离子分离富集中的应用等方面,存在一定局限。因此,本文对目前常用的乳状液膜(ELM)、支撑液膜(SLM)和聚合物包容膜(PIM)[13]的组成、制备方法、传质机制进行了重点总结,并综述了近5年来3种膜在湿法冶金中的应用研究进展,以期为进一步促进膜萃取技术在湿法冶金中的应用发展提供重要依据。
ELM是利用表面活性剂的乳化作用,将2种互不相溶的液相制成乳液,随后将其分散在待处理液相中而得到的一种三相体系,包括油包水包油体系和水包油包水体系,应用于水溶液中金属离子的提取时为水包油包水体系。该体系包括膜相、内水相和外水相3部分,即外水相/膜相/内水相,其中外水相为待萃取溶液;膜相包含载体(萃取剂)、表面活性剂、膜溶剂(稀释剂)和增膜剂;内水相为反萃取溶液[14-17]。具体ELM结构如图1所示。
采用ELM处理含金属离子的水溶液时一般分为3步:制乳、传质和破乳[15]。制乳时需采用制乳机或超声波处理膜相和内水相得到乳液,乳液再与外水相通过高速搅拌得到乳状液膜体系;传质过程体现在乳液与外水相的搅拌中,外水相中的金属离子由外水相穿过膜相进入内水相,发生富集;停止搅拌后静置,乳液与外水相分为两层,分离出乳液后,采用高压静电、超声波或机械搅拌等方式对其进行破乳,实现膜相与内水相的分离,膜相回收后可进行循环利用,内水相进行后续处理可得到高浓度金属[16-17]。ELM在金属离子的分离富集方面已有许多研究,相关研究进展见表1
根据膜相中载体的不同,可将ELM应用于不同金属离子的分离富集,如D2EHPA常被用于Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的萃取[18,21,23,29-30],而M5640则用于Cu(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)分离等[32]。除了传统有机溶剂外,近年来的研究逐渐转向更为“绿色”的溶剂。如文献[22-23]中提到的“绿色”溶剂离子液体(IL)载体,因具有低挥发性、高热稳定性等性质,可被用于降低膜相对环境的污染。在膜溶剂的选择上,虽然化石原料煤油在液液萃取和ELM中使用广泛,但基于环保方面考虑,学者们也在探索可持续性更优的替代品。如文献[20-21,26,30]中提到的葵花籽油、棕桐油或基于动植物油的餐饮废油等,因具有可再生性和环保性,可被用于膜相的稀释,进一步降低膜相对环境的潜在污染。在表面活性剂的选择上,span80因具有亲脂性而在制备油包水型乳液中广受关注;近年来,生物来源表面活性剂,如鼠李糖脂逐渐受到关注,这些生物来源表面活性剂在ELM中的应用为ELM的制备提供了新的思路。在ELM的膜相组成中,载体、膜溶剂和表面活性剂是必不可少的,此外为了降低膜相溶胀率,提高膜相稳定性,可能还需添加液体石蜡等增膜剂[18-20];最新的研究发现,在表面活性剂中加入金属或硅的含氧化物纳米颗粒[22-24]比加入液体石蜡更能增强膜相稳定性。
ELM对废水中金属离子的去除或水溶液中金属离子的分离富集效果都很好;但随着环保意识的提高,从载体到膜溶剂再到表面活性剂,这些组分的选择正逐渐由传统有机试剂转向IL、低共熔溶剂(DES)和生物来源试剂等绿色溶剂,这为ELM技术的进一步开发利用提供了广阔的空间。在制乳、传质和破乳3个关键流程中,破乳环节一直是一个难题。传统的单一破乳方法,如加热处理、研磨破乳、电破乳法和膜处理法,往往难以实现对乳状液的完全破乳。因此,将超声、微波、空化射流等新型液膜破乳技术和多种破乳技术组合进行连续破乳逐渐成为了液膜破乳的研究热点和发展新趋势[33]
SLM由料液相(待萃取溶液)、接收相(反萃取剂)、膜相(萃取剂和稀释剂)和支撑体(疏水性多孔膜)组成,膜相借助界面张力和表面毛细作用吸附在支撑体上,将料液相和接收相隔离开来,金属离子由料液相扩散至膜相中进行萃取,随后进入接收相完成反萃取,实现金属离子的分离富集[34-36]。具体SLM结构及传质原理如图2所示,其中M表示金属离子,E表示萃取剂,EM表示萃合物。
根据支撑体不同,SLM可分为平板SLM、中空纤维SLM和预分散SLM,这3种SLM在使用过程中会表现出不同的优缺点[36]。SLM的优点在于可将膜相负载于支撑体中,使传质表面积增大,液膜稳定性增强(在中空纤维SLM中尤为明显);此外,与传统液液萃取相比,SLM中使用的有机试剂量更少,可降低萃取成本,是一种可替代传统液液萃取方法的潜在选择[36-37]。近年来有关SLM分离富集金属离子的研究进展见表2
从膜相组成来看,SLM中膜相组成与传统液液萃取中有机相组成并无不同,但以IL作为萃取剂可使膜相更加稳定,不易溶胀,也不易流入水相造成损失[46-47],同样,以DES作为萃取剂,SLM稳定性也较高[45];从支撑体的选择来看,绝大多数研究人员使用PVDF或其改性产物作为SLM的支撑体;除此之外,有研究[46,48-49]表明,使用基于聚醚醚酮或聚(乙烯-共-乙烯醇)合成的膜稳定性更高,适用于更广泛的有机溶剂。SLM近年来还被用于Li(Ⅰ)[46,48-50]和稀土元素[51]的分离提纯,以及废水中重金属离子Cr(Ⅵ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅲ)[46,52-53]的去除。与ELM相比,SLM多被应用于多金属复杂溶液中特定金属离子的分离提纯,更易实现工业化[47];SLM稳定性更高,萃取剂用量更少,分离效果更好,成本更低,但使用一段时间后,萃取剂损失严重,易导致膜相降解,效率降低,为了解决这个问题,可以考虑将萃取剂替换为IL。负载IL的SLM除了拥有更好的稳定性外,还具有更高的电导率、更强的耐溶剂性能,以及对阴离子和阳离子的高选择性,这些特点使得其成为了SLM发展的新趋势。
PIM一般由基础聚合物、载体(萃取剂)和增塑剂组成,是在SLM的基础上发展而来,因此整体膜结构与SLM类似,将图2中的SLM替换为PIM即为典型PIM试验装置。在PIM中,基础聚合物为骨架,可确保膜的机械强度,一般为三醋酸纤维素(CTA)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF),以及PVDF的交联聚合物聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(PVDF-HTP)等;载体同传统液液萃取一样,根据不同的金属离子选择不同的载体;增塑剂的加入可改善膜的柔韧性及膜同组分间的相容性,提高传质效率,常用增塑剂为邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)、邻硝基苯辛醚(NPOE)、磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯(TEHP)、己二酸二辛酯(DOA)及其类似物等[54-55]
目前,基于角蛋白、纤维素和塑料等废弃物制备的PIM的开发利用已经取得了显著进展[56]。PIM中的萃取剂可在无稀释剂条件下直接充当载体,大大减少有机试剂用量;其中IL还可同时充当载体和增塑剂,增强膜稳定性[57]。DahdahH等[58]研究了酸性载体二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(D2EHPA)、碱性载体三辛基甲基氯化铵(Aliquat 336)和中性载体三辛基氧膦(TOPO)对三醋酸纤维素(CTA)基PIM稳定性的影响。结果表明:3种膜稳定性顺序为TOPO基>Aliquat 336基>D2EHPA基,原因可能与载体和CTA形成的PIM疏水性有关。
与浸渍法制得的SLM不同,PIM通常采用溶剂蒸发铸造法制备。该法首先将聚合物溶解在挥发性有机溶剂(一般为四氢呋喃或氯仿)中,并与载体均匀混合,然后通过缓慢蒸发除去溶剂制备PIM。与SLM相比,PIM中的载体由于和聚合物之间的范德华力,以及聚合物本身的空间作用而被牢固限制在膜内,因此PIM中的载体更加稳定,不易流失[59];除此之外,PIM相较于SLM,对金属离子的选择性和萃取率都更高,因此被视为SLM的理想替代品[59-61]。PIM对目标金属离子的传输过程与SLM类似,主要包括3个步骤,即进料相/膜的界面反应、目标金属在膜内的传输、膜/反萃相的界面反应;但有关待萃物在膜内的传质机制,目前还未有完全明确的研究结论,现有的主流理论分别是移动载体扩散理论和固定位点跳跃理论。移动载体扩散理论认为,萃合物的形成与解离主要发生在膜界面,金属离子与载体在进料相/膜界面形成萃合物后,在浓度梯度等推动力的作用下向反萃相扩散,并在膜/反萃相界面解离;而固定位点跳跃理论则认为,载体在膜内均匀分布且基本不发生移动,目标金属沿着载体组成的连续链,通过萃合物的形成与解离进行跳跃式传输,直至到达膜的另一侧。也有学者认为PIM膜的传质机制可能介于两者之间[54-55]。近年来PIM在湿法冶金中的应用研究进展见表3
PIM作为SLM的优良替代品,近年来在分离富集金属离子的研究领域的关注度高于SLM。PIM内载体同SLM一样不局限于传统萃取剂,而是更多地聚焦于绿色溶剂IL上。其中,A336因成本较低且制备简便,被广泛应用于PIM中。PIM虽具有选择性高、萃取率高和稳定性高等优点,但其传质效率较低,通常需要更长时间才能达到理想的萃取效果。与SLM不同,疏水性低共熔溶剂(DES)因其渗透速率低并不适用于PIM,但在PIM制备过程中加入亲水性DES有利于形成多孔结构,提高表面亲水性,进而优化膜的传质性能和分离性能[59,87-88]。除了添加亲水性DES外,还可使用两膜三室系统增加PIM的传质效率[89-90],或者以PIM作为电渗析膜应用于电膜萃取中,通过电位差提高传质效率[91-95]。这些方法都为PIM在金属离子分离富集领域的应用提供了更多的可能性。
膜萃取技术结合了传统液液萃取过程和膜分离过程,可实现同级萃取—反萃取过程,提高传质效率。ELM、SLM和PIM的优缺点十分明显:ELM简单易操作,但膜相不稳定且破乳困难;SLM萃取剂用量更低、分离效果好,但膜相不稳定,易流失;PIM作为在SLM基础开发的新型萃取膜,继承了SLM的优点,相较SLM,制备更简单、膜性能更稳定,但传质效率较低,萃取时间更长。针对存在的缺陷,ELM可通过使用超声、微波、空化射流等新型液膜破乳技术,以及多种破乳技术组合实现连续破乳;SLM可通过将IL作为萃取剂或将共混聚合物和嵌段聚合物用作支撑体来增加稳定性;PIM可通过添加亲水性DES或使用两膜三室系统和电膜萃取技术来提升传质效率。ELM、SLM和PIM在一定条件下均可实现金属离子的分离富集,具有一定的工业化应用前景。
为符合绿色发展的理念,将IL或DES等“绿色”溶剂替代传统溶剂用作萃取剂(载体),将动植物提取油或将餐饮废油二次回收替代化石原料用作稀释剂和表面活性剂,以及将高分子废弃物二次回收用作支撑体(基础聚合物),势必会成为ELM、SLM和PIM的未来发展方向。
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-10
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-10
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六盘水师范学院联合培养研究生科研项目(LPSSYLPY202201)
贵州省教育厅自然科学研究重点领域项目(黔教合KY字[2020]049)
六盘水师范学院培育项目(LPSSY2023KJZDPY05)
六盘水市科技局项目(52020-2023-0-2-17)
贵州省一流专业项目(GZSylzy202103)
贵州省高等学校煤炭产业碳中和工程研究中心项目(黔教技[2023]044号)
贵州省教育厅项目(黔教技[2023]087号)
上海市研究生创新基金资助项目(JWCXSL1302)
上海市研究生创新基金资助项目(1571665125)
上海市教育委员会科研创新项目(13ZZ117)
作者信息
    1 六盘水师范学院 化学与材料工程学院, 贵州 六盘水 553004
    2 大连大学 环境与化学工程学院, 辽宁 大连 116622
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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