Article(id=1172615470428602887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)06-0608-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757502914291, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757502914291, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757502914291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757502914291, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172615462853685818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='593', pageEnd='716', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757502912485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246000747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732200986263845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732200986263846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=608, endPage=619, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172615470650901001, articleId=1172615470428602887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Progress and Prospects on Recycling of Rare Earth Elements in NbFeB Waste, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an important secondary resource rich in Nd, Pr, Dy and other rare earth elements, the recycling of NdFeB permanent magnet waste is not only related to the supply security of rare earth strategic resources, but also has great significance for reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable development. The source, basic physical and chemical characteristics of NdFeB permanent magnet waste and the recycling technology of rare earth elements are summarized. The basic principles and research progress of fire, wet and other recycling processes are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the technology are analyzed. The future development direction of NdFeB waste recycling rare earth technology is prospeced, in order to promote the technological progress and sustainable development in this field.

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钕铁硼永磁体废料作为富含Nd、Pr、Dy等稀土元素的重要二次资源,其回收再利用不仅关乎稀土战略资源的供给安全,更对减少环境污染、促进可持续发展具有重要意义。总结了钕铁硼永磁体废料的来源、基础物化特性和稀土元素的回收技术,综述了火法、湿法和其他回收工艺的基本原理和研究进展,分析了技术优缺点,并对钕铁硼废料回收稀土技术的未来发展方向进行了展望,以期推动该领域的技术进步与可持续发展。

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刘东辉(1986—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为有色金属湿法冶金。E-mail:
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王厚庆(1987—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为稀土等有色金属资源回收。

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王厚庆(1987—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为稀土等有色金属资源回收。

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类型 Nd Fe B Pr Dy Co Sm La Nb Gd Tb Cu Al Ni
低稀土
废料
10.70 79.20 5.75 2.68 0.43 0.79 0.11 0.19
14.00 78.00 6.00 0.60 0.40 0.70
中稀土
废料
26.10 63.50 0.73 0.68 2.68 2.99 0.02 0.35
25.38 61.09 1.00 2.62 1.08 1.42 0.95 2.03
28.00 68.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
23.70 66.10 0.91 0.12 2.42 3.34 3.00
24.43 64.07 0.97 1.67 0.37 0.15 0.20
21.00 70.60 1.04 6.30 0.57 0.15
高稀土
废料
19.40 66.30 0.96 6.43 5.21 0.77 0.87
30.73 61.60 0.96 4.39 1.58 0.83
18.80 63.90 1.02 5.98 5.93 0.42 1.51 1.04
25.95 58.16 1.00 0.34 4.21 4.22 0.34 0.02
25.95 58.16 1.00 0.07 4.21 4.22 0.83 0.34 0.02
22.57 67.15 0.98 7.10 0.79 0.74 0.41
), ArticleFig(id=1175865036955333349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615470428602887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钕铁硼废料典型的化学成分[8-9] %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 Nd Fe B Pr Dy Co Sm La Nb Gd Tb Cu Al Ni
低稀土
废料
10.70 79.20 5.75 2.68 0.43 0.79 0.11 0.19
14.00 78.00 6.00 0.60 0.40 0.70
中稀土
废料
26.10 63.50 0.73 0.68 2.68 2.99 0.02 0.35
25.38 61.09 1.00 2.62 1.08 1.42 0.95 2.03
28.00 68.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
23.70 66.10 0.91 0.12 2.42 3.34 3.00
24.43 64.07 0.97 1.67 0.37 0.15 0.20
21.00 70.60 1.04 6.30 0.57 0.15
高稀土
废料
19.40 66.30 0.96 6.43 5.21 0.77 0.87
30.73 61.60 0.96 4.39 1.58 0.83
18.80 63.90 1.02 5.98 5.93 0.42 1.51 1.04
25.95 58.16 1.00 0.34 4.21 4.22 0.34 0.02
25.95 58.16 1.00 0.07 4.21 4.22 0.83 0.34 0.02
22.57 67.15 0.98 7.10 0.79 0.74 0.41
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钕铁硼废料中稀土回收工艺研究进展及展望
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王厚庆 1, 2 , 叶雨欣 1 , 汪金良 2 , 曾斌 1 , 李盛凯 1 , 刘东辉 1
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(6): 608-619
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(6): 608-619
钕铁硼废料中稀土回收工艺研究进展及展望
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王厚庆1, 2, 叶雨欣1, 汪金良2, 曾斌1, 李盛凯1, 刘东辉1
作者信息
  • 1 赣南科技学院 智能制造与材料工程学院, 江西 赣州 341000
  • 2 江西春华锂业有限公司, 江西 宜春 336000
  • 王厚庆(1987—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为稀土等有色金属资源回收。

通讯作者:

刘东辉(1986—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为有色金属湿法冶金。E-mail:
Research Progress and Prospects on Recycling of Rare Earth Elements in NbFeB Waste
Houqing WANG1, 2, Yuxin YE1, Jinliang WANG2, Bin ZENG1, Shengkai LI1, Donghui LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 2 Jiangxi Chunhua Lithium Industry Co., Ltd., Yichun 336000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.003
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钕铁硼永磁体废料作为富含Nd、Pr、Dy等稀土元素的重要二次资源,其回收再利用不仅关乎稀土战略资源的供给安全,更对减少环境污染、促进可持续发展具有重要意义。总结了钕铁硼永磁体废料的来源、基础物化特性和稀土元素的回收技术,综述了火法、湿法和其他回收工艺的基本原理和研究进展,分析了技术优缺点,并对钕铁硼废料回收稀土技术的未来发展方向进行了展望,以期推动该领域的技术进步与可持续发展。

稀土  /  钕铁硼废料  /  回收  /  分离  /  铁  /  研究进展  /  展望

As an important secondary resource rich in Nd, Pr, Dy and other rare earth elements, the recycling of NdFeB permanent magnet waste is not only related to the supply security of rare earth strategic resources, but also has great significance for reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable development. The source, basic physical and chemical characteristics of NdFeB permanent magnet waste and the recycling technology of rare earth elements are summarized. The basic principles and research progress of fire, wet and other recycling processes are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the technology are analyzed. The future development direction of NdFeB waste recycling rare earth technology is prospeced, in order to promote the technological progress and sustainable development in this field.

rare earth  /  NdFeB magnets waste  /  recovery  /  separation  /  iron  /  research progress  /  prospect
王厚庆, 叶雨欣, 汪金良, 曾斌, 李盛凯, 刘东辉. 钕铁硼废料中稀土回收工艺研究进展及展望. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (6) : 608 -619 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.003
Houqing WANG, Yuxin YE, Jinliang WANG, Bin ZENG, Shengkai LI, Donghui LIU. Research Progress and Prospects on Recycling of Rare Earth Elements in NbFeB Waste[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (6) : 608 -619 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.003
稀土在新材料制造和国防科技发展中发挥着关键性作用。目前,我国的稀土总产量、出口量和消费量仍居世界首位,且以不到四分之一的储量供应了全球90%以上的市场需求[1-2]。自1960年代起,稀土永磁材料经过数代科研人员的研究和探索,已开发出极具代表性和应用价值的三代永磁材料(第一代SmCo5、第二代Sm2Co17和第三代Nd2Fe14B)。钕铁硼永磁材料不仅是稀土永磁技术发展的重要成果,更是重要的稀土功能材料,因其具有矫顽力高、能量密度大、磁能积高、易于加工及体积小等优势而被称为“磁王”。
我国钕铁硼永磁材料2019年产量为18.03万t,而2021年升至21.94万t,同比增长11.82%,全球占比达90%以上,且呈不断增长趋势,预计2025年将达30万t以上[3]。由钕铁硼永磁体的化学成分可知,稀土元素质量分数约30%(其中钕占90%左右,其他为镨、钆、铽、镝、钬等)、铁质量分数约65%,硼质量分数约1%,以及少量铝、铜等微量元素[4]。在钕铁硼磁性材料生产过程中,由于对产品质量要求较高,从而导致产品报废率较高,同时还易出现氧化、开裂等问题,因此原料利用率仅为70%左右,据统计,仅中国和日本的钕铁硼废料产量即可达10万t/年。此外,被淘汰的含永磁体电子产品数量也在迅速增加,可能造成环境污染,使处置问题更加突出[5-6],但其中稀土含量较高,如能加以回收将对促进钕铁硼废料绿色高效循环利用产业技术的转型升级,保护我国稀土资源优势、构建资源节约型社会皆具有重要意义。
目前,钕铁硼废料的主要回收工艺大致可分为湿法与火法两大类。与火法工艺相比,湿法工艺相对温和,产品回收率与纯度相对较高,已逐渐成为从钕铁硼废料中回收有价金属的主流方法。但随着科技的不断进步,也相继被开发出了一些新的回收方法。本文介绍了钕铁硼废料的来源与基础物化特性,综述了钕铁硼废料回收技术的研究进展,并对未来研究发展方向进行了展望。
当前烧结钕铁硼的生产工艺主要流程为配料—熔炼—氢碎—制粉—压制成型—烧结—机加工和检验。毛坯材料按客户需求,经过磨床、线切割、切片、打孔、电镀、充磁、检测合格后包装,因此,钕铁硼废料主要包括:1)原料预处理过程中损耗产生的废料;2)熔炼过程中被氧化的稀土元素;3)氢碎和气流磨阶段因颗粒分级、氧化弃用产生的小粒度粉体,以及被氧化产生的废料;4)压制成型阶段产生的返压料;5)烧结阶段产生的废弃物包括烧结细粉、不合格品和被氧化的钕铁硼块状废料;6)切割加工阶段产生的切屑和废弃边角料,以及表面处理过程中产生的泥浆状水磨废料;7)电镀阶段产生的一些残次品。其中,泥浆状和粉末状的钕铁硼废料氧化程度较高,而块状废料由于比表面积较小不易被氧化,具有Nd2Fe14B完整晶粒的组织结构[7]
不同来源的钕铁硼废料物理化学性质也存在一定差异,导致从中回收稀土的方法也有所不同。因此,在了解钕铁硼永磁材料的发展、工艺流程及其废料产生来源的基础上,探明钕铁硼废料的基础物化特性,可为后续深入研究钕铁硼废料回收方法提供更好的实际指导。
不同类型钕铁硼废料的化学成分对比见表1。可以看出,根据稀土元素的组成能将钕铁硼废料归为3类:1)低稀土废料,即其中REEs质量分数小于20%;2)中稀土废料,即REEs质量分数约为20%~30%;3)高稀土废料,即REEs质量分数大于30%。这3种类型的钕铁硼永磁体废料中均含有稀土元素Nd,有时会添加少量Dy、Tb和Gd替代部分Nd,以增强钕铁硼永磁体矫顽力和升高操作温度。通常为了降低生产成本,会添加La、Ce等较低廉稀土元素替代部分Nd,此外,还会添加Co以求有效升高永磁体的居里温度。此外,为提高永磁体矫顽力,还会添加一些Al、Cu和Ni元素来代替部分Fe。
目前,学者们对钕铁硼废料中有价元素的高效回收利用进行了广泛研究,不断提出了从钕铁硼永磁材料中回收稀土的方法。总体上,钕铁硼废料综合回收方法可分为火法和湿法两类[10-12]。其中,火法回收工艺在国外研究的较多,有选择氧化法、氯化分离法、液态合金法、渣金分离法等;湿法回收工艺在国内较多,包括全浸出法、选择性浸出法、草酸沉淀法、硫酸复盐沉淀法、溶剂萃取法等。
火法回收工艺因流程简短、提取规模易扩大、对环境较为友好等优点,近年来成为了国际上从钕铁硼废料中回收稀土元素的重要研究方向。
根据氧化物氧势与温度的关系(图1)可知:稀土元素与氧的反应吉布斯自由能变小于铁与氧的反应吉布斯自由能变,表明在相同反应条件下,稀土元素更倾向与氧结合,形成相应的稀土氧化物,而铁仍保持金属态[13]。因此,选择氧化法是钕铁硼废料升温熔化后,金属铁与稀土氧化物因物化性质差异而自然分层,实现金属铁与稀土氧化物分离。该法大体可以分为2步:1)钕铁硼废料的高温熔炼和氧原子脱除;2)稀土与Fe的分离,其中稀土以氧化物形式存在于产品中。
基于稀土元素与氧气和其他元素结合能力差异性,Saito等[14]提出了通过玻璃法回收钕铁硼合金废料中的稀土元素Nd,采用以B2O3为氧化剂,Nd在高温下选择性夺取B2O3中的氧使自身氧化为Nd2O3,如式(1)所示。该法稀土元素回收率高达99.9%,而铁主要呈单质Fe形式存在,其中稀土含量极少。由于反应过程中添加B2O3相对过量,导致稀土氧化物纯度仅为25.5%,表明该法对于分离钕铁硼合金中的Fe和稀土元素效果良好。
Nd2Fe14B+B2O3═══════Nd2O3+8Fe+3Fe2B。
Parida等[15]研究了典型稀土的RE-Fe-O系热力学平衡状态,结果表明,温度为1 077 ℃、PO2小于10-4 Pa时,NdFeO3会发生分解反应,得到固体Fe相和稀土Nd2O3相,进一步降低温度,NdFeO3仍会发生分解反应。Nakamoto等[16]利用石墨坩埚将系统的氧势严格控制在10-11~10-12 Pa之间,使稀土氧化物与铁在该氧势条件下共存;之后利用磁选工艺对稀土氧化物和金属Fe进行分离,同时精准控制反应时间以降低稀土氧化物中的Fe和B含量,在优化工艺参数后,成功制备出了纯度超过95%、稀土回收率超过99%的混合稀土氧化物。该法能在一定程度上提高稀土回收率,且无需化学试剂,但氧分压控制难度较大,设备要求较高,易导致生产成本增加。
氯化分离法和选择性氧化法原理相似,都是利用钕铁硼废料中的稀土和Fe元素与Cl元素的结合能力差异达到分离目的,稀土元素比Fe对Cl-的吸引力更强[17]。常用的氯化剂包括NH4Cl、FeCl2、MgCl2及MgCl2-KCl。Uda[18]以FeCl2作为氯化剂,在添加C粉和温度800 ℃条件下处理钕铁硼废料,为保证稀土氧化物(REO)转化为氯化稀土效率,在反应过程中加入过量FeCl2,反应如式(2)所示,利用沸点差异性,通过真空蒸馏手段进行分离,获得纯度超过99%的稀土氯化物,稀土回收率可达95.9%。
NdOCl+FeCl2+C→NdCl3+CO+Fe。
Tom等[19]研究了以NH4Cl为氯化剂回收钕铁硼废料,结果表明,在反应温度为225~325 ℃条件下,NH4Cl分解产物HCl可将稀土成功转化为相应的稀土氯化物,随后溶解于醋酸溶液中。该法在回收稀土的同时,能得到氨水等副产品,其中稀土回收率约为85%,目前已应用于德国弗莱堡工厂。Shirayama等[20]研究了以MgCl2为氯化介质提取稀土元素Nd、Dy,结果表明,Fe和B元素以固态合金(Fe-B)形式结合,可采用真空蒸馏法去除剩余低熔点的MgCl2和Mg,整个流程中稀土元素回收率超过80%。Zhong S.H.等[21]采用MgCl2-KCl作为氯化剂回收钕铁硼废料中的Nd、Dy和Pr,该工艺涉及熔盐氯化提取和熔盐电解2个步骤,如图2所示。在一定温度下,稀土元素与MgCl2发生反应生成金属Mg和RECl3,经固液分离与电解可得到氯盐(RECl3-MgCl2-KCl)混合物。该法操作简单,对设备要求也不高,但须采用真空熔炼法进一步回收稀土,以得到单一态稀土。为此,Mochizuki等[22]对氯化法进行了升级,利用碳热氯化法从钕铁硼废料中回收稀土元素。首先,将破碎后的钕铁硼废料在含氧条件下进行氧化焙烧,随后与一定量碳粉进行碳热氯化反应。结果表明,一些B、Co、Cu、Fe、Zr元素的氯化物在升温过程中已基本挥发完全,仅留下氯化稀土混合物。最后对所得氯化稀土混合物进行水解反应,可成功制备出高纯度稀土氧化物。在整个试验过程中,对温度的控制要求非常精细和严格。
由于氯化分离法中氯化剂的大量使用会对操作环境造成影响,且还须进一步处理才能获得单一稀土,因此,一些研究者研发了液态合金法[23]。该法是利用稀土元素(RE)和铁对其他金属的亲和力差异,实现稀土和铁的有效富集与分离。稀土元素Nd能与Ag、Mg等形成多种形态的低熔点合金,如Mg在低温环境下能呈熔融状态,而钕能与镁结合形成一系列合金。这些合金包括但不限于MgNd、Mg3Nd、Mg2Nd、Mg41Nd5等;类似地,Nd能与熔融的Ag结合形成一系列Ag-Nd合金,包括AgNd、Ag51Nd14、Ag2Nd等[24-26]。此外,为获得高纯度的稀土或稀土氧化物等产品,需通过高温蒸汽方式将其中的稀土元素进一步从合金中分离。
美国Ames实验室在1995年提出了采用低熔点金属Mg与钕铁硼废料中稀土元素Nd反应形成低熔点合金的方法提取稀土。随后,国内外学者在此基础上进行了不断研究。如图3所示,Takeda等[27]以块体钕铁硼废料作为研究对象,先后采用Mg作为提取剂,通过液态合金法实现了稀土与杂质的分离。由于Mg与Nd在1 027 ℃的饱和蒸气压分别为73 967 Pa和0.1 Pa,巨大的差异使得Mg与Nd能轻易分开,最终Nd回收率达99%。在此基础上,Takeda等[28]又通过引入Ag,在控制反应温度为1 000 ℃条件下,将钕铁硼永磁磁铁残渣中90%的Nd以Ag-Nd合金形式提取出来,但该法也存在一些不足,包括因金属Mg和Ag的引入造成其他协同金属难以回收,对原料的成分要求高等问题。
与选择氧化法类似,渣金分离法是基于钕铁硼废料中稀土与氧更易结合的特性,将钕铁硼废料中金属全部转化为金属氧化物,同时,在造渣剂的高温作用下,通过控制还原性条件将铁氧化物转变为金属Fe,而稀土氧化物在造渣剂的作用下形成稀土富集渣,实现金属Fe与稀土渣相的分离,该法又称为渣金熔分法。
采用渣金分离法从钕铁硼废料中回收有价金属元素的研究已有大量报道,如通过具有选择性的气基还原和渣金熔分方法,制备出REO-SiO2-Al2O3熔渣;随后采用浸出、净化、沉淀等方法,成功从中分离出稀土元素[29-31]。对于钕铁硼废料熔分渣,在较优工艺条件下,其浸出率可达98.13%,同时获得纯度达99.56%以上的稀土氧化物,但富稀土渣中夹杂带有3%以上的Fe。
卞玉洋[32]通过改变还原介质,将钕铁硼废料在氩气惰性气氛保护下,于1 200 ℃完全氧化后,利用碳直接还原—渣金分离法回收钕铁硼废料中的稀土元素,发现绝大部分铁呈单质态,而稀土氧化物富集于渣相中,其纯度为94.9%,稀土回收率高于99%。此外,可将FeO-B2O3渣配入至钕铁硼废料中,并在置于石墨坩埚中后,添加一定量碳粉,并设置反应温度高于1 400 ℃,从而将稀土元素转变为氧化态富集于稀土渣相。通过B2O3-FeO复合渣金熔分法,获得了纯度为98.4%的稀土氧化物,稀土回收率大于99.0%。
刘兴润[33]在前人研究基础上开展了钕铁硼废料焙砂在不同的碳介质中的碳热还原试验,在最优工艺参数下,焙砂中88%以上的铁被还原,其中97.52%的稀土元素(REEs)富集于稀土渣相,而金属铁的富集率可达93.05%。吴凯奇[34]针对Fe与稀土选择性还原问题,进行了预处理—钕铁硼废料气基选择性还原—渣金分离试验,结果表明:CO选择性还原预处理后钕铁硼废料的表观活化能为1.17 kJ/mol,钕铁硼废料中90%以上的铁氧化物都被还原成海绵铁;但金属铁和稀土氧化物互相包裹与夹杂,较难用常规物理手段分离。其物相组成分析和微观组织结构特点如图4所示。
上述火法回收工艺处理钕铁硼废料,更侧重于其中稀土元素的分离提取,而对于含有约60%铁的回收关注较少,很难实现回收稀土的同时也将Fe等有价金属元素高效利用。与火法工艺相比,我国利用湿法工艺从钕铁硼废料中回收稀土的技术较为普遍[35-37]。钕铁硼废料湿法处理工艺主要包括浸出过程和稀土分离2个过程:即以酸作为浸出剂,控制pH在合理范围内,使稀土与其他元素分离。其中,浸出工序是湿法回收工艺最重要的工序,依据不同条件下金属间溶解度的不同,浸出过程又可分为选择性浸出和全浸出2种方式;得到钕铁硼浸出液后,采用沉淀分离法、离子液体提取法和溶剂萃取法等方式分离回收浸出液中的稀土元素。
全浸出法的主要目的是将钕铁硼废料全部溶解,使其变成溶液状态。以全溶解法为例,是使用盐酸作溶剂将钕铁硼废料中的铁和稀土元素完全溶解到溶液中,在添加氧化剂的作用下,使铁离子均以Fe3+的最高价态形式存在于溶液中,再采用中和沉淀或萃取法分离稀土和铁。
Padhan等[38]采用盐酸将钕铁硼废料全部溶解,在控制pH=1.2条件下,利用NaCyanex302萃取剂可将稀土元素Dy和Nd从体系中分离回收出来,分离系数较高。这种方式能在一定程度上分离不同稀土元素,但对后续的分离工序有一定影响。
为将溶液中的稀土元素与Fe(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)分离,利用草酸环境下稀土与Fe(Ⅱ)沉淀pH相差较大的特性将其分离,可利用N503、环烷酸等萃取剂与Fe(Ⅲ)结合能力强的特点将其脱除。基于此,Chen Y.J.[39]用HCl将钕铁硼粉体废料全部浸出进入溶液,再采用N503萃取剂将溶液中铁离子萃取到有机相中,实现Fe与稀土元素的初步分离;之后利用P507萃取剂对其进行多级分离萃取,得到单一氯化稀土溶液;再用草酸作沉淀剂,得到相应的稀土草酸盐;最后经高温焙烧获得稀土Nd和Dy的氧化物,且纯度均超过99%。Tian Y.L.等[40]用配制的6 mol/L盐酸溶液对钕铁硼废料进行溶解,同时利用酒石酸(C4H6O6)和六次甲基四胺(HMTA)螯合剂提升酸的浸出效率,之后用草酸对稀土的选择性沉淀特点将杂质Fe(Ⅱ)去除,所得稀土产品纯度约为96%,稀土回收率达90%以上。
除采用HCl外,Makarova等[41]研究了用H2SO4-H2C2O4对钕铁硼废料中的Fe和REEs进行电化学浸出,结果表明,Nd2Fe14B和富Nd阳极相之间的局部电压电势差超过500 mV,这表明富Nd相将优先浸出。如图5(a)所示,利用3D打印的钛篮从磁铁废料中浸出金属,结果发现,酸浓度和电流密度对于浸出稀土元素具有强烈影响,加入草酸能够降低能耗,并提高稀土元素的收率。如图5(b)、(c)所示,富Nd相快速从体系中浸出并存在于Nd2Fe14B晶粒的周围,随后从固体表面剥离脱落。该法的优点是原理简单、便于操作。
全浸出法在溶出稀土和铁的同时,会有大量杂质元素同时被浸出进入溶液,从而消耗大量酸浸剂和调节pH用碱;在除杂时还会因为黏度较大的氢氧化铁沉淀夹带大量稀土,从而降低稀土收率;操作过程中加入大量酸碱,会导致工作环境较差,同时增加生产成本。
鉴于全浸出法存在的缺点,研究人员依据REEs和Fe在溶液中溶解度的差异,开发了选择性浸出法。Rabatho等[42]提出了一种从Nd2Fe14B中回收Nd和Dy新思路,即以1 mol/L HNO3和0.3 mol/L H2O2为浸出剂,Nd、Dy浸出率分别可达98%和81%,而Fe浸出率低于15%。而Kataoka等[43]研究发现,通过腐蚀预处理废料,可提升室温下Nd和Fe之间的选择性浸出效果。钕铁硼废料中Nd回收率接近100%。Venkatesan等[44]提出了一种从钕铁硼废料中选择性浸出稀土元素的电化学法。首先,用HCl浸出部分钕铁硼废料,取适量盐酸浸出液和未酸溶的废料置于电解液反应装置中,二者之间用阴离子交换膜隔开,再用含NaCl溶液作为阴极电解液。其次,渗滤液中的Fe(Ⅱ)被氧化形成Fe(OH)3沉淀,而95%以上的稀土元素溶解于溶液中。而该团队的另一项研究[45],又将NdFeB磁体废料与惰性阳极连接在一起作为电解阳极,并置于电化学反应装置中,从电化学反应原理上确保废料中的元素以氢氧化物形式在,再用NH4Cl作为电解质,之后用HCl浸出,工艺流程如图6所示。结果表明,REEs和Co元素的浸出率均超过97%,而Fe元素基本留在浸出渣中。
此外,为了优化氧化焙烧条件,王毅军等[46]研究了从钕铁硼废料中分离回收Pr、Nd、Dy等稀土元素,通过充分氧化焙烧使钕铁硼废料中稀土和Fe转化为最高价态的氧化物后,通过控制加酸量和调节pH选择性溶解稀土氧化物,萃取分离提纯得到单一稀土氯化物溶液,经碳酸盐沉淀剂或草酸沉淀后再经高温焙烧得到纯度为98%以上的氧化钕、氧化镨和99%以上的氧化镝,稀土元素总回收率大于92%。Kumari等[47]则是省去了萃取过程,并调控了较佳的盐酸浓度、反应温度、液固体积质量比和反应时间,最终得到纯度为99%的混合稀土氧化物,稀土元素回收率达98%。
与全浸出法相比,选择性浸出法能明显降低一定酸耗量,降低成本,提升稀土回收率;但核心问题在于浸出过程中控制稳定的pH难度较大,使得部分铁又转移至浸出渣中,氢氧化铁沉淀的吸附夹带也会造成大量稀土损失。此外,在实际应用过程中,由于预处理焙烧阶段不可避免地会生成稀土铁酸盐(NdFeO3),也是稀土Nd损失的重要原因之一。
钕铁硼废料中铁与稀土经酸溶解后,主要以Fe(Ⅱ)和稀土离子形式存在,因此根据溶解液中稀土离子和不同价态的铁离子会与草酸形成溶解度差异较大化合物的原理,可实现铁与稀土分离回收的目的。钕铁硼废料的草酸沉淀回收工艺流程如图7所示。尹小文等[48]研究了用盐酸浸出铁和稀土,在控制草酸加入量为理论量1.5倍、pH=1.5~2.0条件下,可得到稀土草酸沉淀物;之后在800 ℃条件下焙烧1 h,草酸盐分解可获得氧化钕和氧化镨的混合镨钕氧化物产品,但在原料酸溶过程中,也会引入大量杂质离子,严重影响产品纯度。为此,Innocenzi等[49]在溶出液中加入了枸橼酸作为抑制剂,从而有效避免金属Mn的浸出。
草酸沉淀法对稀土与铁的分离回收有一定效果,工艺流程也较短,易实现工业生产;但钕铁硼废料中绝大部分为Fe元素,酸溶后直接用草酸沉淀稀土会使酸耗增加,铁的回收效果也不十分理想,且产生的草酸废水后续也难以处理,又带来了严重的环保问题,以上原因制约了该法在生产中的推广应用。
一些研究者基于硫酸钠与硫酸钕能生成硫酸复盐沉淀的原理,提出了硫酸类复盐沉淀法,具体反应如式(3)所示。对于过滤得到的稀土硫酸复盐沉淀,可采用两种处理方式:一是对稀土硫酸复盐沉淀先后进行碱化处理和去离子水洗涤,得到纯度较高的氢氧化物,之后采用高温焙烧得到较高纯度的稀土氧化物产品;二是通过HCl或HF溶解稀土硫酸复盐沉淀物,得到稀土卤化物,热还原后的溶液再用草酸沉淀,沉淀物经煅烧得到稀土氧化物产品。
RE2(SO4)3+Na2SO4+xH2O═══════RE2(SO4)3·Na2SO4·xH2O。
Peelman等[50]用硫酸浸出氧化后钕铁硼废料,之后向浸出液中加入Na2SO4,为了消除Fe和Ca共沉淀发生大量夹带,控制温度为70 ℃,调节溶液pH为0.0~0.5,最后通过硫酸复盐沉淀法回收稀土钕,回收率达90%。肖荣晖[51]首先焙烧钕铁硼废料以去除其中的有机物和水;再进行硫酸复盐沉淀和碱化洗涤,得到纯度较高的氢氧化稀土沉淀;之后用特定溶剂溶解氢氧化稀土沉淀,成功获得稀土氯化物,经萃取分离获得单一稀土氯化物;最后,用碳酸氢铵或草酸沉淀稀土氯化物,煅烧处理后可得到纯度达99%的Nd2O3产品。此外,唐杰等[52-53]通过对比硫酸复盐和草酸沉淀法分离钕铁硼废料中稀土元素的优缺点发现,硫酸复盐沉淀法的钕回收率(82%)和纯度都不十分理想。
硫酸复盐沉淀具有操作简便、反应条件较为温和、产品质量高、成本低廉等优点;但由于浓硫酸溶解阶段会产生大量硫酸亚铁,忽视了对Fe元素的协同回收,同时还存在环境污染、后续除杂困难等问题。
溶剂萃取法是利用浸出液中稀土离子与有机萃取剂优异的结合能力实现稀土分离提纯。溶剂萃取是离子的一种选择性分配行为,根据稀土离子在水溶液和有机萃取剂中的分配系数差异,不溶于水的萃取剂与稀土溶液混合后,稀土离子转移到有机萃取剂中,从而实现分离提纯稀土的过程。
Yoon等[54]和Matsumiya等[55]分别研究了D2EHPA、PC88A等萃取剂和三乙基戊基双(三氟甲基-磺酰基)酰胺([P2225][TFSA])离子液体对稀土元素的分离提纯,离子交换反应原理见式(4),示意如图8所示。结果表明,稀土元素在这些体系中的分离系数较大,易于分离提纯,稀土纯度均达99%,且回收率超过95%。
Mm++mL+m${C}_{IL}^{+}$═══════M${L}_{m,IL}^{m+}$+mC+
上述液体萃取剂虽能回收钕铁硼废料中的稀土,但萃取时还存在萃取剂乳化、有机物易水溶和毒性防护等难题。目前,离子液体萃取法仍停留在试验探索阶段,距离大规模工业化生产还有一定距离。
目前的火法和湿法处理工艺均难以实现钕铁硼废料中稀土与铁的分离转移,在保护环境与资源短缺的双重压力下,如何实现钕铁硼废料绿色高效循环利用已成为关注焦点。近些年,国内外学者开展了一系列新工艺的探索研究,提出了氢爆法、生物浸出法、消解法、电化学法、钙热还原扩散法和碳化-水解法等技术。
氢爆法是利用钕铁硼废料中稀土可与氢气相互作用的原理,使钕铁硼废料与氢气发生反应产生细小颗粒,从材料中脱离形成均质金属粉末。从而达到分离回收稀土的目的。该法主要用于块状钕铁硼废料的回收处理。Lixandru等[57]针对电子设备中的钕铁硼废料,采用两步氢处理工序对废磁体进行处理,获得亚微米级的粉末,进一步用于树脂粘结磁体的制造。在处理过程中,氢被磁体废料吸收后,同时与磁体2∶14∶1主相发生反应,由于两相的体积膨胀不同,导致磁体物料在加氢后易于粉碎,最后利用所获得的粉末直接生产烧结磁体。氢爆过程的主要反应方程式如下:
Nd2Fe14B+(2±x)H2$\rightleftharpoons$ 12α-Fe+2NdH(2±x)+Fe2B。
对不同Dy和Co含量的磁体废料处理结果表明,对于具有较低Dy和Co含量的磁体,磁性能的恢复约为100%,而对于具有较高Dy和Co含量的磁体,矫顽力恢复在37%~72%之间。
Zhao H.Y.等[58]采用氢爆法用废钕铁硼烧结磁体制备各向异性磁粉,所得磁粉由具有层次结构的片状颗粒组成,很好地继承了初始烧结磁体的晶粒取向,其矫顽力达原磁体的83%。氢爆法无须对原材料进行预处理,磁体破碎后涂层成大块的片状,极易去除表面镀层,具有工艺流程短等优势;但该法反应条件苛刻,再生磁体的磁能积与原始磁体相比有一定下降趋势。
生物浸出法被认为是一种分离和回收稀土元素的环保技术,是将不同类型的磁体废料预先处理成粉末后,利用细菌表面化学的多样性,通过生物氧化、配合作用促进金属离子的迁移从而实现稀土元素回收的方法。将镧系元素吸附到玫瑰杆菌AzwK-3b上,然后固定在测定过滤器上,之后根据pH的变化进行解吸。研究发现通过细菌的预质子化作用,可以将每种镧系元素浓度相同的溶液浓缩为只含3种镧系元素(Tm、Lu和Yb)的溶液[59]
生物浸出法是未来极具潜力回收钕铁硼废料的方法之一。与传统湿法和火法工艺相比,具有对环境友好、没有污染且成本较低等优点;但该法对细菌的选择与培养要求较高、反应时间较长,目前并未进行工业推广应用,今后应重点关注浸出性能较高的菌株选择与作用机制探讨等方面。
消解法是在预先将废旧NdFeB磁体处理成具有一定粒度粉末的基础上,再利用微波、红外等技术进行处理,从而实现对磁体粉末快速消解的一种方法。
Bonin等[60]先将NdFeB废磁体在马弗炉中去磁,再用粉碎机进行研磨,获得了一定粒度的磁体粉末,之后分别采用密闭容器酸消解(CVAD)、微波消解(MWD)、聚焦红外消解(FID)和碱性融合(AF)消解技术对磁体粉末进行处理,结果表明,4种方法都能有效溶解磁体粉末,但聚焦红外消解法可以定量溶解磁化磁体和粗磁体块上的稀土元素,还能对未退磁的磁体进行直接消化。Tanvar等[61]采用微波辐射的方法对去磁粉末(小于100 μm)进行处理,在72 s内温度达600 ℃,然后通过盐酸浸出,再用草酸沉淀,最终获得了纯度超过98%的Nd和Dy氧化物。消解法具有消化时间快,加热速率高等特点,大大减少了能耗,有助于后续在回收过程中的湿法冶金分离,但该法技术尚不成熟,处理成本较高。
电化学法是利用NdFeB废料中Nd(-2.32 V)、Fe(-0.447 V)和B(-0.89 V)的电极电势差异,通过控制阴、阳两极电压,选择性地溶解稀土。Kumari等[62]在电化学溶解研究中,以废钕铁硼磁铁和不锈钢板分别作为阳极和阴极、枸橼酸为电解液进行电化学溶解,结果表明:与化学溶解相比,金属在电化学条件下的溶解效果明显增强;金属在电化学作用下的溶解速度随电解液浓度、电流密度增大,以及镀液温度升高而加快;经电化学溶解—溶剂萃取—沉淀溶出—煅烧工艺获得了纯度为99.9%的钕、镨、镝混合氧化物,且副产物氧化铁纯度达98.6%。Zhang Z.H.等[63]采用无酸电化学工艺电解钕铁硼废料回收得到了氧化钕,经计算该工艺能耗为0.907 8 kW·h·kg-1,化学物质的投入约为传统湿法冶金的一半。
电化学法为解决钕铁硼回收行业面临的高能耗、高酸耗和大量废水污染问题提供了一种新思路,是未来极具有竞争力的回收方法之一;但该法仍处于研发阶段,且需要对废料进行预处理,成本较高。
钙热还原扩散法是采用金属Ca、CaH2等作为还原剂,将铁、铁硼、稀土化合物(如氧化物、氯化物、氟化物)还原为单质金属,并进一步使其与铁、硼相互扩散得到钕铁硼合金[64]。Cong L.Y.等[65]对钕铁硼污泥进行预处理获得了纯化污泥,并按纯化污泥、CaCl2、KCl和金属Ca质量比为5∶1∶1∶1进行配料压块;然后在高纯度氩气气氛下,以不同转速在1 050 ℃下还原扩散反应3 h,之后对产物进行多次洗涤后,真空干燥得到再生磁粉;最后制备得Nd-Fe-B磁体。研究结果表明:当转速为10 r/min时,其再生磁粉磁化强度达到峰值,比净化后的污泥磁化强度提高10.2%。但再生磁体的氧含量高于原烧结磁体,影响再生磁体的磁性能。Xu H.B.等[66]从热力学与动力学角度对钙热还原扩散法处理钕铁硼的机制进行了深入研究,结果发现,油泥废料的钙热还原扩散反应过程是一个分步还原与扩散的复杂反应,该反应遵循未反应收缩核模型,内扩散是制约反应速率的关键因素。开始时,钙优先还原铁氧化物得到Fe,之后Nd2O3还原形成Nd,还原出来的Nd扩散至Fe表面形成钕铁硼合金。
钙热还原扩散法为钕铁硼油泥废料的高效回收和钕铁硼粉末制备提供了一种新途径。与传统火法与湿法工艺相比,该方法原料选择性低,流程短,能耗低,优势明显,是一种回收钕铁硼废料非常有潜力的新技术;但目前还存在技术门槛要求较高、成本较高等不足。
碳化-水解法是基于稀土碳化物极易水解的特性而提出,是将磁体废料与石墨等碳源反应生成稀土碳化物,稀土碳化物再在水中水解后获得稀土氢氧化物。碳化-水解法回收钕铁硼废料中的稀土流程如图9所示。Liu B.W.等[67]采用生物炭作为提取剂,提出了一种利用碳化后结合水解回收钕铁硼废料中稀土元素的新途径,研究结果表明:在碳化反应过程中,钕铁硼废料与生物炭结合生成了具有特定类型的合金,其中C/H饱和度的重要因素有反应温度、放置方式、粉末材料的厚度等;将厚度为1 mm的原料粉体放在生物炭上,控制温度800 ℃、C/H化时间90 min,饱和C/H的NdFeB-C/H型合金依次通过水解反应和磁选处理后,可获得纯度高达99.43%以上的稀土氢氧化物,稀土综合回收率为88.4%。该法分离效果较好,但对于获得的混合稀土化合物后续还须进一步处理,流程较复杂。
还有一些研究人员直接在废旧钕铁硼磁体基础上对其热压处理,以实现对废旧钕铁硼磁体的循环利用。Gandha等[68]在极低温度下,如在液氮控制的-196 K条件下,预先将增材制造获得的一些粘结钕铁硼破碎成钕铁硼微粉,通过热压法再生得到粘结钕铁硼磁体,其剩余磁化强度及饱和磁化强度均比原材料高近4%和6.5%左右。这为钕铁硼废料的回收再利用提供了一种新途径。虽然近年来这些新兴回收工艺有一定发展,但基本上还停留在实验室阶段,有待进一步进行扩大化研究。
从钕铁硼废料中回收稀土工艺研究经过多年的发展,包括火法、湿法及新型工艺回收等方法均都得到了一定发展。火法回收工艺在某些程度上能提高钕铁硼废料中稀土元素回收率;但该工艺会产生大量固体废弃物,能耗高,不适合处理混合钕铁硼废料,且目前钕铁硼磁体制造过程中除添加主含稀土元素钕以外,还掺入了镨、钆、铽、镝等元素,采用火法工艺很难将不同稀土元素彻底分离,还须结合其他工艺才能实现稀土元素分离。湿法回收工艺对钕铁硼废料的适应性较强,其中以萃取工艺应用最为广泛,采用不同前处理方式获得的混合稀土料液经萃取分离可获得单一高纯稀土氧化物,但在实际生产中仍存在一些问题,如在生产过程消耗大量化学试剂,包括HCl、HNO3、H2SO4、H2O2和NaOH等,产生的大量废水对环境影响较大,处理成本较高,工艺流程较长等。
针对目前钕铁硼传统回收方法存在的问题,近些年提出了一些新型回收工艺,如氢爆法、生物浸出法、电化学法、消解法、钙还原扩散法和碳化-水解法等。生物浸出法和电化学法更为绿色环保,化学试剂用量少;氢爆法、消解法和钙还原扩散法具有流程短、能耗低等优点。这些方法在降低环境污染方面效果较为明显,符合低碳发展方向,在回收钕铁硼废料中的有价元素方面极具潜力;但这些方法大多还处于试验研究阶段,仍存在一些问题需要解决。
此外,钕铁硼磁体废料回收技术的选择主要受磁体原料种类、化学成分、工艺总成本和环境等因素的影响。钕铁硼废料中除稀土元素外,铁元素约占磁体重量的70%,还有少量的硼、钴和铜等金属元素,采用单一的火法或湿法工艺无法实现低耗、高效回收各有价元素。因此,为高效回收钕铁硼废料中的稀土等有价元素和减轻废弃物对环境的污染,建议今后从以下几个方面开展研究:
1)以低能耗、闭环程序和环境友好为主要目标,实现钕铁硼废料中稀土、硼、铁和钴等资源的同时回收,获得高附加值的铁与钴等产品;
2)将火法、湿法与新型回收工艺的优势相结合,开发出一种或多种联合处理工艺,以简化处理流程、降低能耗、提高回收率,并减少对环境的不良影响;
3)为进一步提高回收效率并降低处理成本,应加大钕铁硼废料短流程回收工艺的研发,通过直接修复报废磁体以达到高效回收利用的目的。
  • 赣州市科技创新赋能青年揭榜挂帅项目(0520107)
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2024年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.003
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
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赣州市科技创新赋能青年揭榜挂帅项目(0520107)
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    1 赣南科技学院 智能制造与材料工程学院, 江西 赣州 341000
    2 江西春华锂业有限公司, 江西 宜春 336000

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刘东辉(1986—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为有色金属湿法冶金。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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