Article(id=1172615466951520839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)06-0599-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757502913463, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757502913463, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757502913463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757502913463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172615462853685818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='593', pageEnd='716', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757502912485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246000747, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732200986263845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732200986263846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172615462853685818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=599, endPage=607, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172615467161236040, articleId=1172615466951520839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Preparation Process of Lithium Vanadium Phosphate Cathode Materials, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Monoclinic lithium vanadium phosphate(Li3V2(PO4)3, LVP) is considered to be one of the most potential lithium ion battery cathode materials, with high capacity, good safety, long service life, excellent low temperature function and other advantages. However, the low electronic and ionic conductivity of LVP has limited its development. In this paper, the structure and electrochemical reaction mechanism of LVP cathode materials are introduced, the main preparation methods and modification research progress of LVP cathode materials are reviewed, and the future development direction and application prospect of LVP cathode materials are prospected.

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单斜结构的磷酸钒锂(Li3V2(PO4)3,LVP)被认为是最有应用潜力的锂离子电池正极材料之一,具有容量高、安全性好、运用寿命长、低温功能优异等优点,但LVP的电子电导率和离子传导率较低,限制了其发展。介绍了LVP正极材料的结构及其电化学反应机制,综述了LVP的主要制备方法及其改性研究进展,并对LVP正极材料未来发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。

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蔡宗英(1977—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail:
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郑珑(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为磷酸钒锂正极材料。

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郑珑(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为磷酸钒锂正极材料。

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郑珑(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为磷酸钒锂正极材料。

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制备方法 优点 缺点
高温固相法 工艺简单,成本低,适合工业化生产 产物颗粒较大,易团聚
溶胶-凝胶法 颗粒尺寸小,分布均匀 成本高、耗时长,制备过程繁琐
水热法 时间短,纯度高,形貌易控制,结晶性高 设备保养难度大,成本高
静电纺丝法 纯度高,成本低,易于操作 需要较高的电场强度,易发生电场击穿
), ArticleFig(id=1175864763637707037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LVP正极材料主要制备方法的优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法 优点 缺点
高温固相法 工艺简单,成本低,适合工业化生产 产物颗粒较大,易团聚
溶胶-凝胶法 颗粒尺寸小,分布均匀 成本高、耗时长,制备过程繁琐
水热法 时间短,纯度高,形貌易控制,结晶性高 设备保养难度大,成本高
静电纺丝法 纯度高,成本低,易于操作 需要较高的电场强度,易发生电场击穿
), ArticleFig(id=1175864763696427294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂离子 测试条件 放电比容量/(mAh·g-1) 循环圈数 容量保持率/% 参考文献
Cl- 3.0~4.3 V,0.2 C 127 80 84 [27]
F- 3.0~4.3 V,10 C 129 30 90.6 [28]
), ArticleFig(id=1175864763771924767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

阴离子掺杂LVP正极材料的电化学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂离子 测试条件 放电比容量/(mAh·g-1) 循环圈数 容量保持率/% 参考文献
Cl- 3.0~4.3 V,0.2 C 127 80 84 [27]
F- 3.0~4.3 V,10 C 129 30 90.6 [28]
), ArticleFig(id=1175864763855810848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂离子 测试条件 放电比容量/(mAh·g-1) 循环圈数 容量保持率/% 参考文献
Na+ 3.0~4.3 V,12 C 100 [30]
K+ 3.0~4.3 V,1 C 95 20 75.8 [31]
), ArticleFig(id=1175864763964862753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锂位掺杂LVP正极材料的电化学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂离子 测试条件 放电比容量/(mAh·g-1) 循环圈数 容量保持率/% 参考文献
Na+ 3.0~4.3 V,12 C 100 [30]
K+ 3.0~4.3 V,1 C 95 20 75.8 [31]
), ArticleFig(id=1175864764036165922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂离子 测试条件 放电比容量/(mAh·g-1) 循环圈数 容量保持率/% 参考文献
Ti4+ 3.0~4.3 V,0.1 C 114.87 20 96.23 [32]
Mg2+ 3.0~4.3 V,11 C 93 [33]
Al3+ 3.0~4.3 V,0.1 C 124 [34]
Fe3+ 3.0~4.8 V,10 C 174 50 86.2 [35]
Co3+ 3.0~4.8 V,10 C 178 50 96 [35]
Sn4+ 3.0~4.3 V,0.1 C 122 [36]
Nd3+ 3.0~4.8 V,0.1 C 187 50 86.6 [37]
Bi3+ 3.0~4.8 V,0.1 C 172 300 73.76 [38]
Mo6+ 3.0~4.3 V,0.5 C 152 20 86.8 [39]
Ce3+ 3.0~4.8 V,0.2 C 182.5 100 94 [40]
), ArticleFig(id=1175864764128440611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

钒位掺杂LVP正极材料的电化学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂离子 测试条件 放电比容量/(mAh·g-1) 循环圈数 容量保持率/% 参考文献
Ti4+ 3.0~4.3 V,0.1 C 114.87 20 96.23 [32]
Mg2+ 3.0~4.3 V,11 C 93 [33]
Al3+ 3.0~4.3 V,0.1 C 124 [34]
Fe3+ 3.0~4.8 V,10 C 174 50 86.2 [35]
Co3+ 3.0~4.8 V,10 C 178 50 96 [35]
Sn4+ 3.0~4.3 V,0.1 C 122 [36]
Nd3+ 3.0~4.8 V,0.1 C 187 50 86.6 [37]
Bi3+ 3.0~4.8 V,0.1 C 172 300 73.76 [38]
Mo6+ 3.0~4.3 V,0.5 C 152 20 86.8 [39]
Ce3+ 3.0~4.8 V,0.2 C 182.5 100 94 [40]
), ArticleFig(id=1175864764216520996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂离子 测试条件 放电比容量/(mAh·g-1) 循环圈数 容量保持率/% 参考文献
Na+、Al3+、F- 3.0~4.3 V,1 C 139 300 84.89 [41]
Bi3+、Cl- 3.0~4.8 V,0.1 C 172 300 77.23 [38]
), ArticleFig(id=1175864764304601381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172615466951520839, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

多位掺杂LVP正极材料的电化学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺杂离子 测试条件 放电比容量/(mAh·g-1) 循环圈数 容量保持率/% 参考文献
Na+、Al3+、F- 3.0~4.3 V,1 C 139 300 84.89 [41]
Bi3+、Cl- 3.0~4.8 V,0.1 C 172 300 77.23 [38]
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磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备工艺研究进展
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郑珑 , 曹卫刚 , 蔡宗英 , 唐振强
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(6): 599-607
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(6): 599-607
磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备工艺研究进展
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郑珑, 曹卫刚, 蔡宗英 , 唐振强
作者信息
  • 华北理工大学 冶金与能源学院, 河北 唐山 063210
  • 郑珑(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为磷酸钒锂正极材料。

通讯作者:

蔡宗英(1977—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail:
Research Progress on Preparation Process of Lithium Vanadium Phosphate Cathode Materials
Long ZHENG, Weigang CAO, Zongying CAI , Zhenqiang TANG
Affiliations
  • School of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.002
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单斜结构的磷酸钒锂(Li3V2(PO4)3,LVP)被认为是最有应用潜力的锂离子电池正极材料之一,具有容量高、安全性好、运用寿命长、低温功能优异等优点,但LVP的电子电导率和离子传导率较低,限制了其发展。介绍了LVP正极材料的结构及其电化学反应机制,综述了LVP的主要制备方法及其改性研究进展,并对LVP正极材料未来发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。

磷酸钒锂  /  正极材料  /  锂离子电池  /  制备  /  改性  /  研究进展

Monoclinic lithium vanadium phosphate(Li3V2(PO4)3, LVP) is considered to be one of the most potential lithium ion battery cathode materials, with high capacity, good safety, long service life, excellent low temperature function and other advantages. However, the low electronic and ionic conductivity of LVP has limited its development. In this paper, the structure and electrochemical reaction mechanism of LVP cathode materials are introduced, the main preparation methods and modification research progress of LVP cathode materials are reviewed, and the future development direction and application prospect of LVP cathode materials are prospected.

lithium vanadium phosphate  /  positive electrode material  /  lithium-ion batteries  /  preparation  /  modification  /  research progress
郑珑, 曹卫刚, 蔡宗英, 唐振强. 磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备工艺研究进展. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (6) : 599 -607 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.002
Long ZHENG, Weigang CAO, Zongying CAI, Zhenqiang TANG. Research Progress on Preparation Process of Lithium Vanadium Phosphate Cathode Materials[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (6) : 599 -607 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.002
锂离子电池因具有能量密度高、工作电压稳定、适应温度范围宽等优势,逐渐成为在商业领域中可行的储能装置,能有效解决能源储存问题[1-2]。锂离子电池由正极、负极、电解液和隔膜组成,锂离子通过在正极材料和负极材料之间脱出和嵌入来实现电能与化学能之间的转换[3]。正极材料作为锂离子电池的重要组成部分,既可作为电极材料参与电池反应,也可作为提供锂离子的锂源。目前,已经商用化的锂离子电池正极材料主要有钴酸锂(LiCoO2)、锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)、磷酸铁锂LiFePO4)、镍酸锂(LiNiO2)和三元材料[Li(Ni,CO,Mn)O2]4[4],不同种类的锂离子电池各有优缺点。LiCoO2比容量高,循环性能好,但成本高,安全性差[5];LiMn2O4成本低,制备简便,倍率性能好,但材料结构不稳定,锰在高温条件易溶解[6];LiFeO4循环性能和安全性均较好,但电子导电率低,锂离子扩散系数小[7];LiNiO2比容量高,污染小,但循环性能较差[8];[Li(Ni,CO,Mn)O2]4体积小,容量密度高,但热稳定性和安全性较差[9]
上述正极材料虽已取得商业化应用,但随着科技的发展和能源需求的增长,对锂离子电池的性能要求也在不断提高。因此,寻找和研发新型的正极材料成为了当前的研究热点。单斜结构的磷酸钒锂(Li3V2(PO4)3,简称LVP)正极材料因具有理论容量高(197 mAh/g)、安全性能好、放电电压高等优点成为了近年来的研究热点。本文综述了LVP正极材料的结构、电化学反应机制、制备方法及改性方法的研究进展,并对LVP正极材料制备工艺的未来发展进行了展望。
LVP存在单斜结构(空间群为P21/n)和菱方结构(空间群为R3c)[10]。菱方结构的LVP可逆性差、容量保持率低、热稳定性差,限制了菱方型LVP锂离子电池的商业化应用。单斜结构的LVP,是由VO6八面体和PO4四面体以桥氧连接形成框架,锂离子占据3个不同的位点[11-12]。其中Li1占据四面体位点,Li2和Li3占据不同的五面体位点。单斜相磷酸钒锂的结构示意如图1所示。
LVP结构与其电化学行为密切相关,单斜结构的LVP在不同电压窗口下表现出不同的电化学行为,如图2所示,横轴为LixV2(PO4)3x。在3.0~4.3 V电压范围内,充电曲线共有3个电压平台,分别位于3.6、3.7、4.1 V附近。整个充电过程中共有2个锂离子参与反应:3.6和3.7 V电压平台代表第1个锂离子脱出,使Li3V2(PO4)3转变为Li2V2(PO4)3;4.1 V电压平台代表第2个锂离子脱出,使Li2V2(PO4)3转变为LiV2(PO4)3,如式(1)~(3)所示。由于其电化学过程可逆,放电过程也是多个相变过程,其放电比容量为133 mAh/g。在3.0~4.8 V电压范围内,充电曲线共有4个电压平台,分别位于3.6、3.7、4.1和4.6 V附近。整个充电过程中,共有3个锂离子参与反应:3.6和3.7 V电压平台代表第1个锂离子脱出,使Li3V2(PO4)3转变为Li2V2(PO4)3;4.1 V电压平台代表第2个锂离子脱出,使Li2V2(PO4)3转变为LiV2(PO4)3;4.6 V电压平台代表第3个锂离子脱出,使LiV2(PO4)3转变为V2(PO4)3,如式(1)~(4)所示。在3.0~4.8 V电压范围内,放电过程与充电过程有所不同,第1个锂离子的嵌入是固溶行为,在电化学曲线上呈现出“S”型的放电曲线[13],紧随着是2个两相转变过程,整个充放电过程LVP的理论放电比容量为197 mAh/g。相比已经商业化的正极材料,LVP正极材料具有高放电电压和高理论比容量,是非常具有应用潜力的锂离子正极材料之一。
3.6 V:Li3V2(PO4)3-1/2e-═══════Li2.5V2(PO4)3+1/2Li+;
3.7 V:Li2.5V2(PO4)3-1/2e-═══════Li2V2(PO4)3+1/2Li+;
4.1 V:Li2V2(PO4)3-e-═══════LiV2(PO4)3+Li+;
4.6 V:LiV2(PO4)3-e-═══════V2(PO4)3+Li+
LVP正极材料的制备方法对其电池性能有很大影响。目前,LVP的制备方法主要包括高温固相法、溶胶-凝胶法、水热法和静电纺丝法。
高温固相法是制备无机材料及陶瓷最常用的手段。在制备LVP正极材料过程中通常将原料按照化学计量比进行研磨或球磨,将研磨或球磨后混合物在保护性气氛下进行高温热处理。Sun S.等[15]通过固相法成功制备LVP正极材料,在3.0~4.3 V、0.1 C倍率条件下,初始放电比容量为121.1 mAh/g,循环效率为97.3%,电化学性能良好。Liu H.等[16]采用微波辅助固相法合成了LVP正极材料,在2.5~4.5 V、0.5 C倍率下,制备的LVP的初始放电比容量为116 mAh/g,接近理论比容量;在循环80次后放电比容量为103 mAh/g,容量保持率为88.8%。Pan A.等[17]采用高温固相法制备的LVP正极材料在3.0~4.3 V、1 C倍率条件下的首次充放电比容量为131 mAh/g,在8 C倍率下的放电比容量仍达110 mAh/g。
高温固相法工艺简单,成本较低,适用于工业化生产;但合成前须将物料进行粉粹混合,配料不易准确控制,可能会出现物料混合不均匀现象,且所合成的LVP正极材料颗粒较大,分布也不均匀,电化学性能稳定性较差。
溶胶-凝胶法是将反应物在液相下混合均匀,混合物在溶剂中发生水解、缩合反应,形成稳定的透明凝胶状物质,凝胶状物质经干燥、高温煅烧后合成LVP正极材料[18]。与固相法相比,溶胶-凝胶法制备的LVP正极材料纯度更高,颗粒粒径均匀,可达纳米级。Liu Y.C.等[19]研究了采用溶胶-凝胶法在不同温度下合成LVP正极材料,结果表明,700 ℃下制备的LVP正极材料电池性能最佳,在3.0~4.3 V、0.1 C倍率条件下,初始放电比容量为128.98 mAh/g,接近理论比容量。Zhu X.J.等[20]研究了采用溶胶-凝胶法制备钒过量复合LVP复合正极材料,结果表明,在800 ℃下焙烧制备的LVP复合正极材料性能最佳,在2.8~4.3 V、0.2 C倍率条件下放电比容量达140 mAh/g,超出标准比容量。Rezqita等[21]通过溶胶-凝胶法合成的LVP正极材料在1/3 C、3.0~4.3 V条件下放电比容量达126.9 mAh/g,循环稳定性能良好。本课题组也以枸橼酸、氢氧化锂、磷酸二氢铵和偏钒酸铵为原料,并采用溶胶-凝胶法研究制备了LVP正极材料,结果表明,在2.5~4.3 V、0.1 C倍率条件下初始放电比容量为114 mAh/g,循环50圈后放电比容量为113 mAh/g,循环性能良好。
溶胶-凝胶法制备的LVP正极材料颗粒小且均匀,电化学性能稳定好;但存在制备过程繁琐、耗费时间长、制备成本高等缺点。
水热法通常是以水为溶剂,在密闭容器中经高温高压制备材料的方法。马铖杰等[22]通过水热法成功制备了碳包覆LVP正极材料,在3.0~4.8 V、0.1 C倍率条件下,初始放电比容量为170 mAh/g,循环50圈后容量保持率仍在95%以上,且在5 C倍率条件下,放电比容量仍保持在121 mAh/g,电化学性能优异。Wang H.F.等[23]研究采用新型水热法成功合成了LVP正极材料,结果表明:在650 ℃合成的LVP初始放电比容量最高,达118.8 mAh/g,该材料具有优异的容量保持性能和倍率性能。Teng F.等[24]通过水热法制备了片状LVP正极材料,在3.0~4.3 V、0.1 C倍率条件下初始放电比容量为127.2 mAh/g,循环100次后容量保持率为97.9%,即使在-20 ℃条件下容量也可达120.7 mAh/g。
水热法制备LVP正极材料耗时短,纯度高,粒径小,不易团聚,形貌易控制,结晶性好;但需耐高温高压设备,存在设备保养难度大、制备成本较高等缺点。
静电纺丝是将溶液或者熔体带上高压静电,带电的聚合物液滴在电场力的作用下克服表面张力形成喷射细流,并在喷射过程中溶剂蒸发或者固化,最终产物落在接受装置上,得到纤维状材料的一种方法。静电纺丝装置主要由高压电源、供液装置和收集装置组成[25]。Chen Q.等[26]采用静电纺丝法成功制备了纳米级LVP正极材料,平均直径为90~220 nm,在3.0~4.8 V电压范围内表现出良好的循环性能和倍率性能,0.1 C倍率条件下放电比容量高达190 mAh/g,20 C倍率条件下放电比容量为130 mAh/g。Peng Y.等[27]采用静电纺丝法成功制备了氮掺杂纳米碳纤维的LVP正极材料,在5 C倍率下放电比容量较高,为143.6 mAh/g,且具有良好的循环性能。
静电纺丝技术可制备纳米级纤维状的LVP正极材料,纯度高且分布均匀。相较于其他制备方法,该法具有制备装置简单、成本低、工艺可控、易于操作等优点,且制备的LVP正极材料具有三维立体结构和比表面积,能使反应活性提高,离子传导阻抗降低,从而提高LVP正极材料的放电比容量和倍率性能。
LVP正极材料的主要制备方法的优缺点见表1。相较于其他3种方法,固相法操作更简单、成本更低,相较而言更适合工业化生产,但其产物颗粒较大、容易团聚、性能较差,可通过改性改善这一缺点。
LVP正极材料虽具有安全、放电电压高、理论容量高等优点,在锂离子电池领域具有巨大的应用潜力;但其相对较低的离子导电率与电子导电率限制了其进一步的应用发展。为解决LVP的缺陷,研究人员对其进行了改性研究,改性方法主要有掺杂、表面包覆和纳米化等,通过这些方法可提升LVP材料的导电性能,从而拓展其在锂离子电池中的应用范围。
LVP正极材料的掺杂方式可根据掺杂位置不同分为阴离子掺杂、锂位掺杂、钒位掺杂和多位掺杂等,不同的掺杂位置和掺杂原子对LVP正极材料性能的影响作用也不同。
1)阴离子掺杂。阴离子掺杂主要采用合适的阴离子掺杂LVP正极材料,其电化学性能见表2。Peng Y.等[27]采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂Cl-的LVP/C正极材料。结果表明:微量Cl-的掺杂并不会改变LVP正极材料的晶体结构,但可提高LVP正极材料的性能;在3.0~4.3 V、0.2 C倍率条件下,放电比容量高达127.32 mAh/g,高于未掺杂的LVP的放电比容量。Zhong K.S.等[28]采用溶胶-凝胶法成功合成了F-离子掺杂LVP正极材料,其电化学性能优异,在10 C倍率下循环30次的放电比容量为117 mAh/g,容量保持率为90.6%。适量的阴离子掺杂可增加LVP正极材料的稳定性,减少电极材料极化,降低电荷转移电阻,提高锂离子的扩散系数,进而改善LVP正极材料的电化学性能。
2)锂位掺杂。LVP正极材料的锂位掺杂主要为Na和K的掺杂,这是因为只有价态和离子半径适合的离子才能有效占据锂位[29]。锂位掺杂LVP正极材料的电化学性能见表3。李玲芳等[30]合成了钠离子掺杂的Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)3/C,结果表明:在高倍率下,掺杂的LVP正极材料放电比容量高于未掺杂的LVP正极材料。Mateyshina等[31]采用高温固相法合成了K+离子掺杂的LVP正极材料,在3.0~4.3 V、1 C倍率条件下,放电比容量为127 mAh/g,循环20圈后,容量保持率为95%。锂位掺杂可有效改善LVP正极材料的导电性,提高锂离子的扩散系数。
3)钒位掺杂。钒位掺杂主要采用合适的离子微量取代LVP结构中的钒,提高LVP正极材料的稳定性,提升其导电性。钒位掺杂LVP正极材料的电化学性能见表4。可知:Mo6+掺杂LVP正极材料的放电比容量相比其他离子掺杂的效果更好,在3.0~4.3 V、0.5 C倍率条件下,放电比容量高达152 mAh/g,超出其标准比容量;M{o6}^{+}掺杂使LVP结构更稳定,并提高了锂离子的扩散速率,增强了LVP正极材料的电化学性能;在低圈数循环条件下,Ti4+、Co3+、Ce3+掺杂LVP正极材料,容量保持率高,其余钒位离子掺杂在容量保持率则较低;Fe3+、Co3+掺杂的LVP电化学性能优异,在高倍率(10 C)条件下,放电比容量仍达170 mAh/g以上,接近理论比容量,且Co3+掺杂的LVP正极材料在50次循环后容量保持率为96%。钒位掺杂能够有效提高材料的导电性,但也存在一些弊端,当掺杂二价或者四价金属阳离子时,可能会引起电荷不平衡,从而影响LVP正极材料的电化学性能。通过多位掺杂可有效解决这一问题,保持电荷的平衡。
4)多位掺杂。多位掺杂一般是锂位、钒位和阴离子共掺杂,可有效解决单掺杂电荷不平衡的问题。多位掺杂LVP正极材料的电化学性能见表5。孙孝飞等[41]研究了采用溶胶-凝胶法合成LVP正极材料和三元掺杂体系Li2.85Na0.15V1.9Al0.1(PO4)2.9F0.1。结果表明:三元掺杂后的LVP正极材料在1 C倍率下的放电比容量为139 mAh/g,相比未掺杂的LVP正极材料有明显提高;在1 C倍率下循环300圈后,放电比容量仍高达118 mAh/g,表现出良好的循环稳定性能。Zhu D.Z.等[38]成功制备了Bi3+、Cl-共掺杂LVP正极材料,在3.0~4.8 V,0.1 C倍率条件下首次充放电比容量为172 mAh/g,循环300圈后容量保持率为77.23%。多位掺杂可提高LVP正极材料的电化学性能,并利于第3个锂离子的脱出和嵌入。
离子掺杂是一种可通过在原子尺寸上改变晶格结构来调节LVP正极材料的有效方法。合适的阴离子掺杂可减少电极材料极化,降低电荷转移电阻,有效增加材料的稳定性。锂位掺杂能提高材料的导电性,但只有离子半径合适才能有效占据锂位,且掺杂离子的价态对LVP材料的电化学性能影响很大。钒位掺杂可稳定LVP正极材料结构,提高其电导率,但掺杂不同价态的离子可能会引起电荷不平衡,最终影响离子扩散,不利于材料性能的提升。相比钒位掺杂,多位掺杂能有效解决电荷不平衡的问题。多位掺杂不但能提高LVP正极材料的电化学性能,还有利于第3个锂离子的脱出和嵌入,是一种非常有潜力的掺杂技术。离子掺杂可提高LVP正极材料在高电压下的结构稳定性、循环稳定性、热稳定性,但并未改变其表面形貌,可能很难抵抗高电位下电解液在界面处的分解。
表面包覆主要是在LVP正极材料表面形成一层非电化学活性物质的包覆层,从而提高LVP正极材料在高电压下的稳定性,防止与电解液反应,进而提升电化学性能。包覆的材料主要以金属氧化物和碳为主。
金属氧化物包覆在LVP正极材料的表面,有利于增强导电性。目前,正极材料常用的金属氧化物包覆主要有MnO2[42]、MgO[43]、SnO[44]、TiO2[45]、ZrO2[46]等。江虹等[42]研究采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了MnO2纳米包覆的LVP正极材料,通过使用聚乙烯醇(PVA)辅助的悬浮液包覆法对不同含量的无定形MnO2进行包覆来实现改性效果,结果表明:引入3%的MnO2的LVP正极材料的电化学性能最佳,在3.0~4.8 V、0.5 C倍率条件下,首次放电比容量为144.4 mAh/g;在0.1~5.0 C倍率下进行60次循环后的放电比容量为94.7 mAh/g。
碳包覆是在LVP正极材料表面形成一层无定形碳,以增强其导电性。Cui X.等[47]以活性炭为微波吸附剂,通过超快微波辐照途径,在5 min内成功制备了碳包覆LVP正极材料,在3.0~4.3 V、0.2 C倍率条件下,放电比容量为110.1 mAh/g,且在1 C倍率下能保持良好的循环稳定性。张晓萍等[48]以乙炔黑和葡萄糖为碳源成功制备了碳包覆LVP正极材料,在3.0~4.5 V、1 C倍率条件下,放电比容量为119.8 mAh/g,在0.1 C倍率下循环50次容量保持率高达97.7%。
表面包覆改性主要是通过在LVP正极材料表面形成一个包覆层,以增强其导电性,提高电化学性能。相比于离子掺杂难抵抗高电位下电解液在界面处的分解,表面包覆在材料表面形成的保护层则可显著提高LVP正极材料的界面性能。相比金属氧化物,碳包覆的材料很丰富,有蔗糖、葡萄糖、枸橼酸、抗坏血酸、石墨烯、炭黑等,且碳包覆比金属氧化物包覆工艺更简单。
LVP正极材料的纳米化可以改善材料的电子和离子迁移能力。纳米化的LVP正极材料颗粒小,锂离子扩散距离短,有利于锂离子的脱出和嵌入,且因其具有更高的比表面积,可增大电极与电解液接触概率,从而使所有的活性物质得到充分利用。Cao Z.H.等[49]采用静电纺丝法制备了介孔结构LVP正极材料,颗粒粒径为10~25 nm,放电比容量在20 ℃下循环400次可达129.2 mAh/g,纳米级晶体可减少锂离子扩散途经,提高LVP正极材料的电化学性能。Chen T.等[50]采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了碳包覆纳米级LVP正极材料,颗粒粒径为60~150 nm,在3.0~4.3 V、0.5 C倍率下首次放电比容量为120.535 mAh/g,纳米结构、无定形碳和6 nm超薄碳涂层使得该材料具有优异的电化学性能。
不同改性方法对LVP正极材料的电化学性能的影响也不同。离子掺杂是从LVP正极材料自身结构去掺杂改性,使其结构更加稳定,降低转移电阻,增强其导电性,但由于其并未改变形貌,可能很难抵抗高电位下电解液在界面处的分解。为了克服这一挑战,研究者们对LVP进行了多种改性研究,其中表面包覆是一种重要策略。表面包覆的效果主要取决于包覆物质的性质,目前主要采用碳作为包覆材料,碳材料因其导电性好,可有效增强LVP正极材料的导电性,从而改善其电化学性能。此外,LVP表面的碳涂层还能限制其颗粒的生长,使其粒径纳米化,纳米化的颗粒与碳之间能紧密结合,增强电荷的转移速度,减小粒径,缩短离子扩散的路程。因此,碳包覆与纳米化两种改性方法的结合能显著提高LVP正极材料的电化学性能。离子掺杂、碳包覆与纳米化3种改性方法的结合将具有广阔的应用前景,这种综合改性方法能进一步改善LVP正极材料的性能,如提高比容量、增强循环稳定性、优化倍率性能等,从而为LVP正极材料在锂离子电池中的广泛应用提供强有力的支持。
LVP正极材料相比其他锂离子正极材料,具有安全性好、离子扩散快、理论容量高等优点。但LVP正极材料因自身结构存在一定的缺陷,导致其离子导电率和电子导电率较低,限制了其应用发展。为了提高其电化学性能,研究人员对其不同的制备方法和改性方法进行了大量研究。在制备方法方面,固相法因具有制备工艺简单、成本低廉等优势,成为了最适合工业化生产的选择。在改性方面,掺杂、表面包覆、纳米化等改性方法均能有效提高磷酸钒锂正极材料的电化学性能:掺杂元素的引用可以为磷酸钒锂材料提供一定的容量,改善本征电子电导率和锂离子扩散系数;表面包覆可提高材料的导电性,有效减少电解液与磷酸钒锂材料发生的副反应;纳米化可使锂离子扩散距离缩短,有利于锂离子的脱出和嵌入。将3种改性方法相结合将能进一步发挥各方法优势,从而显著提升LVP正极材料性能,有望在未来为LVP材料在锂离子电池中的应用开辟更广阔的前景。
  • 国家自然青年科学基金资助项目(52104330)
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2024年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.06.002
  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
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国家自然青年科学基金资助项目(52104330)
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    华北理工大学 冶金与能源学院, 河北 唐山 063210

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蔡宗英(1977—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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