Article(id=1172615468604080635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)06-0697-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717344000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757502913856, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757502913856, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757502913856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757502913856, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172615462853685818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='593', pageEnd='716', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757502912485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246000747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732200986263845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732200986263846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=697, endPage=703, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172615468801212925, articleId=1172615468604080635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Complexation Extraction for Defluorination and Resource of Fluorine in Zinc Smelting Waste Acid, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The efficient removal of fluoride from zinc smelting waste acid by complex extraction using P204 as the extractant was investigated. The effects of concentration of fluorine and aluminum in aqueous phase, pH, extraction temperature and time on the extraction rate of fluorine and aluminum were examined, The resource utilization of aluminum fluoride was also discussed. The results show that under P204 concentration of 1 mol/L, Al3+ concentration in aqueous phase of 0.1 mol/L, F- concentration of less than 0.025 mol/L, pH=3.0~3.5, extaction time of 8 min and room temperature, the extraction rate of fluorine can reach 96.18%. Using 1.0 mol/L sulfuric acid solution to strip of the fluorine-aluminum-loaded organic phase, the stripping rates for F- and Al3+ are 81.88% and 39.39%, respectively. Cryolite can be obtained by precipitation of stripping solution, and the synthesis of cryolite is more favorable under the condition of pH=4.

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李勇(1969—),男,副教授,主要研究方向为萃取分离与技术和环境材料。E-mail:
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张璇(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为含氟废水络合萃取除氟及资源化。

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张璇(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为含氟废水络合萃取除氟及资源化。

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SEM:a—pH=4,放大15 100倍;b—pH=4,放大7 550倍;c—pH=4,放大1 510倍;d—pH=8,放大15 100倍;e—pH=8,放大7 550倍;f—pH=8,放大1 510倍;EDS:g—pH=4;h—pH=8;

, figureFileSmall=6dcQTDsQxFOY6tYKDDJf0Q==, figureFileBig=o19BK4YpCSNB/yUAOZTFXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175865097974068195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615468604080635, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S Mg N K Zn Ca Si Fe Mn As
70.80 8.99 8.89 4.52 2.47 1.85 1.24 0.81 0.27 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1175865098049565668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615468604080635, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

含氟废酸的主要化学成分 %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S Mg N K Zn Ca Si Fe Mn As
70.80 8.99 8.89 4.52 2.47 1.85 1.24 0.81 0.27 0.03
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锌冶炼废酸的络合萃取除氟及资源化研究
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张璇 1 , 李勇 1 , 何金桂 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(6): 697-703
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(6): 697-703
锌冶炼废酸的络合萃取除氟及资源化研究
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张璇1, 李勇1 , 何金桂2
作者信息
  • 1 东北大学 冶金学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 2 沈阳理工大学 材料科学与工程学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 张璇(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为含氟废水络合萃取除氟及资源化。

通讯作者:

李勇(1969—),男,副教授,主要研究方向为萃取分离与技术和环境材料。E-mail:
Complexation Extraction for Defluorination and Resource of Fluorine in Zinc Smelting Waste Acid
Xuan ZHANG1, Yong LI1 , Jingui HE2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
  • 2 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110819, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.015
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研究了以P204为萃取剂,采用络合萃取法从锌冶炼废酸中高效去除氟化物,考察了水相中氟、铝浓度、pH、萃取温度及时间对氟萃取率和铝脱除率的影响,并探讨了氟铝的资源化处理方法。结果表明:在P204浓度1 mol/L、水相中Al3+浓度0.1 mol/L、F-浓度≤0.025 mol/L、pH=3.0~3.5、常温条件下萃取8 min,氟萃取率可达96.18%;用1.0 mol/L硫酸溶液对负载氟铝有机相进行反萃取,F-和Al3+反萃取率分别为81.88%和39.39%;反萃液通过沉淀能得到冰晶石,pH=4条件下更有利于冰晶石的合成。
锌冶炼废酸  /  络合萃取  /  P204  /  氟  /  铝  /  脱除  /  资源化

The efficient removal of fluoride from zinc smelting waste acid by complex extraction using P204 as the extractant was investigated. The effects of concentration of fluorine and aluminum in aqueous phase, pH, extraction temperature and time on the extraction rate of fluorine and aluminum were examined, The resource utilization of aluminum fluoride was also discussed. The results show that under P204 concentration of 1 mol/L, Al3+ concentration in aqueous phase of 0.1 mol/L, F- concentration of less than 0.025 mol/L, pH=3.0~3.5, extaction time of 8 min and room temperature, the extraction rate of fluorine can reach 96.18%. Using 1.0 mol/L sulfuric acid solution to strip of the fluorine-aluminum-loaded organic phase, the stripping rates for F- and Al3+ are 81.88% and 39.39%, respectively. Cryolite can be obtained by precipitation of stripping solution, and the synthesis of cryolite is more favorable under the condition of pH=4.

zinc smelting waste acid  /  complexation extraction  /  P204  /  fluorine  /  aluminum  /  removal  /  resource utilization
张璇, 李勇, 何金桂. 锌冶炼废酸的络合萃取除氟及资源化研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (6) : 697 -703 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.015
Xuan ZHANG, Yong LI, Jingui HE. Complexation Extraction for Defluorination and Resource of Fluorine in Zinc Smelting Waste Acid[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (6) : 697 -703 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.015
不可再生铅锌资源,在国家经济发展中占据着举足轻重的地位,锌元素作为关键金属之一,其供应主要依赖于锌矿开采及二次锌资源的回收利用。据国际锌协会统计,当前约70%的锌来自锌矿,而剩余30%则高效利用了次氧化锌烟尘、高炉瓦斯灰及炼钢电炉烟尘等二次资源[1-3]。这一转变不仅缓解了原生矿资源的紧张局势,也为锌工业的可持续发展开辟了新的路径。
在湿法炼锌工序中,特别是处理含氟锌精矿时,氟元素的处理较为困难。在沸腾焙烧过程中,约70%的氟以氢氟酸(HF)形式进入到烟气制酸系统,而剩余30%左右的氟则随焙砂和次氧化锌烟尘湿法冶炼流程,易导致二次锌资源中氟元素含量普遍偏高、浸出液成分复杂等一系列问题[4-5]。高浓度含氟废水会严重威胁锌冶炼系统的稳定运行,直接排放还会对生态环境和人体健康造成严重危害,因此,如何有效控制和去除废酸中的氟化物,成为了矿冶工程领域亟待解决的重要课题[6]
目前,从硫酸锌溶液中脱除氟的方法研究已有许多,包括化学沉淀法、絮凝沉淀法、萃取法和离子交换法等,部分已实现了工业应用[7-8]。但这些方法都存在一些局限:化学沉淀法可能因过量钙盐、镁盐的引入导致系统结垢和堵塞;絮凝沉淀法的絮凝剂成本较高,且在使用过程中可能会引入新的杂质;离子交换法则面临吸附再生时间长、效率低的挑战。相较而言,萃取法以其工艺流程短、操作简单、运营成本低及可循环利用等优点成为了当前的研究热点[9-10]
关于萃取法的研究,主要根据目标物质不同分为萃取锌而氟留存于萃余液、萃取氟而锌留存于萃余液2类方法。前者的锌回收率和沉氟率虽较高,但常伴随锌损失和氟回收困难等问题[9];后者则能通过利用特定萃取剂(如R3N,N235)实现氟氯与锌离子的有效分离[10]。但无论采取哪一类方法,都仍未能充分实现氟化物的资源化利用。
近年来,酸性萃取技术[11-12]在锌冶炼废酸处理领域的研究取得了一些成果,为络合萃取技术的进一步发展奠定了基础。具体而言,在采用P204进行锌萃取的过程中,F-与Al3+、Fe3+络合能力很强,导致溶液中F-主要以络合离子的形态稳定存在[13];此外,铝盐作为配位剂在含氟硫酸铈溶液中的铈氟分离中表现出色,而Zr6+和Al3+则能有效去除[CeF2]2+络合物中的F-[14],进一步证明了铝对氟化物的强结合能力。鉴于铝的这一优异特性,研究人员提出了一种新型络合萃取方法,该法通过在萃取剂骨架结构上引入Al3+离子,旨在形成稳定的络合化合物,以选择性地从水溶液中提取F-[15]。在这一新体系中,Al3+可能主要以AlL3·HL(HL表示P204)形式在P204有机相中构建出高效的络合化合物。虽然络合萃取技术在多个研究领域有一定应用潜力,但在含氟废水中的应用研究还较少,使得氟资源并未得到有效利用。因此,研发锌冶炼废酸中氟化物的高效去除及资源化方法具有重要意义。
试验以P204为萃取剂,采用络合萃取技术去除锌冶炼废酸中氟,考察了氟和铝浓度、pH、萃取温度和时间等因素对除氟率的影响,并在降低废酸中的氟化物浓度后通过制备冰晶石对F-进行资源化利用,以期实现锌冶炼废酸的清洁化处理,减少对生态环境及冶炼过程的不良影响,提高废酸的资源化利用率,同时为二次锌资源的利用及含氟废水的净化提供技术参考。
锌铟冶炼硫化后含氟废酸:由河南川萍环保科技有限公司提供,其氟化物浓度为0.2 mol/L,pH=2.71,主要化学成分见表1
试剂:硫酸铝、氟化铵、氟化钠、氨水、浓硫酸,均为分析纯,购于天津市大茂化学试剂厂;P204萃取剂,购于上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。
仪器:傅里叶红外光谱仪,Nicolet iS50,美国Thermo Scientific公司;核磁共振波谱仪,Avance III HD 500MHz,德国Bruker仪器公司;X射线衍射仪,XRD-7000,日本岛津有限公司;扫描电子显微镜,Merlin Compact,德国Zeiss公司。
P204双金属离子的萃取是阳离子交换,因此从Al2(SO4)3溶液中提取Al3+是一个阳离子交换过程[16],如式(1)所示,其中HL表示P204。由于Al3+和F-之间具有高亲和力,负载铝离子的有机相对水相中F-的络合萃取原理可由式(2)[16]表示。
A${l}_{\left(aq\right)}^{3+}$+m(HL)2(o)$\rightleftharpoons$AlLn×(HL)2m-n(o)+nH+;
AlL3·HL(o)+F$\rightleftharpoons$AlFL2·HL(o)+${L}_{\left(o\right)}^{-}$。
称取一定质量Al2(SO4)3和NH4F分别溶于去离子水中,配制2种模拟溶液,即模拟含铝溶液和模拟含氟溶液,分别用硫酸调溶液酸度。用磺化煤油稀释P204至相应浓度,用于萃取模拟含铝溶液中的铝离子(第1次萃取);萃取完成后,测定萃余水中铝浓度,将负载铝的P204作为萃取剂,按有机相与水相体积比1∶1萃取模拟含氟溶液中的氟(第2次萃取);振荡萃取一定时间后,分相,测定萃余水中氟、铝浓度,分别计算氟萃取率,以及有机相中铝脱除率,计算公式如下:
E1=$\frac{{c}_{1}-{c}_{2}}{{c}_{1}}$×100%;
E2=$\frac{{c}_{3}-{c}_{4}-{c}_{5}}{{c}_{3}-{c}_{4}}$×100%。
式中:E1—F-萃取率,%;c1—模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度,mol/L;c2—萃余水中F-浓度,mol/L;E2—铝离子脱除率,%;c3—模拟含铝溶液中Al3+浓度,mol/L;c4—第1次萃余水中Al3+浓度,mol/L;c5—第2次萃余水中Al3+浓度,mol/L。
采用硫酸溶液为反萃剂,按照有机相与水相体积比1∶1对负载氟铝的P204进行反萃取,振荡一定时间后,分相,测定反萃液中氟、铝浓度,按照式(5)计算氟、铝反萃取率。
SB=$\frac{{C}_{B\left(a\right)}}{{C}_{B\left(o\right)}}$×100% 。
式中:SB—氟、铝反萃取率,%;CB(a)—反萃液中氟、铝浓度,mol/L;CB(o)—负载有机相中氟、铝浓度,mol/L,通过式(3)、(4)计算得到。
用硫酸反萃取负载氟、铝有机相后,向反萃液中添加NaF,并用氨水调节pH;在pH分别为4.0、8.0时,得到2种白色沉淀;利用抽滤装置分离固液相,固体在烘干箱中于60 ℃下烘干2 h,得冰晶石产物。
F-浓度采用氟离子选择性电极法测定,Al3+浓度采用乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)滴定法测定。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)表征产物的官能团,采用KBr压片法,波数测试范围为400~4 000 cm-1;采用核磁共振波谱仪(NMR)分析有机相萃取机制,磁场为400 M/500 M;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征产物结构,扫描速度为6 °/min,测试范围为10°~80°;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征产物的微观形貌。
在P204浓度1 mol/L、模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度0.05 mol/L、pH=3.5条件下常温萃取20 min,有机相中Al3+浓度对氟萃取率及铝脱除率的影响试验结果如图1所示。
图1看出:随有机相中Al3+浓度升高,F-萃取率明显升高,这是因为采用负载铝的有机相去除模拟含氟溶液中的氟化物时,Al3+浓度可直接决定F-的结合位点[17],当Al3+浓度为0.1 mol/L时,F-萃取率为69.24%;随Al3+浓度升高,有机相中Al3+脱除率先升高后降低,并在Al3+浓度升至0.06 mol/L时达最大,为35.53%;之后随Al3+浓度继续升高,Al3+脱除率大幅降低,之后稳定在3%左右。综合考虑,选取有机相中Al3+浓度为0.08~0.10 mol/L进行后续试验。
在有机相中Al3+浓度0.1 mol/L、P204浓度1 mol/L、模拟含氟溶液pH=3.5、常温条件下萃取20 min,模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度对氟萃取率及铝脱除率的影响试验结果如图2所示。
图2看出:模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度越低,负载铝的有机相对其萃取率越高,F-浓度低于0.025 mol/L时,F-萃取率达90%以上;有机相中Al3+脱除率则随模拟含氟溶液F-浓度升高而升高,在F-浓度小于0.05 mol/L时低于6%。这表明负载铝的P204可用于去除含氟废酸的氟化物。综合考虑,确定模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度为0.025 mol/L进行后续试验。
在P204浓度1 mol/L,模拟含氟溶液pH=3.5、常温条件下萃取20 min,氟铝物质的量比对F-萃取率和Al3+脱除率的影响试验结果如图3所示。
图3看出:负载铝的有机相中Al3+浓度不超过模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度,即氟铝物质的量比≥1.0时,Al3+脱除率升高,F-萃取率降低。这可能是因为两相中氟铝离子存在浓度差时,络合离子会进入高浓度的一侧,造成Al3+的损失,从而导致F-萃取率下降。所以在进行络合萃取试验中应控制氟铝物质的量比小于1.0。
由于pH≤3.5时,Al在溶液中以Al3+形式存在;pH>3.5时,Al3+发生水解转化为Al(OH)3沉淀,使萃取反应无法正常进行[17]。另外,用P204从盐酸体系中萃取铝的研究[18]表明,料液pH=3.0时,Al3+萃取率在55%以上;但当pH过高时,Al3+易发生水解,使体系发生乳化现象,导致萃取率大幅度降低。因此,试验控制模拟含铝溶液pH=3.0。在有机相中Al3+浓度0.1 mol/L、P204浓度1 mol/L、模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度0.025 mol/L、常温条件下萃取20 min,模拟含氟溶液pH对氟萃取率及铝脱除率的影响试验结果如图4所示。
图4看出:F-萃取率随模拟含氟溶液pH升高而升高,有机相中Al3+脱除率则与之相反;pH升至3.0后,F-萃取率趋于稳定。由于pH过高会使Al3+发生水解转为沉淀,从而影响氟的萃取,因此,综合考虑,调节模拟含氟溶液pH=3.0。
在模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度0.025 mol/L、pH=3.0、有机相中Al3+浓度0.1 mol/L、P204浓度1 mol/L、常温条件下,萃取时间对氟萃取率及铝脱除率的影响试验结果如图5所示。
图5看出:萃取时间对F-萃取率影响不大,基本稳定在91%左右,说明萃取反应能快速完成;萃取时间为8 min时F-萃取率达最大,为91.40%;但随萃取时间延长,F-萃取率呈下降趋势,而Al3+脱除率呈升高趋势,说明萃取时间过长不利于反应进行且耗费资源。因此,确定适宜的萃取时间为8 min。
在模拟含氟溶液中F-浓度0.025 mol/L、pH=3.0、有机相中Al3+浓度0.1 mol/L、P204浓度1 mol/L、萃取时间8 min条件下,萃取温度对氟萃取率及铝脱除率的影响试验结果如图6所示。
图6看出:随温度升高,F-萃取率降低,Al3+脱除率升高。这可能是由于升高温度会造成有机相乳化,不利于萃取进行,也不利于分层。综合考虑,确定在常温条件下进行萃取试验即可。
控制有机相P204浓度1 mol/L、Al3+浓度0.1 mol/L,取实际锌烟冶炼含氟废酸,加去离子水稀释至F-浓度为0.01 mol/L,调节溶液pH=3.0~3.5,在常温、萃取时间8 min条件下进行3组平行试验,结果如图7所示。
图7看出:F-萃取率均在96%左右,最高可达96.18%,有机相中Al3+脱除率均在3%左右,用于萃取锌冶炼废酸时Al3+离子损失可忽略不计。说明络合萃取技术稳定,能够有效去除锌冶炼废酸中的氟。
在有机相中Al3+浓度0.1 mol/L、F-浓度0.025 mol/L、有机相P204浓度1 mol/L、溶液pH=3.0条件下萃取8 min,得负载氟铝有机相,采用硫酸溶液反萃取其中的氟、铝。硫酸浓度对F-、Al3+反萃取率的影响试验结果如图8所示。可以看出:随硫酸浓度升高,F-、Al3+反萃取率均明显升高;在硫酸浓度为1.0 mol/L时,F-和Al3+反萃取率分别为81.88%和39.39%。表明负载有机相中的F-、Al3+可被硫酸反萃取,使得废酸中的氟实现资源化利用,含氟废酸或可成为制备冰晶石的潜在资源。
对P204萃取氟、铝前后进行FT-IR和NMR表征,结果如图9所示。由图9(a)看出:P204的FT-IR的谱线在1 668.95 和1 647.84 cm-1处出现了二聚体氢键峰,在1 208.01、1 200.96和1 197.44 cm-1处为P══O吸收峰,1 017.99和1 021.51 cm-1处为P—O—C吸收峰[19];负载铝有机物中二聚体氢键峰向低波数移动,这是由于Al3+的配位影响了官能团,Al3+与 P══O之间形成配位键,降低了电子云密度,使P204中1 208.01 cm-1处的峰值产生蓝移;对比3条谱线可知,在1 020 cm-1左右均出现的P—O—C吸收峰,峰值基本相同,而负载铝P204和负载氟铝P204的FT-IR图谱的官能团峰值相似,推断二者的基本结构相似。对比图9(b)中NMR的谱线,可以看出,负载氟铝P204在化学位移为-1.75×10-4处出现的氟铝共振峰[20]面积明显增加,说明水相中的F-被萃取到负载Al3+有机相中。综上说明,络合萃取技术可降低含氟废水中F-浓度。
反萃液按1.3.3处理后,不同pH条件下的沉淀产物的XRD图谱如图10(a)所示。可以看出:在pH=4条件下所得产物大部分是冰晶石,但pH升高至8时,产物中冰晶石减少,出现的Al(OH)3沉淀也随之增多,这说明pH过大不利于冰晶石的产生;水相中Al3+水解反应优先于氟铝的络合反应,这与的FT-IR分析结果(图10(b))基本吻合。由图10(b)看出:[AlF6]3-的伸缩振动峰一般出现在500~800 cm-1区间[21];不同pH条件下产生的2种产物均在500 cm-1左右出现了晶体的伸缩振动峰,但pH=4的产物中振动峰强度更大;1 050~1 150 cm-1范围内出现的吸收峰则与Al—O的伸缩振动有关[22],但在pH=8条件下所得产物中Al—O的伸缩振动峰较为尖锐和宽化,这说明pH=8得到的物质成分更为复杂;此外,不同pH条件下产生的2种产物在3 200 cm-1附近均出现了吸收峰,可能是由于样品表面吸附水分子或羟基造成的,1 400 cm-1左右的吸收峰归因于羟基的弯曲振动。
图11为不同pH条件下所得产物的SEM-EDS图谱。由图11(a)看出:在pH=4条件下所得产物呈规则八面体结构,也有少部分呈球状;而在pH=8条件下所得产物呈不规则块状。由图11(b)看出:与pH=8条件下所得产物组分相比,pH=4的产物中F、Na含量更高,O含量更低。说明pH=4更有利于冰晶石的生成,这与XRD和FT-IR分析结果基本一致。
以P204为萃取剂,采用络合萃取法能有效处理锌冶炼含氟废酸。在常温、有机相P204浓度1 mol/L、有机相中Al3+浓度0.1 mol/L、含氟废酸F-浓度≤0.025 mol/L、pH=3.0~3.5、萃取时间8 min最佳条件下,氟萃取率最高可达96.18%。采用1.0 mol/L硫酸对含氟铝有机相进行反萃取,F-和Al3+反萃取率分别为81.88%和39.39%。反萃液中加入NaF,调节pH=4更有利于生成冰晶石沉淀,实现氟铝资源化利用。将负载Al3+的P204引入除氟工艺,为含氟废液除氟提供了一种高效、低成本的处理方法,具有一定的工业应用前景。
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.015
  • 接收时间:2024-06-03
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-03
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074082)
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    1 东北大学 冶金学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110819
    2 沈阳理工大学 材料科学与工程学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110819

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李勇(1969—),男,副教授,主要研究方向为萃取分离与技术和环境材料。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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