Article(id=1172617833914708741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)05-0489-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503477790, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503477790, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503477790, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503477790, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172617833407197957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='473', pageEnd='591', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503477670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758275998347, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175858020027347896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172617833407197957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=489, endPage=496, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172617834170561288, articleId=1172617833914708741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Microwave Technology in Rare Earth Field, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a new heating and material processing technology, microwave technology has been paid more and more attention in the field of rare earth application. This paper introduces the mechanism and characteristics of microwave heating, summarizes the research and application status of microwave heating technology in rare earth hydrometallurgy and rare earth material preparation, and points out the main problems and the development directions of in the future.

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微波技术作为一种新兴的加热和物质处理技术,在稀土领域的应用研究日益受到重视。介绍了微波加热机制和特点,总结了微波加热技术在稀土湿法冶金领域和稀土材料制备领域的国内外研究与应用现状,并指出了当前面临的主要问题和未来研究发展方向。

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徐惠(1968—),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金及材料。E-mail:
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马升峰(1985—),女,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土湿法冶金及材料。

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马升峰(1985—),女,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土湿法冶金及材料。

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微波技术在稀土领域中的应用研究进展
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马升峰 1, 2 , 徐惠 1 , 高天佐 3 , 候少春 2 , 陈明光 2 , 曾青云 4 , 刘勇 4 , 冯伟 2 , 高凯 2 , 李裕 2 , 许延辉 2
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(5): 489-496
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(5): 489-496
微波技术在稀土领域中的应用研究进展
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马升峰1, 2, 徐惠1 , 高天佐3, 候少春2, 陈明光2, 曾青云4, 刘勇4, 冯伟2, 高凯2, 李裕2, 许延辉2
作者信息
  • 1 兰州理工大学 石油化工学院, 甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 2 包头稀土研究院 白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014030
  • 3 中国北方稀土(集团)高科技股份有限公司 冶炼分公司, 内蒙古 包头 014030
  • 4 信丰县包钢新利稀土有限责任公司, 江西 赣州 341600
  • 马升峰(1985—),女,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土湿法冶金及材料。

通讯作者:

徐惠(1968—),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金及材料。E-mail:
Research Progress of Microwave Technology in Rare Earth Field
Shengfeng MA1, 2, Hui XU1 , Tianzuo GAO3, Shaochun HOU2, Mingguang CHEN2, Qingyun ZENG4, Yong LIU4, Wei FENG2, Kai GAO2, Yu LI2, Yanhui XU2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2 National Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
  • 3 Smelting Branch, China Northern Rare Earth (Group) High-Tech Co., Ltd., Baotou 014030, China
  • 4 Xinfeng County Baogang Xinli Rare Earth Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341600, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.003
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微波技术作为一种新兴的加热和物质处理技术,在稀土领域的应用研究日益受到重视。介绍了微波加热机制和特点,总结了微波加热技术在稀土湿法冶金领域和稀土材料制备领域的国内外研究与应用现状,并指出了当前面临的主要问题和未来研究发展方向。

微波  /  稀土  /  加热  /  湿法冶金  /  稀土材料  /  功能材料

As a new heating and material processing technology, microwave technology has been paid more and more attention in the field of rare earth application. This paper introduces the mechanism and characteristics of microwave heating, summarizes the research and application status of microwave heating technology in rare earth hydrometallurgy and rare earth material preparation, and points out the main problems and the development directions of in the future.

microwave  /  rare earth  /  heating  /  hydrometallurgy  /  rare earth materials  /  function materials
马升峰, 徐惠, 高天佐, 候少春, 陈明光, 曾青云, 刘勇, 冯伟, 高凯, 李裕, 许延辉. 微波技术在稀土领域中的应用研究进展. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (5) : 489 -496 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.003
Shengfeng MA, Hui XU, Tianzuo GAO, Shaochun HOU, Mingguang CHEN, Qingyun ZENG, Yong LIU, Wei FENG, Kai GAO, Yu LI, Yanhui XU. Research Progress of Microwave Technology in Rare Earth Field[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (5) : 489 -496 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.003
微波是波长为0.001~1 m、频率为0.3~300 GHz的电磁波,对吸波物质具有加热特性,是一种能促进、催化、诱导化学反应的有效能源,在食品、医疗、化学等多个领域应用广泛[1-5]
稀土因具有独特的4f电子层结构,且自旋-轨道耦合强,原子磁矩大,4f电子活泼、容易激发而展现出优异的光、电、磁等特性,因此,成为了现代工业和科技中不可或缺的“维生素”。稀土在冶金、机械、化工、农业、石油等传统领域中应用广泛,且随着科技的发展,已成为新能源汽车、清洁能源、生物制药、激光晶体等高新领域的关键支撑材料之一[6-10]。经过数十年的发展,我国稀土产业已形成从选冶到材料加工再到终端应用的完整产业链,目前绿色化已成为稀土产业链前端的主要发展方向,而高效化是稀土产业链后端不可逆转的趋势。因此,加快稀土行业的绿色采选冶技术的改进升级,以提升稀土材料的功能性和适应性十分必要。
微波加热法与传统加热法相比,具有可选择性加热、升温速率快、反应时间短、易于自动控制、可降低化学反应温度、无污染气体释放等优点。微波化工是新兴的绿色化工方法,已广泛用于合成、浸出、分离、萃取、催化等工序[11-12]。本文综述了微波的加热机制,介绍了微波的加热特性,重点介绍了微波在稀土湿法冶金、稀土材料制备领域的应用研究进展。
微波是一种高频电磁波,在微波电磁场的作用下,物料中被极化的偶极性分子随交变电磁场极性改变而变化取向,分子高频往复运动,剧烈的运动产生热能,使得电磁波的能量转化为热能。物体的离子或原子团有一定大小的偶极矩,在没有外加电场作用时,这些离子或原子团呈中性;而在有外加电场作用时,原子中正负电荷的重心偏离,偶极分子呈“电子极化”。极性分子所组成的物质能较好地吸收微波能[13-14],如水是典型的极性分子,含水分子的物料一般都可采用微波加热。
微波加热的机制是微波对偶极子、自由电子、磁畴的搅动,改变其位置和运动方向,以及电子的旋转方向。加热机制可分为偶极损耗、传导损耗、磁滞损耗、涡流损耗4类[15]:偶极损耗是极性分子的物料在微波场中极化产生偶极子,快速吸收微波而被均匀加热的损耗形式,如水、极性溶剂、食品;微波对金属粉体、半导体的加热机制属于传导损耗,如铜、铁、铝、硅、金属基复合材料等;磁滞损耗是在外部磁场方向快速改变而引起振荡的情况下,物料内部磁畴取向谐振而产生热量;几乎任何导体在不同电磁场中都可能存在涡流损耗[16]
微波加热与传统加热方式相比具有以下优点:1)加热均匀,加热速度快、效率高。微波加热时物料的内部温度高于外部温度,温度梯度与传统加热方式相反,短时间内物料升温迅速,且受热均匀,加热时间可缩短至传统加热时间的10%~15%[17-18]。2)选择性好。被加热物质一般由极性物质和非极性物质组成,而对于不同介电特性的物质,微波加热效率不同,物质中极性物质越多,吸波能力越强,极性物质被加热后会将能量传导给非极性物质[19-20]。3)易控制。微波加热热惯性小,设备的预热时间短,启停迅速,损耗功率小,节能高效,可通过调节场强、频率控制升温速率[21-22]。4)穿透性强。常用的微波加热频率为915、2 450 MHz,对应的波长为33、12.2 cm,这些较短的波长使得微波能够深入到物质的内部,形成均匀的热量分布,在物质内部实现体积加热和选择性加热,从而提高加热效率和产品质量[18,20]。5)设备占地面积小、工作环境好。微波加热直接作用于被加热物质内部,使其迅速升温,由于微波加热快速,物质在向外辐射过多能量前就已经完成加热过程;此外,微波设备在加热过程中并不吸收热量,因此无需额外的隔热防护措施,也使微波设备占地面积更小;微波加热不但环保,而且没有污染气体释放,工作环境更安全。
微波冶金作为一种新型的绿色冶金方法,己逐渐发展为引人瞩目的前沿交叉学科技术,并被应用于稀土选冶领域,包括辅助矿物预处理、矿物分解、浸出、萃取等,且已取得了一些研究应用进展。
稀土矿物因成分复杂,使得其内部各组分的吸波性能存在明显差异,导致在微波场中的加热速率也各不相同。利用微波加热的选择性和快速升温特性对矿石进行预处理时,因矿物内部热量不均匀,使得矿石内部应力发生改变,当应力累积到一定程度时,矿石会产生裂纹,进而使得有用矿物暴露出来。微波预处理不仅会扩大反应界面,加速有用矿物与其他杂质矿物的解离,同时也会降低稀土矿物硬度,提高后续磨矿、浸出等工序效率。Amankwah等[23]和Kingman等[24]研究了用微波辅助预处理矿石,结果表明,微波加热可降低磨矿能耗。Scott等[25]研究了微波对南非碳酸盐矿石解离的影响,结果表明,微波预处理可提高矿石的解离效果,特别是针对粒度较粗的矿石,可通过微波加热产生局部温差来实现矿石颗粒间的破碎,沿晶界产生断裂。
王建英等[26]研究了通过破碎—微波预处理—磨矿工艺提高白云鄂博矿磨矿效率。结果表明: 微波预处理时间在200 s之内,磨矿效率随微波处理时间延长而显著提高,稀土矿相不变,浮选可选性不变;预处理时间超过200 s后,磨矿效率提升不明显。该法不仅能提高磨矿效率,还能明显缩短磨矿时间,加速湿矿粉干燥速度。
Zhong C.B.等[27]研究了将微波预处理技术应用于解离加拿大某稀土矿石,该矿石品位低,矿物成分复杂、硬度高,常规磨矿能耗大,加工成本高。研究结果表明:矿石在0~1.5 kW的微波场中预处理2 min,可快速升温至250 ℃,矿石硬度明显降低并发生破裂,但矿石矿物学特征未改变;氟碳铈矿、锶钛矿和针铁矿的解离度大于75%,且微波预处理后矿石粒度分布优于常规粉碎的矿石粒度分布。
微波加热是一种利用电磁场与介质相互作用产生热量的方法,可以根据矿物的不同性质进行精确控制,实现更精准的加热。对于导体,微波可在其内部产生涡流而发热;对于非导体,则取决其介电性质,即介电常数中虚部越大,吸收微波能力越强,越易被加热。基于微波的这种选择加热性,微波加热技术在矿物的焙烧分解过程中具有独特的优势。
在利用微波辅助分解稀土矿物过程中,稀土矿物中的极性粒子能够高效吸收微波能,并在微波产生的振荡电场中反复极化,这种极化过程能大大提升稀土矿物活性,从而促进化学反应在低于反应温度下快速进行。稀土矿物成分复杂,各组分吸波性能不同,导致其在微波场中各组分加热速率也存在差异。这种差异造成的温差会使各组分间产生裂缝,这些裂缝的形成有利于后续稀土元素的浸出;同时,吸波组分在微波场中分子水平加热,无“冷中心”,加热均匀,能有效避免传统加热方式中可能出现的烧结、结圈等问题,从而显著提升稀土矿分解的强化效果。
Huang Y.K.等[28-29]研究了用微波强化分解混合稀土矿,通过添加NaOH改善稀土矿物的吸波性能并固化氟,避免含氟废气产生。结果表明:在功率1 500 W的微波场中,于450 ℃下恒温焙烧分解40 min,稀土分解率达89.33%,氟转化率为88.73%,矿物可得到高效分解,还能实现后续氟、磷与稀土的分离;NaOH具有较强的吸波性能,可作为微波场中的内热源,有效提高微波能量利用率;混合稀土精矿的颗粒为无孔颗粒,经微波加热和NaOH分解的双重作用,矿石颗粒比表面积可增加1倍,焙烧后的颗粒变得疏松多孔,有利于后续酸浸,从而提高稀土元素浸出率。Zheng Q.Y.等[30]利用微波快速加热的特性,研究了在空气气氛中用微波辅助无氧化分解氟碳铈矿,分解机制如图1[30]所示。氟碳铈原矿中的氟碳铈矿、脉石、磷酸盐矿物等吸波性能较差,难以发生极化反应,而通过添加少量具有强吸波性的活性炭可使升温速率极大提升,促进氟碳铈矿在微波加热后快速升温[31]。Ce(Ⅲ)保持不被氧化的机制可能有两种:一是活性炭将已被氧化的Ce(Ⅳ)还原为Ce(Ⅲ);二是活性炭颗粒的温度高于氟碳矿精矿颗粒的温度,在氟碳铈矿精矿达到其分解温度之前,活性炭已经与氧气反应,使矿物颗粒表面的氧气被消耗,同时反应生成的CO2会沉积在氟碳铈矿精矿颗粒周围,从而使Ce(Ⅲ)的粒子处于无氧环境中,防止其被氧化。
目前,工业上处理氟碳铈矿以氧化焙烧工艺为主,氟碳铈矿经高温氧化焙烧后,矿物中的铈会被氧化成Ce(Ⅳ);但CeO2难以被HCl浸出,会给后续处理带来困难,通常还需加入硫脲等还原剂避免氯气产生,既增加成本还可能对环境造成负面影响。因此,研发无氧化焙烧分解稀土矿的新工艺尤为迫切和重要。Zheng Q.Y.等[32]通过响应面优化法得到无氧化焙烧分解的最佳条件:焙烧温度1 100 ℃、碳粉添加量20%、焙烧时间21.5 min,在该条件下,氟碳铈矿分解率为99.8%,铈氧化率小于0.3%。该优化条件的确定为无氧化焙烧分解稀土矿的新工艺研发提供了技术参考。
Tian Y.等[33]研究了以碳酸钠和活性炭为添加剂,并在微波场中无氧化分解白云鄂博混合型稀土精矿,考察了焙烧温度、保温时间、Na2CO3和活性炭添加量等因素对稀土矿物分解的影响。结果表明:在最佳条件下,稀土精矿分解率达98.58%,氟和磷去除率分别为80.35%和46.75%;该法可使焙烧矿中的稀土元素保持三价,有效避免了高温烧结现象产生。
微波加热不仅可应用于矿物处理,还可应用于矿石浸出过程,起到强化浸出作用。矿石的浸出在液-固相体系中进行,但随着反应进行,固体表面会有不利于后续反应进行的产物生成,这些产物会覆盖在固体表面,对浸出造成不利影响。而微波的引入可使矿石内部产生热应力,该热应力会使矿物固相体系产生裂痕,将内部被包裹的矿物裸漏出来,从而使固液相之间的接触面积增大,促进浸出反应进行,缩短浸出时间,提高浸出效率。目前,微波辅助浸出已经广泛应用于有色金属、稀贵金属等湿法冶金浸出过程,且已开始应用于稀土湿法冶金领域。
宋金桥等[34]采用微波辅助HCl-AlCl3溶液处理白云鄂博混合型稀土精矿。结果表明:在微波功率560 W、HCl溶液浓度3.5 mol/L、液固体积质量比16 mL/1 g、反应温度85 ℃最优条件下,稀土和氟碳铈矿浸出率分别为74.36%、92.59%;与常规水浴加热浸出相比,盐酸用量降低30%,氯化铝用量降低46.7%,反应时间缩短16.67%;微波加热能够有效打开未反应核外层包裹的致密物质,为浸出液进入稀土精矿内部提供助力;微波与稀土矿物组分的相互作用进一步改善了浸出动力学条件,显著促进矿物在浸出液体系的溶解过程,并确保液固相反应连续进行,说明微波加热不仅能显著降低反应能耗,还能大幅提高矿物浸出率。
除了稀土矿外,磷矿中也含有一定稀土元素,质量分数一般为0.04%~1.57%,这些稀土元素会在开发过程中转移至磷石膏中。向浩等[35]研究了采用微波和水浴相结合的方法从磷石膏中提取稀土。结果表明:含稀土的磷石膏颗粒与酸液接触时,由于表面张力作用,会在其表面形成一层液膜,该液膜中的H+会与磷石膏颗粒表面发生反应形成反应物层,随反应进行,H+逐渐溶解磷石膏表层,暴露出新的接触面,同时被溶解的RE3+则扩散到溶液中;采用微波辅助技术时,微波能量可直接作用在石膏内部,使石膏产生裂纹和裂缝,增加稀土元素与酸的有效接触面积,使得H+能高效渗透至磷石膏内部,强化稀土浸出过程;此外,微波作用还会导致反应后的二水石膏转化为石膏时晶格膨胀,水分子从晶格中逸出,增强浸出效果;在微波技术辅助下,磷石膏中稀土浸出率可达96.52%,比传统水浴浸出法高12.3%,稀土浸出效果得到了大幅提升。
李雨等[36]研究了用微波辅助加热法浸出废荧光粉中的稀土元素。结果表明:Y2O3浸出率为90%~98%,Eu2O3浸出率为80%~90%,CeO2和Tb4O7浸出率分别为26.16%和22.5%,实现了对多种稀土氧化物的高效回收;废荧光粉中的CeO2、Tb4O7、MgO、Al2O3四者由于相互之间联系紧密,彼此之间通过强离子键结合形成了铝镁尖晶石结构,采用传统加热法难以将其打破;但采用微波加热法能直接作用于这些紧密结合的离子键,使得CeO2、Tb4O7、MgO、Al2O3等有效浸出;虽然相对于其他稀土氧化物,CeO2和Tb4O7浸出率稍低,但是其浸出率变化趋势与其他稀土氧化物一致,说明微波加热在稀土回收中具有一定的可行性和潜力。
微波辅助萃取(microwave assisted extraction,MAE)是一种利用微波来提高萃取效率的技术,因具有反应时间短、能耗较低等优点逐渐被用于冶金行业[37],特别是从废料中回收有价金属。Widjaja等[38]研究了用微波辅助萃取法从印尼Gresik化肥公司的PG(磷石膏)中提取钇(Y)、镧(La)和钕(Nd),结果表明,在HCl浓度1.0 mol/L、固体质量浓度为20 g/L、温度100 ℃、反应时间5 min条件下,稀土元素可完全浸出,磷浸出率为87.0%,总能耗为3.74×105 kJ/kg,说明微波辅助萃取工艺在高效提取磷石膏中的稀土元素方面具有一定可行性。
微波干燥技术在食品、药品、有色冶金等领域中已成功实现产业化应用,但在稀土领域的研究和应用尚处于起步阶段。在工业领域中,干燥工序经常被用到,且物料的干燥所需能耗较高,据统计,全球10%~25%的能源被用于工业干燥过程;我国干燥过程消耗的能源也占到了国民经济总能耗的12%[39]
水是一种典型的极性分子,吸波性能极强,高于物料中其他成分,因此在微波干燥过程中,水会优先被加热而快速升温。这种特性使得微波的引入能显著强化干燥过程,提高干燥效率,降低能耗。
稀土碳酸盐是稀土冶炼过程中的重要中间产品之一,采用常规沉淀法制备的稀土碳酸盐中含水量达50%以上,影响后续运输、灼烧等工序,因此需要进一步除去碳酸稀土表面的自由水。彭少华等[40]将微波干燥应用于碳酸稀土吸附水的去除过程,通过研究物料质量及厚度、微波辐射时间对脱水率的影响发现,微波干燥脱水率较高,热能利用率也较高,比常规脱水法节能高效。
尹少华等[41-42]采用中心组合设计(CCRD)和响应曲面法(RSM)研究了微波干燥对混合碳酸稀土脱水率的影响。结果表明:在微波功率800 W、物料厚度2 cm、干燥时间12 min条件下,稀土脱水率达98.88%;由于微波可有效控制晶粒团聚,抑制晶粒长大,因此通过微波干燥所得碳酸稀土颗粒比常规干燥制备的晶粒更细,分布更窄,分散性更好。
Inoue等[43]采用溶剂热法,利用锆盐与草酸稀土在丁二醇溶剂中合成纳米级铈锆粉体前驱体并用微波干燥,再经过煅烧得到比表面积大、热稳定性强的纳米正方体铈锆粉体。结果表明:铈锆粉体作为催化剂的载体,热稳定性和比表面积是催化剂载体的关键指标,比表面积与干燥条件密切相关;应用微波干燥技术可优化干燥条件,从而得到性能优异的催化剂载体材料;前驱体采用微波辐照干燥时,颗粒之间的流体迅速蒸发,可避免颗粒压实,从而形成具有大表面积的干燥物料[44]
稀土材料在多个领域应用广泛,包括稀土功能材料和稀土结构材料,这些材料种类繁多且性能要求较高。当前稀土材料的制备技术已日趋成熟,但仍存在制备时间长、效率低等问题。
微波加热技术因具有快速、均匀加热等特点,用于辅助稀土材料制备,可使反应速率加快、制备时间缩短,并能保证材料的均匀性和纯度,从而在一定程度上弥补传统合成方法的缺陷。目前,微波技术主要用于辅助制备稀土材料前驱体和功能材料:在制备前驱体过程中,能起到加速反应进程、优化产物形貌和结构的作用;在制备功能材料过程中,能起到进一步改善材料性能作用,如提高功能材料的热稳定性、机械强度和比表面积等关键指标。
稀土材料前驱体是用于制备稀土的功能材料,一般指具有特殊化学性能和物理性能的任何稀土主体原料或添加剂[45]。如用于制备抛光粉的碳酸镧铈,用于制备钕铁硼的氧化镨钕,用于制备催化剂的氧化铈锆,用于制备荧光粉的氧化钇铕等。稀土材料前驱体的制备是稀土萃取分离技术的延伸,在提高稀土分离产品的附加值方面起到重要作用的同时,还可推动稀土材料产业的可持续发展。随着稀土终端应用的不断拓展,对稀土新材料种类需求日益增加,对材料性能也提出了更高的要求,相应地对稀土材料前驱体性能的要求也越来越高。因此,对稀土材料前驱体的研发,要求材料性能最优化,同时要重点考虑制备成本、能源消耗及环境影响等多个因素。只有全面平衡这些因素,才能确保稀土材料前驱体在性能优越的同时,也具备良好的经济性和环境友好性,从而满足稀土材料产业和终端应用市场的多元化需求。
稀土氧化物是由稀土碳酸盐或草酸盐在高温下灼烧分解所得,目前产业化的灼烧工序普遍采用天然气或电加热方式,存在升温速度慢、加热时间长、受热不均匀等缺点,易导致出现欠烧、过烧现象,影响产品质量;且能耗高,会增加稀土氧化物制备成本。针对上述问题,李婷婷等[46]研究了以碳酸镧为原料,采用微波煅烧法制备氧化镧粉体。结果表明:碳酸镧在高温下具有较高的介电性能,在微波场中表现出良好的吸波响应性,说明微波加热效率较高;碳酸镧在微波场中于650 ℃下煅烧1 h即可获得满足国家标准要求的产品;该法不但能降低反应温度,缩短反应时间,而且无有害气体产生,可实现稀土氧化物的高效、节能、绿色制备。
氧化钇粉体由于具有强耐腐蚀性和耐热性能及良好的稳定性等优势,在光学材料、陶瓷材料、合金材料等领域得到了广泛应用,尤其是被纳米化后,光学、电学、磁学、化学性能更加优越,因此制备纳米球形氧化钇粉体越来越受到重视;但采用沉淀法、燃烧法、溶胶-凝胶法等常规方法无法制备满足特定需求的氧化钇粉体。薛丽燕[47]研究了采用超声波与微波协同液相均匀制备纳米球形氧化钇。结果表明:利用微波的“内加热”和超声波的“空化作用”可加速反应速率,缩短反应时间;在微波功率500 W、超声波功率700 W、反应温度90 ℃条件下,无须添加表面修饰剂即可制备粒径94 nm左右的二级纳米球形多晶结构氧化钇前驱体;前驱体再经过进一步处理,可制得平均粒径68.67 nm、粒度均一、无团聚、分散性能良好的氧化钇粉体,说明微波加热可提高球形纳米氧化钇粉体制备效率,并进一步优化其性能。
目前,稀土功能材料在电子、能源、环境和医药等领域的应用非常广泛,且随着这些领域的不断发展,对稀土功能材料产品纯度、形貌、粒度分布等的要求也越来越高,因此要求有相应的新制备技术。微波技术作为一种新兴的辅助制备技术,在稀土功能材料制备中展现出了显著的优势。如微波技术可有助于稀土功能材料LaF3粉体制备过程中更精细的粒度控制。LaF3超细粉体因具有较高的比表面积、增强润滑脂的抗氧化性、抗负荷能力等优点,在气敏材料、润滑脂添加剂、发光剂等材料中具有一定应用潜力,但传统的LaF3粉体制备方法难以达到理想粒度要求。为了进一步降低LaF3粒度,韩元山等[48]研究了用微波法制备LaF3超细粉,即首先采用双柱法,使LaCl3和NH4HCO3在溶液中反应合成较小的La2(CO3)3粉体,再将La2(CO3)3粉体与NH4F混合,引入微波,在微波场中固相合成LaF3超细粉体。结果表明:所制备的LaF3超细粉体平均粒度约为50 nm,与未引入微波相比,粒度更细、分布更均匀形状更规则,优化效果显著。
为了克服水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、固相法等传统合成荧光粉方法存在的团聚严重、涂敷性差、合成条件苛刻、合成时间长等弊端,曾青云等[49-50]研究了采用微波辅助液相合成技术制备Y2O3∶Eu3+荧光粉、Ca(MoO4)1-x(WO4)x∶Eu3+红色荧光粉。结果表明:采用微波加热制备的荧光粉粒度大小均匀,球形度规整,涂敷性好。微波加热具有内外同步的特点,可避免产生温度梯度,使得晶体成核和长大相对稳定,从而减少粉体团聚发生。微波加热迅速,分子在微波场中高速运动,促进晶体迅速成核,进而得到粉体粒度小、粒径均一、形貌规则、分散性好的荧光粉。
微波辅助合成技术在稀土功能材料合成领域应用潜力巨大,随着微波技术不断发展,有望为稀土功能材料的合成带来新的突破。
微波加热技术在稀土领域中是一种替代传统加热的有效方法,不仅能弥补传统加热的不足,还能强化加热反应,缩短时间,降低能耗,改善性能,在优化环境方面效果显著;但微波加热技术在稀土领域的规模化应用尚存在一些技术难题有待解决:
1)稀土各物料的介电特性数据库尚需建立。稀土物料繁杂多样,体系复杂多变,材料的介电常数随物料温度、成分、含水率等变化而不断变化,研究其变化规律,建立数据库,是实现微波技术工业化的基础环节。
2)微波与稀土物料的具体作用机制还有待深入研究。微波对稀土物料反应机制研究尚浅,缺乏大量检测数据以深入解析作用机制,微波是否具有打断或削弱化学键等非热效应还有待进一步探究,机制研究是微波工业化的首要前提。
3)微波工业设备的稳定性有待提高。微波工业设备在运行过程中会受到各种因素影响,导致性能波动和不稳定。今后应在模拟仿真研究的基础上,结合处理稀土材料的介电特性数据,不断精准优化微波结构,同时加强微波元器件的研制,不断提高微波设备的效率、寿命、兼容性和适应性;此外,还应通过技术创新和工艺优化实现生产流程的高效化和经济化。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52163025)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51763015)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金资助项目(2022ZY0038)
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学重大项目(2016ZD003)
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2017MS0210)
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2021MS02027)
  • 北方稀土项目(BFXT-2023-0034)
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.05.003
  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52163025)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51763015)
中央引导地方科技发展资金资助项目(2022ZY0038)
内蒙古自治区自然科学重大项目(2016ZD003)
内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2017MS0210)
内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2021MS02027)
北方稀土项目(BFXT-2023-0034)
作者信息
    1 兰州理工大学 石油化工学院, 甘肃 兰州 730050
    2 包头稀土研究院 白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014030
    3 中国北方稀土(集团)高科技股份有限公司 冶炼分公司, 内蒙古 包头 014030
    4 信丰县包钢新利稀土有限责任公司, 江西 赣州 341600

通讯作者:

徐惠(1968—),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金及材料。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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