Article(id=1172615470051115523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)06-0630-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714320000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757502914202, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757502914202, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757502914202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757502914202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172615462853685818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='593', pageEnd='716', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757502912485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246000747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732200986263845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732200986263846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=630, endPage=639, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172615470344716806, articleId=1172615470051115523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Recovery of Decommissioned High-Nickel Lithium Battery by Sulphation Roasting—Curing, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to comprehensively recover the valuable components from decommitted high-nickel ternary lithium batteries,lithium was selectively extracted by sulphation roasting and water leaching, and the water leaching residue was then processed by aging leaching,impurity removal and coprecipitation to prepare nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide. The results show that the optimum conditions of sulfation roasting are n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)=1.4∶1, roasting temperature of 600 ℃, roasting time of 1 h, and the water leaching rate of Li, Mn can reach 94.36%, 11.03%, respectively, Ni and Co hardly leaching. Under the conditions of acid-ore ratio of 1.74, curing temperature of 120 ℃, curing time of 120 min and liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 7.5 mL/1 g, the aqueous leaching slag is cured and acid leaching. The leaching rates of Li, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, Fe and Al are 97.86%, 89.16%, 95.09%, 100%, 63.6%, 99.71% and 56.76%, respectively. Under the optimum conditions of pH=3.38, precipitation temperature of 60 ℃ and precipitation time of 60 min, the precipitation rates of Fe, Al and Cu in the solution can reach 100%, 98.07% and 82.51%, respectively. Nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide can be formed by co-precipitation after pH adjustment. Under the optimal conditions of pH=9.44, co-precipitation temperature of 55 ℃ and co-precipitation time of 120 min, the precipitation rates of Ni, Co and Mn can reach 99.6%, 100% and 98.72%, respectively.

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胡芳(1985—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金及资源综合利用。E-mail:
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黄燕婷(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿产资源综合利用。

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黄燕婷(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿产资源综合利用。

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黄燕婷(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿产资源综合利用。

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Li Ni Co Mn Cu Fe Al C
3.90 31.14 7.29 9.79 0.96 1.68 3.68 27.8
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原料的主要化学成分 %

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Li Ni Co Mn Cu Fe Al C
3.90 31.14 7.29 9.79 0.96 1.68 3.68 27.8
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Li Ni Co Mn Cu Fe Al
0.19 21.8 5.43 8.24 0.12 0.000 3 0.01
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除杂后液中各金属离子质量浓度 g/L

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Li Ni Co Mn Cu Fe Al
0.19 21.8 5.43 8.24 0.12 0.000 3 0.01
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Li Ni Co Mn Cu Fe Al
0.000 5 27.60 8.03 9.32 0.08 0.001 0.015
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镍钴锰氢氧化物材料的主要元素质量分数 %

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Li Ni Co Mn Cu Fe Al
0.000 5 27.60 8.03 9.32 0.08 0.001 0.015
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退役高镍锂电池的硫酸化焙烧—熟化酸浸综合回收工艺研究
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黄燕婷 1 , 石鹏飞 2 , 曲鑫 1 , 常娣 2 , 张馨月 1 , 胡芳 1
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(6): 630-639
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(6): 630-639
退役高镍锂电池的硫酸化焙烧—熟化酸浸综合回收工艺研究
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黄燕婷1, 石鹏飞2, 曲鑫1, 常娣2, 张馨月1, 胡芳1
作者信息
  • 1 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院, 湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 2 中南大学 冶金与环境学院, 湖南 长沙 410083
  • 黄燕婷(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿产资源综合利用。

通讯作者:

胡芳(1985—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金及资源综合利用。E-mail:
Comprehensive Recovery of Decommissioned High-Nickel Lithium Battery by Sulphation Roasting—Curing
Yanting HUANG1, Pengfei SHI2, Xin QU1, Di CHANG2, Xinyue ZHANG1, Fang HU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 2 School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.006
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为综合回收退役高镍三元锂电池中有价组分,研究了采用硫酸化焙烧—水浸工艺选择性提锂,水浸渣再经熟化浸出—除杂—共沉淀工艺制备镍钴锰氢氧化物。结果表明:硫酸化焙烧最佳条件为n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)=1.4∶1、焙烧温度600 ℃、焙烧时间1 h,焙烧水浸后,Li浸出率可达94.36%,Mn浸出率为11.03%,Ni、Co几乎不浸出;水浸渣在酸矿比1.74、熟化温度120 ℃、熟化时间120 min、液固体积质量比7.5/1 mL/g条件下熟化酸浸,Li、Ni、Co、Mn、Cu、Fe和Al浸出率分别为97.86%、89.16%、95.09%、100%、63.6%、99.71%和56.76%;酸浸液在pH=3.38、沉淀温度60 ℃、沉淀时间60 min最佳条件下进行水解沉淀除杂,溶液中Fe、Al、Cu沉淀率可达100%、98.07%和82.51%;除杂后液调整pH后进行共沉淀可形成镍钴锰氢氧化物,在pH=9.44、共沉淀温度55 ℃、共沉淀时间120 min最佳条件下,Ni、Co、Mn沉淀率可达99.6%、100%和98.72%。
退役高镍锂电池  /  硫酸化焙烧  /  熟化  /  共沉淀  /  综合回收

In order to comprehensively recover the valuable components from decommitted high-nickel ternary lithium batteries,lithium was selectively extracted by sulphation roasting and water leaching, and the water leaching residue was then processed by aging leaching,impurity removal and coprecipitation to prepare nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide. The results show that the optimum conditions of sulfation roasting are n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)=1.4∶1, roasting temperature of 600 ℃, roasting time of 1 h, and the water leaching rate of Li, Mn can reach 94.36%, 11.03%, respectively, Ni and Co hardly leaching. Under the conditions of acid-ore ratio of 1.74, curing temperature of 120 ℃, curing time of 120 min and liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 7.5 mL/1 g, the aqueous leaching slag is cured and acid leaching. The leaching rates of Li, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, Fe and Al are 97.86%, 89.16%, 95.09%, 100%, 63.6%, 99.71% and 56.76%, respectively. Under the optimum conditions of pH=3.38, precipitation temperature of 60 ℃ and precipitation time of 60 min, the precipitation rates of Fe, Al and Cu in the solution can reach 100%, 98.07% and 82.51%, respectively. Nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide can be formed by co-precipitation after pH adjustment. Under the optimal conditions of pH=9.44, co-precipitation temperature of 55 ℃ and co-precipitation time of 120 min, the precipitation rates of Ni, Co and Mn can reach 99.6%, 100% and 98.72%, respectively.

decommissioned high-nickel lithium battery  /  sulphation roasting  /  curing  /  co-precipitation  /  comprehensive recovery
黄燕婷, 石鹏飞, 曲鑫, 常娣, 张馨月, 胡芳. 退役高镍锂电池的硫酸化焙烧—熟化酸浸综合回收工艺研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (6) : 630 -639 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.006
Yanting HUANG, Pengfei SHI, Xin QU, Di CHANG, Xinyue ZHANG, Fang HU. Comprehensive Recovery of Decommissioned High-Nickel Lithium Battery by Sulphation Roasting—Curing[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (6) : 630 -639 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.006
锂电池因具有重量轻、能量密度高、循环性能好等特点[1-2],在新能源汽车等电子产品中占据核心地位。近年来,随着新能源汽车进入快速发展期,锂电池作为核心的动力电池,其需求呈现出爆发式增长,预计到2030年需求量将增至1 293 GWh[3]。其中,镍钴锰等三元锂电池正极材料具有高效率、大容量、长寿命等优势成为锂电池的关键材料。三元正极材料按照镍、钴、锰的配比不同,可细分为NCM523、NCM622、NCM811及更高镍含量的正极材料[4]。随着锂电池的广泛应用和更新换代,大量退役锂电池的回收问题逐渐凸显。锂电池寿命一般为3~5年,预计到2025年退役量将达75万t[5]。这些退役锂电池如未经妥善处理,不仅造成资源浪费,还会带来环境污染问题[6]。退役三元锂电池正极材料的主要金属元素组成为:Li 2%~5%、Ni 5%~12%、Co 5%~20%、Mn 7%~10%,远高于矿石[7-9]。因此,回收退役锂电池正极材料中的有价金属,对于缓解我国对关键能源金属资源的供需矛盾,促进经济发展,保护生态环境具有重要意义[10]
目前,废旧锂电池的回收工艺主要分为火法、湿法和火法-湿法联合工艺[11-12]。传统火法工艺简单高效、锂回收率高,但能耗大、产物大多为合金[13];湿法工艺通常采用无机酸浸出有价金属,具有工艺成熟、成本低、操作简单等优点,但存在锂直收率低、回收过程长、试剂消耗高等问题[14-15];火法-湿法联合工艺可弥补传统火法和湿法回收工艺的不足,大幅提高锂回收率。火法-湿法联合工艺中,研究较多的是硫酸化焙烧—水浸工艺。该法是通过向退役锂电池正极材料添加助剂,如硫酸钠[16]、硫酸氢钠[17]、硫酸铵[18]等,并进行焙烧,使其中锂元素转化为水溶性锂盐,再通过常温水浸使得锂被选择性浸出,而镍、钴、锰过渡金属元素转化为难溶性金属或低价态氧化物赋存于水浸渣中[19],从而达到高效优先提取锂的目的。要实现退役锂电池的高值化利用,除了锂之外,还应回收水浸渣中同样具有极高的经济价值的镍、钴、锰等金属[20-21]
试验以某退役高镍三元锂电池经机械分选后所得黑粉为原料,研究了采用硫酸化焙烧—水浸法选择性提锂;再对水浸渣进行熟化浸出,酸浸液净化除杂后经共沉淀后制备镍钴锰氢氧化物,以期为综合回收退役高镍锂电池中的有价金属提供一种有效途径。
试验原料为湖南株洲某电池回收公司的退役高镍三元锂电池经机械破碎—热解—物理分选后所得电池黑粉。电池粉末样品经王水溶解后,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定主要化学成分,结果见表1;再用X射线(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)分析物相组成和微观形貌及微区分布特征,结果如图1所示。
试验试剂:浓硫酸、氧化钙、氢氧化钠、氨水,分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司。
主要仪器:低温箱式电阻炉,KSL-1200X,合肥科晶材料技术有限公司;磁力搅拌器,HJ-4,金坛实验仪器商城;集热式恒温磁力搅拌器,DF101S,巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司;真空抽滤机,L400-P3,巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司;电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES),SPECTRO BLUE,德国斯派克分析仪器公司;X射线衍射仪(XRD),Empyrean 2,荷兰帕纳科公司;扫描电子显微镜(SEM),MIRA3 LUM,泰思肯(中国)有限公司。
硫酸化焙烧—水浸:将98%硫酸与电池粉末样品按一定比例混合后置于刚玉坩埚中,再将刚玉坩埚放置马弗炉中,在设定浓硫酸与锂的物质的量比(n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)=0.9~1.6)、焙烧温度(400~700 ℃)、焙烧时间(0.5~2 h)条件下进行焙烧;焙烧后,自然冷却,加入纯水,并放在水浴锅中机械搅拌反应2 h;经固液分离后,量取浸出液体积,水浸渣烘干称重,计算有价组分焙烧—水浸率δ1:
δ1=$\frac{{\rho }_{B1}{V}_{1}}{m{w}_{B}}$×100%。
式中:ρB1—水浸液中金属离子质量浓度,g/L;V1—水浸液体积,L;m—电池粉末质量,g;wB—电池粉末中各金属元素质量分数,%。
水浸渣熟化酸浸:用纯水润湿水浸渣样品粉末,加入一定量浓硫酸搅拌均匀,用保鲜膜密封;将样品烧杯置于油浴锅中并在预设温度下恒温熟化一定时间,再加入纯水,在磁力搅拌器中搅拌浸出一定时间;浆料固液分离后得酸浸液,之后对酸浸液进行净化除杂(Cu、Fe、Al)处理,得到纯度较高的Li、Ni、Co、Mn沉淀后液,制备镍钴锰氢氧化物材料。计算有价组分的酸浸出率δ2、沉淀率γ1、共沉淀率γ2。计算公式见式(2)~(4):
δ2=$\frac{{\rho }_{B2}{V}_{2}}{{m}_{1}{w}_{B1}}$×100%。
式中:ρB2—酸浸液中金属离子质量浓度,g/L;V2—酸浸液体积,L;m1—水浸渣质量,g;wB1—水浸渣中各金属元素质量分数,%。
γ1=(1-$\frac{{\rho }_{B3}{V}_{3}}{{\rho }_{B2}{V}_{2}}$)×100%。
式中:ρB3—沉淀除杂后液中金属离子质量浓度,g/L;V3—沉淀除杂后液体积,L。
γ2=(1-$\frac{{\rho }_{B4}{V}_{4}}{{\rho }_{B3}{V}_{3}}$)×100%。
式中:ρB4—共沉淀后液中金属离子质量浓度,g/L;V4—共沉淀后液体积,L。
在焙烧温度为600 ℃、焙烧1 h条件下,考察浓硫酸与锂的物质的量比n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)对锂的水浸率及水浸渣中锂质量分数的影响,试验结果如图2所示。
图2(a)看出:随n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)增大,Li的水浸率呈先升高后降低趋势,在n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)增至1.4∶1时,Li的水浸率达最大,为94.36%;而随n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)增大,Ni、Co水浸率先小幅升高后降低,Mn的水浸率则呈小幅升高趋势,最大不超过20%。由图2(b)看出:随n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)增大,水浸渣中Li质量分数先减小后增大,在n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)为1.4∶1时最低,这与图2(a)的锂浸出率变化趋势一致,说明此时Li分离效果最佳。因此,确定最佳n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)为1.4∶1。
n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)=1.4∶1、焙烧时间1 h条件下,考察焙烧温度对锂的水浸率及水浸渣中锂质量分数的影响,试验结果如图3所示。
图3(a)看出:Li的水浸率随焙烧温度升高而升高,并在温度升至600 ℃时达94.36%,之后继续升高温度,Li的水浸率变化不明显,Ni、Co、Mn的水浸率随焙烧温度升高逐渐降低。由图3(b)看出:水浸渣中锂质量分数随焙烧温度升高而降低。综合考虑锂的选择性及能耗等因素,确定最佳焙烧温度为600 ℃。
n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)=1.4∶1、焙烧温度600 ℃条件下,考察焙烧时间对锂的水浸率及水浸渣中锂质量分数的影响,试验结果如图4所示。由图4(a)看出:随焙烧时间延长,Li的水浸率先升高后缓慢降低,焙烧1 h时,Li的水浸率达最大,为94.36%。由图4(b)看出:水浸渣中锂质量分数随焙烧时间延长先减小后增大,焙烧1 h时,Li质量分数达最小。因此,确定最佳焙烧时间为1 h。
电池粉末在n(H2SO4)∶n(Li)=1.4∶1、焙烧温度600 ℃、焙烧时间1 h条件下的焙烧产物及水浸渣的XRD及SEM形貌表征结果如图5所示。由图5(a)看出:电池粉末中有价金属经硫酸化焙烧后,Li转化为Li2SO4,Ni、Co、Mn由高价态转化为低价态,主要以CoO、CoNiO2、(NiO)0.75(MnO)0.25等氧化物形式存在;水浸后,Li盐基本溶于水溶液中,Ni、Co、Mn仍以氧化物形式留在水浸渣中,从而实现了Li元素的优先提取。对比图5(b)和(c)看出:电池粉末的焙烧产物水浸前后的微观形貌发生了显著变化,原本呈现立体块状结构的材料,在水浸后,其表面变得更加蓬松,且分解出无规则的细小块状结构。这种形貌的变化可能是由于Li盐溶解后,材料的内部结构发生了变化,导致了表面的分解和松散。
前期研究结果表明,水浸温度、水浸时间、液固体积质量比等条件对有价组分浸出行为影响不大[22],水浸液主要含Li,其次为Mn,提锂后液可通过进一步净化除杂回收Li、Mn[23]
在酸矿比(浓硫酸与水浸渣质量比,下同)1.74、液固体积质量比7.5 mL/1 g、熟化时间120 min条件下,考察熟化温度对水浸渣中有价金属酸浸的影响,试验结果如图6所示。可以看出:随熟化温度升高,各金属浸出率先快速升高后趋于平缓,在熟化温度升至120 ℃时,Li、Ni、Co、Mn、Cu、Fe、Al 浸出率分别达97.86%、89.16%、95.09%、100%、63.6%、99.71%、56.76%;继续升高温度,各金属浸出率已无明显变化。这是由于随温度升高,分子之间的化学碰撞概率增加,有价金属能更多地暴露在硫酸体系中,从而提高浸出率。综合考虑能耗和浸出率,确定最佳熟化温度为120 ℃。
在熟化温度120 ℃、液固体积质量比7.5 mL/1 g、熟化时间120 min条件下,考察酸矿比对水浸渣中有价金属酸浸的影响,试验结果如图7所示。
图7看出:随酸矿比增大,Li、Cu、Fe、Al浸出率逐步升高,Ni、Co、Mn先快速升高后缓慢下降;酸矿比为0.87时,Li、Ni、Co、Mn、Cu、Fe、Al浸出率分别为89.13%、75.45% 83.99%、90.17%、54.2%、76.41%、48.89%,此时因浓硫酸用量不足,导致浸出反应不完全,各金属浸出率均较低;随酸矿比增大,熟化反应进行越来越充分,各金属浸出率都明显升高,在酸矿比增至1.74时基本都达最大;之后继续增大酸矿比,Ni、Co、Mn浸出率逐渐降低。综合考虑,确定最佳酸矿比为1.74。
在熟化温度120 ℃、酸矿比1.74、熟化时间120 min条件下,考察液固体积质量比对水浸渣中有价金属酸浸的影响,试验结果如图8所示。
图8看出:随液固体积质量比增大,各金属浸出率先升高后降低,在液固体积质量比为7.5 mL/1 g时基本都达到最大;继续增大液固体积质量比,金属浸出率都呈下降趋势,这是由于溶液酸浓度过低,导致各金属离子无法浸出完全。因此,确定最佳液固体积质量比为7.5 mL/1 g。
在熟化温度120 ℃、酸矿比1.74、液固体积质量比7.5 mL/1 g条件下,考察熟化时间对水浸渣中有价金属酸浸的影响,试验结果如图9所示。
图9看出:熟化30 min时,Li、Co、Mn、Fe浸出率均达80%以上,Ni、Cu、Al仅为77.86%、56.6%、50.5%;随熟化时间延长,各金属浸出率逐步升高,这是因为随熟化反应进时间延长,反应进行地更加充分,使各金属浸出率明显升高;熟化120 min时,各金属浸出率基本都达到稳定状态,继续延长熟化时间,已无明显变化。因此,确定最佳熟化时间为120 min。
将水浸渣在熟化温度120 ℃、酸矿比1.74、液固体积质量比7.5/1 mL/g、熟化时间120 min条件下酸浸,所得酸浸渣的XRD物相表征结果如图10所示。可以看出:酸浸渣与水浸渣相比,C峰增强,NiO、CoO峰变弱,Mn物相峰消失,说明Mn金属被浸出完全,Ni、Co绝大部分被浸出。
采用沉淀法对熟化后酸浸液进行净化除杂试验。按一定质量体积比,将CaO与纯水混合搅拌均匀,制备300 g/L CaO悬浊液,并作为沉淀剂。在沉淀温度60 ℃、沉淀时间60 min条件下,考察溶液平衡pH对酸浸液中有价金属离子沉淀的影响,试验结果如图11所示。
图11看出:在溶液平衡pH考察范围内,随pH升高,溶液中杂质Fe、Al、Cu沉淀率升高,在溶液平衡pH升至2.7时,Fe、Al沉淀率基本达最大,分别为100%、97.51%,Cu沉淀率为74.21%,pH升至3.38时,Cu沉淀率进一步升至82.51%,Fe、Al、Cu沉淀率基本无明显变化;Li沉淀率随pH升高变化不大;Ni、Co、Mn沉淀率随pH升高逐渐升高,在pH升至3.81时,沉淀率分别达8.73%、7.88%、7.54%。综合考虑,确定净化除杂最佳溶液平衡pH为3.38。
在溶液平衡pH=3.38、沉淀时间60 min条件下,考察沉淀温度对酸浸液中有价金属离子沉淀的影响,试验结果如图12所示。
图12看出:随沉淀温度升高,杂质Fe、Al、Cu沉淀率快速升高,在温度升至60 ℃时,分别达100%、98.07%、82.51%;继续升高温度,杂质Fe、Al、Cu沉淀率基本无变化,而Li、Ni、Co、Mn沉淀率有相对明显升高趋势。综合考虑,确定最佳沉淀温度为60 ℃。
在溶液平衡pH=3.38、沉淀温度60 ℃条件下,考察沉淀时间对酸浸液中有价金属离子沉淀的影响,试验结果如图13所示。
图13看出:溶液中Fe、Al、Cu沉淀率随沉淀时间延长先升高,反应进行至60 min时,基本达最大,继续延长时间,无明显变化;而Li、Ni、Co、Mn沉淀率随沉淀时间延长变化不明显。综合考虑,确定最佳沉淀时间为60 min。
酸浸液在溶液平衡pH=3.38、温度60 ℃条件下沉淀60 min,沉淀渣的XRD物相分析结果如图14所示。
图14看出:沉淀渣主要成分为CaSO4·2H2O、Fe(OH)3、Al(OH)3,说明酸浸液中的杂质Fe、Al、Cu得到了有效去除。
除杂后液中各金属离子质量浓度见表2。可以看出:与除杂前相比,溶液中Fe、Al、Cu基本被沉淀进入渣相中,达到净化效果。
因净化除杂后液中仍含有少量铁、铝、铜等杂质,因此重复沉淀除杂工序进行深度除杂,深度除杂后液再采用共沉淀法制备高纯镍钴锰氢氧化物[24]。共沉淀试验以NH3·H2O为配合剂、NaOH为沉淀剂,净化除杂后液中的Ni、Co、Mn会与氨络合形成金属氨络离子,金属氨络离子再与氢氧根离子生成氢氧化物沉淀。
加入0.15 mol NH3·H2O和NaOH调节除杂后液pH。在共沉淀温度55 ℃、共沉淀时间120 min条件下,考察溶液平衡pH对溶液中Ni、Co、Mn共沉淀的影响,试验结果如图15所示,镍钴锰氢氧化物的SEM照片如图16所示。
图15看出:净化除杂后液平衡pH为8.03时,溶液中Co沉淀率几乎达100%,Ni浸出率为93.46%,Mn仅为76.68%;随pH升高,Mn沉淀率明显升高,Ni、Co较为稳定;pH升至9.44时,Ni、Co、Mn沉淀率分别达99.61%、100%、98.72%。由图16看出:净化除杂后液平衡pH为8.03时,镍钴锰氢氧化物呈清晰的片层状结构,晶核尚未形成;随pH增大,颗粒不断形成和长大;pH升至9.44时,镍钴锰氢氧化物为大小均匀的类球形颗粒,颗粒球形度较高,致密性较强,形貌基本稳定,说明此时镍钴锰基本沉淀完全,这与图15结论一致。因此,确定最佳溶液平衡pH为9.44。
在净化除杂后液平衡pH=9.44、共沉淀时间120 min条件下,考察共沉淀温度对溶液中Ni、Co、Mn沉淀的影响,试验结果如图17所示,镍钴锰氢氧化物的SEM照片如图18所示。
图17看出:共沉淀温度对Ni、Co、Mn沉淀率的影响较小,温度为35 ℃时,沉淀率已分别达45%以上。由图18看出:温度为35 ℃时,镍钴锰氢氧化物形貌呈不规则块状,未观察到明显颗粒;温度升至45 ℃时,颗粒逐渐形成和生长;温度升至55 ℃时,呈清晰的类球形颗粒,数量较多且粒径均匀,说明共沉淀反应基本完成;温度继续升至65 ℃时,颗粒之间相互团聚,颗粒类球状形貌消失。因此,共沉淀温度为55 ℃。
在净化除杂后液平衡pH=9.44、温度55 ℃条件下共沉淀120 min 的镍钴锰氢氧化物材料的主要元素质量分数见表3。可以看出:采用硫酸化焙烧—熟化浸出—净化除杂—共沉淀工艺可实现退役高镍锂电池中Li的高效浸出及杂质元素Fe、Al、Cu的深度脱除,从而获得高质量的镍钴锰氢氧化物材料。
研究了用硫酸化焙烧—水浸工艺从退役高镍三元锂电池黑粉中选择性提锂,水浸渣再经熟化浸出—除杂—共沉淀工艺综合回收镍钴锰氢氧化物,结论如下:
1)电池黑粉在浓硫酸与锂物质的量比1.4∶1、温度600 ℃条件下焙烧1 h后,再将焙烧产物在常温下水浸,Li浸出率达94.36%,Mn浸出率为11.03%,Ni和Co浸出率极低,可忽略不计。
2)水浸渣熟化浸出效果优于直接酸浸,在酸矿比为1.74、液固体积质量比为7.5 mL/1 g、熟化温度120 ℃、熟化120min条件下,各金属酸浸率分别为Li 97.86%、Ni 89.16%、Co 95.09%、Mn 100%、Cu 63.6%、Fe 99.71%、Al 56.76%。
3)酸浸液在平衡pH=3.38、沉淀温度60 ℃、沉淀时间60 min条件下进行水解沉淀除杂,能以氢氧化物形式去除Fe、Al和Cu,沉淀率分别为100%、98.07%和82.51%。净化除杂后液在pH=9.44、共沉淀温度55 ℃条件下共沉淀120 min,Ni、Co、Mn沉淀率达99.6%、100%和98.72%,所得镍钴锰氢氧化物杂质含量低,颗粒粒径均匀。
退役高镍三元锂电池黑粉经硫酸化焙烧熟化浸出后获得的酸浸液经除杂、共沉淀可实现退役锂电池有价金属短流程再生,该法具有经济可行、操作简单等优点。但镍钴锰共沉淀过程仍有待进一步深入研究,以获得满足NCM811正极材料前驱体要求的镍钴锰产品。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52204363)
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2024年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.006
  • 接收时间:2024-04-29
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-29
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国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52204363)
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    1 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院, 湖南 衡阳 421001
    2 中南大学 冶金与环境学院, 湖南 长沙 410083

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胡芳(1985—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金及资源综合利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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