Article(id=1172169532601909625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)04-0524-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744732800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757396594429, onlineDateStr=2025-09-09, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757396594429, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757396594429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757396594429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172169457649697117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='433', pageEnd='581', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757396576558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401820494, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=524, endPage=533, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172169532874539387, articleId=1172169532601909625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Controllable Construction of Core-shell PS@PAO with Coaxial Electrospinning Nanofibers and Its Performance of Uranium Extraction from Seawater, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address fiber shrinkage embrittlement and consequent mechanical degradation during surface modification of polyamidoxime (PAO) adsorbents,a "core-shell heterostructure stress transfer" strategy was proposed.A coaxial electrospinning technique was employed to fabricate PS@PAO nanofibers with a polystyrene (PS) flexible core and rigid PAO shell.Microstructural analysis results show that PS@PAO exhibits uniform core-shell architecture (≈200 nm diameter, ≈50 nm thickness) with a specific surface area of 6.22 m2/g,representing a 38% enhancement over pristine PAO fibers. Mechanical testing results demonstrate 13.8% and 30.1% improvements in tensile strength (0.66 MPa) and Young's modulus (34.84 MPa),respectively.Dynamic contact angle measurements show that favorable hydrophilicity with water contact angle decreasing from 30° to 21° within 1 s. When PS@PAO is used to adsorb uranium from seawater with pH of 8.0 and uranium mass concentration of 16 mg/L for 48 h,the adsorption capacity is 34.14 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics analysis results indicate compliance with the pseudo-second-order model,with chelation between uranyl ions ( U O 2 2 +) and amidoxime groups identified as the dominant mechanism.Through comprehensive investigation of material architecture,uranium extraction performance,and adsorption mechanisms,this study can provide theoretical foundations and scalable fabrication guidance for developing high-stability marine uranium extraction materials.

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针对聚偕胺肟基吸附材料表面改性过程中纤维收缩脆化现象,以及由此引发的材料力学性能衰退问题,研究提出了“核-壳异质结构应力传递”策略,通过同轴静电纺丝技术制备了以聚苯乙烯(PS)为柔性核层、聚偕胺肟(PAO)为刚性壳层的纳米纤维吸附材料(PS@PAO)。微观结构分析结果表明,PS@PAO具有均匀的核壳异质结构(核层直径约为200 nm,壳层厚度约为50 nm),比表面积达6.22 m2/g,较纯PAO纤维提升38%;力学性能测试结果表明,PS@PAO的拉伸强度(0.66 MPa)与杨氏模量(34.84 MPa)较纯PAO纤维分别提升13.8%和30.1%;动态接触角试验发现1 s内水接触角由30°降至21°,PS@PAO具有良好的亲水性;用PS@PAO对pH=8.0、铀质量浓度16 mg/L的加标海水吸附48 h,铀吸附容量为34.14 mg/g;吸附动力学分析表明,吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,铀酰离子( U O 2 2 +)与偕胺肟基的化学螯合主导吸附过程。该研究通过对材料结构、海水提铀性能及吸附机制的协同解析,为高稳定性海水提铀材料的开发提供了理论依据与规模化制备工艺指导。

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陈树森(1978—),男,博士,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为有机高分子分离材料研发。
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李昊(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为高分子合成化学。

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李昊(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为高分子合成化学。

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李昊(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为高分子合成化学。

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Appl Surf Sci, 2014, 320:10-20., articleTitle=Amidoxime-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes by plasma techniques for efficient removal of uranium(Ⅵ), refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172190166073590259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172190166081978868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, companyId=1172190166073590259, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy,CNNC,Beijing 101149,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172190166086173173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, companyId=1172190166073590259, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172190166157476342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172190166165864951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, companyId=1172190166157476342, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resource Exploration-Mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing,Beijing 100029,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172190166170059256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, companyId=1172190166157476342, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 铀资源探采与核遥感全国重点实验室,北京 101149)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172190169399673405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic illustration for preparation process of PS@PAO nanofibers, figureFileSmall=cf83q4y3d5OF+WeqYn9pOA==, figureFileBig=zli5FT0W48FDUDQ6CpmOhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190169462587966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PS@PAO纳米纤维的制备工艺流程, figureFileSmall=cf83q4y3d5OF+WeqYn9pOA==, figureFileBig=zli5FT0W48FDUDQ6CpmOhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190169546474047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SEM and TEM images for nanofibers of PS,PAO and PS@PAO

a—PS,SEM;b—PAO,SEM;c—PS@PAO,SEM;d—PS@PAO,TEM。

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a—应力-应变;b—拉伸强度;c—断裂伸长率;d—杨氏模量。

, figureFileSmall=vOl2iGSptvVWiVHRCe6/pQ==, figureFileBig=rr65QFJf6+aNeHrGEkOqSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170393723465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Snapshots of water contact angels of PS,PAO and PS@PAO, figureFileSmall=noxRiu2GM4XmX127DyGcFQ==, figureFileBig=ZbqShiqrxvyF3p+9Nf3K2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170477609546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PS、PAO和 PS@PAO的动态水接触角, figureFileSmall=noxRiu2GM4XmX127DyGcFQ==, figureFileBig=ZbqShiqrxvyF3p+9Nf3K2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170544718411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=SEM-EDS analysis results of uranium-loaded PS@PAO, figureFileSmall=yqS5i2PhKlDvWnw+rf3Vug==, figureFileBig=eO364pGFUChFwdM7pbThEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170603438668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=CN, label=图8, caption=负载铀的PS@PAO的SEM-EDS分析结果, figureFileSmall=yqS5i2PhKlDvWnw+rf3Vug==, figureFileBig=eO364pGFUChFwdM7pbThEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170670547533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=XPS analysis results of PS@PAO before and after adsorption of uranium, figureFileSmall=uycQvoRkt33kOpmoy7aitg==, figureFileBig=GW8CDr5rQyf2VYNS2AnmoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170733462094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=CN, label=图9, caption=PS@PAO吸附铀前、后的XPS分析结果

a—PS@PAO全谱;b—PS@PAO-U全谱;c—PS@PAO-U的U 4f5/2分谱;d—PS@PAO-U的U 4f7/2分谱。

, figureFileSmall=uycQvoRkt33kOpmoy7aitg==, figureFileBig=GW8CDr5rQyf2VYNS2AnmoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170804765263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Adsorption capacity of PS@PAO for uranium in seawater with different pH, figureFileSmall=HlHSKPmTHesAlRwvNKczjw==, figureFileBig=v0PJOj/LzlPe6HCy4AAOtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170888651344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=CN, label=图10, caption=PS@PA对不同pH海水中铀的吸附容量, figureFileSmall=HlHSKPmTHesAlRwvNKczjw==, figureFileBig=v0PJOj/LzlPe6HCy4AAOtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190170964148817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Fitting curves of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic for adsorption of uranium by PS@PAO form spiked seawater with different mass concentrations of uranium, figureFileSmall=Zy7gOXJ2r4Z4ReNtMNiT+w==, figureFileBig=EsaJQH+UkzAGlAr9V8lGaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190171022869074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=CN, label=图11, caption=PS@PAO吸附不同铀质量浓度的加标海水的准一级与准二级动力学拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=Zy7gOXJ2r4Z4ReNtMNiT+w==, figureFileBig=EsaJQH+UkzAGlAr9V8lGaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190171094172243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Fitting relationship of t/qt-t based on pseudo-second-order model at different initial mass concentrations of uranium, figureFileSmall=Brz1RBtFcVlN6cWbgCKiQA==, figureFileBig=ov75c7yDekeI1kYIkxt1vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190171161281108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同铀初始质量浓度下,基于准二级动力学模型的t/qt-t拟合关系, figureFileSmall=Brz1RBtFcVlN6cWbgCKiQA==, figureFileBig=ov75c7yDekeI1kYIkxt1vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190171236778581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Adsorption kinetic fitting parameters of PS@PAO adsorbents in spiked seawater with different mass concentrations of uranium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铀初始质量浓度/
(mg·L-1)
准一级动力学 准二级动力学
qe/(mg·g-1) k1/min-1 R2 qe/(mg·g-1) k2/(g·mg-1 min-1) R2
4 16.36 1.57×10-3 0.995 1 20.18 7.75×10-5 0.995 1
8 31.96 5.42×10-5 0.977 6 25.70 1.78×10-3 0.987 3
16 33.37 2.36×10-3 0.995 6 39.67 6.95×10-5 0.996 4
), ArticleFig(id=1172190171316470358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169532601909625, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PS@PAO吸附材料在不同质量浓度的加标海水中的吸附动力学拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铀初始质量浓度/
(mg·L-1)
准一级动力学 准二级动力学
qe/(mg·g-1) k1/min-1 R2 qe/(mg·g-1) k2/(g·mg-1 min-1) R2
4 16.36 1.57×10-3 0.995 1 20.18 7.75×10-5 0.995 1
8 31.96 5.42×10-5 0.977 6 25.70 1.78×10-3 0.987 3
16 33.37 2.36×10-3 0.995 6 39.67 6.95×10-5 0.996 4
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核壳结构PS@PAO同轴静电纺丝纳米纤维的可控构建及其海水提铀性能研究
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李昊 1, 2 , 崔琦 1, 2 , 王凤菊 1, 2 , 李子明 1, 2 , 宋艳 1, 2 , 吴浩天 1, 2 , 李壑 1, 2 , 杨吴馨晨 1, 2 , 陈树森 1, 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(4): 524-533
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(4): 524-533
核壳结构PS@PAO同轴静电纺丝纳米纤维的可控构建及其海水提铀性能研究
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李昊1, 2, 崔琦1, 2, 王凤菊1, 2, 李子明1, 2, 宋艳1, 2, 吴浩天1, 2, 李壑1, 2, 杨吴馨晨1, 2, 陈树森1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
  • 2 铀资源探采与核遥感全国重点实验室,北京 101149
  • 李昊(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为高分子合成化学。

通讯作者:

陈树森(1978—),男,博士,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为有机高分子分离材料研发。
Controllable Construction of Core-shell PS@PAO with Coaxial Electrospinning Nanofibers and Its Performance of Uranium Extraction from Seawater
Hao LI1, 2, Qi CUI1, 2, Fengju WANG1, 2, Ziming LI1, 2, Yan SONG1, 2, Haotian WU1, 2, He LI1, 2, Wuxinchen YANG1, 2, Shusen CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy,CNNC,Beijing 101149,China
  • 2 National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resource Exploration-Mining and Nuclear Remote Sensing,Beijing 100029,China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.012
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针对聚偕胺肟基吸附材料表面改性过程中纤维收缩脆化现象,以及由此引发的材料力学性能衰退问题,研究提出了“核-壳异质结构应力传递”策略,通过同轴静电纺丝技术制备了以聚苯乙烯(PS)为柔性核层、聚偕胺肟(PAO)为刚性壳层的纳米纤维吸附材料(PS@PAO)。微观结构分析结果表明,PS@PAO具有均匀的核壳异质结构(核层直径约为200 nm,壳层厚度约为50 nm),比表面积达6.22 m2/g,较纯PAO纤维提升38%;力学性能测试结果表明,PS@PAO的拉伸强度(0.66 MPa)与杨氏模量(34.84 MPa)较纯PAO纤维分别提升13.8%和30.1%;动态接触角试验发现1 s内水接触角由30°降至21°,PS@PAO具有良好的亲水性;用PS@PAO对pH=8.0、铀质量浓度16 mg/L的加标海水吸附48 h,铀吸附容量为34.14 mg/g;吸附动力学分析表明,吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,铀酰离子( U O 2 2 +)与偕胺肟基的化学螯合主导吸附过程。该研究通过对材料结构、海水提铀性能及吸附机制的协同解析,为高稳定性海水提铀材料的开发提供了理论依据与规模化制备工艺指导。

海水提铀  /  同轴静电纺丝技术  /  核壳结构  /  聚偕胺肟  /  聚苯乙烯  /  纳米材料  /  吸附

To address fiber shrinkage embrittlement and consequent mechanical degradation during surface modification of polyamidoxime (PAO) adsorbents,a "core-shell heterostructure stress transfer" strategy was proposed.A coaxial electrospinning technique was employed to fabricate PS@PAO nanofibers with a polystyrene (PS) flexible core and rigid PAO shell.Microstructural analysis results show that PS@PAO exhibits uniform core-shell architecture (≈200 nm diameter, ≈50 nm thickness) with a specific surface area of 6.22 m2/g,representing a 38% enhancement over pristine PAO fibers. Mechanical testing results demonstrate 13.8% and 30.1% improvements in tensile strength (0.66 MPa) and Young's modulus (34.84 MPa),respectively.Dynamic contact angle measurements show that favorable hydrophilicity with water contact angle decreasing from 30° to 21° within 1 s. When PS@PAO is used to adsorb uranium from seawater with pH of 8.0 and uranium mass concentration of 16 mg/L for 48 h,the adsorption capacity is 34.14 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics analysis results indicate compliance with the pseudo-second-order model,with chelation between uranyl ions ( U O 2 2 +) and amidoxime groups identified as the dominant mechanism.Through comprehensive investigation of material architecture,uranium extraction performance,and adsorption mechanisms,this study can provide theoretical foundations and scalable fabrication guidance for developing high-stability marine uranium extraction materials.

seawater uranium extraction  /  coaxial electrospinning  /  core-shell structure  /  polyamidoxime  /  polystyrene  /  nanomaterials  /  adsorption
李昊, 崔琦, 王凤菊, 李子明, 宋艳, 吴浩天, 李壑, 杨吴馨晨, 陈树森. 核壳结构PS@PAO同轴静电纺丝纳米纤维的可控构建及其海水提铀性能研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (4) : 524 -533 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.012
Hao LI, Qi CUI, Fengju WANG, Ziming LI, Yan SONG, Haotian WU, He LI, Wuxinchen YANG, Shusen CHEN. Controllable Construction of Core-shell PS@PAO with Coaxial Electrospinning Nanofibers and Its Performance of Uranium Extraction from Seawater[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (4) : 524 -533 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.012
核能凭借其清洁高效的特征,已成为应对全球气候变化与能源危机的战略性选择[1]。作为核裂变反应的核心燃料,天然铀的稳定供应直接关系到核能产业链的可持续发展。近年来,全球核电装机容量的快速增长使得铀资源需求激增,而陆地已探明铀矿储量预计仅能满足约一个世纪的消耗需求[2],供需矛盾日益尖锐。为突破资源瓶颈,国际社会正加速开拓非常规铀资源。其中,海水提铀(uranium extraction from seawater,UES)因其铀资源潜力巨大而备受关注。海水中铀资源量高达45亿t,若能实现海水中铀的高效提取,理论上可满足全球核能万年级别的需求[3]。因此该技术突破有望从根本上保障核能产业的长期战略安全。
天然海水因具有复杂的生物化学体系,导致从中提取铀面临多重技术瓶颈,主要包括铀质量浓度极低(仅3.3 ug/L)、高盐度干扰、竞争离子(如V5+、Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+)螯合竞争,以及微生物附着引发的生物污损等,这些因素严重制约了吸附剂的热力学平衡与动力学速率[4]。回溯技术发展,海水提铀研究始于20世纪50年代英国的“牡蛎计划”,并于1964年由Davies团队首次实现实验室验证。此后60年间,全球科研界相继提出并探索了沉淀法、离子交换法、膜分离法、生物转化法及吸附法等技术路径[5-10],逐步形成了以吸附法为核心的主流技术路线。吸附法的核心优势在于能耗低与环境友好,材料设计是该技术的关键[11]。早期研究集中于无机吸附材料(如水合二氧化钛)[12],但其铀吸附量与机械强度不足,难以满足工业化需求。20世纪80年代,合成聚合物材料(如聚偕胺肟)通过辐射诱导接枝聚合(RIGP)技术实现功能化改性,铀吸附量获得大幅提升[13-15],这标志着材料设计从被动筛选转向主动调控。近年来,纳米多孔材料(如金属有机框架MOFs[16]、共价有机框架COFs[17]及基因工程蛋白材料[7,18])这些材料因比表面积高、孔道设计精准,使得吸附容量与选择性较高,进一步推动了海水提铀技术的实用化进程。相较于MOFs、COFs等颗粒状或粉末状吸附材料,纳米纤维基材料比表面积更高,可提供吸附活性位点更多,自支撑成膜特性使得工程装置设计更简化,低成本连续化生产技术(如静电纺丝)更易于规模化应用[19],在海水提铀领域优势显著。其中,PAO纤维因兼具合成工艺简单(一步胺肟化反应)、环境友好性(无毒降解产物)及铀吸附容量高等优点,被视为最具工业化潜力的海水提铀材料[20]
PAO的优异性能源于偕胺肟基团的独特配位机制——通过双齿螯合作用与铀酰离子( U O 2 2 +)形成五元螯合环,同时η2配位模式进一步强化了结合稳定性[21]。偕胺肟基团通常由聚丙烯腈(PAN)氰基与羟胺(NH2OH)在甲醇-水混合溶剂体系中发生偕胺肟化反应制得,此工艺兼具高效性与经济性。但胺肟化过程中PAN纤维会发生剧烈收缩与脆化现象,导致材料力学性能显著劣化,严重阻碍其实际应用[22-24]。为突破这一瓶颈,科研工作者通过创新纤维复合策略与结构设计,实现了材料力学性能与吸附容量的协同优化。如采用同轴静电纺丝工艺制备PS@PAN复合纤维,再经过胺肟化反应得到PS@PAN-oxime纤维,该材料在加标海水中的最大吸附容量达127 mg/g[24];采用双针头静电纺丝技术制备PAO/PAN混纺静电纺丝纳米纤维膜,利用PAN基体的刚性支撑有效抑制胺肟化过程中的纤维收缩与脆化,获得力学性能好、吸附容量高的海水提铀吸附材料[25];将PVDF与PAO混纺获得高孔隙率、高亲水性的海水提铀吸附材料,该材料在模拟海水中测得铀吸附容量为1.6 mg/g[26]。上述策略通过材料复合与结构设计有效缓解了PAN胺肟化过程中的结构劣化问题,但在高胺肟化比例条件下,如何实现纤维力学强度与铀吸附容量的同步提升仍面临重大挑战。
为解决PAN高胺肟化比例下力学性能差、吸附容量低的核心问题,提出了“核-壳异质结构应力传递”策略,研究通过同轴静电纺丝技术构建了柔性核层(聚苯乙烯,PS)与铀吸附壳层(聚偕胺肟,PAO)结合的纳米纤维吸附材料(PS@PAO)。旨在通过核层柔性缓冲与壳层吸附铀的协同作用,同步提升材料的力学强度与吸附性能,并通过系统研究吸附时间、铀初始浓度及pH对吸附过程的影响,进一步结合准二级动力学模型分析,揭示了吸附过程受化学螯合主导的机制,为材料设计提供理论支撑。
聚丙烯腈(PAN,Mw=150 000)和聚苯乙烯(PS,Mw=26 000)购自西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;盐酸羟胺、碳酸钾(无水)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF≥99.9%)、四氢呋喃(THF,≥99.9%)、氢氧化钾(KOH),购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。试验用水均为去离子水,实验室自制,直接使用。
吸附材料的红外光谱及微观形貌通过Bruker TensorⅡ型傅里叶红外光谱仪(ATR-FTIR)、日立SU-8100场发射扫描电子显微镜采集;吸附材料的核壳结构通过FEI Tecnai G2 F30场发射透射电子显微镜采集;吸附材料所含元素的化学状态是通过EscaLab 250Xi X射线光电子能谱仪采集;使用耐驰STA 449 F3热学分析仪分析材料的热学性能;使用美国康塔Autosorb iQ全自动比表面和孔隙度分析仪分析材料的比表面和孔隙度;使用UTM5305H微机控制电子万能试验机采集吸附材料的力学性能参数;采用OCA40型接触角测量仪进行接触角测试;使用NexION 350型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定材料的吸附容量。
根据文献[25,27-28]报道的方法合成PAO聚合物溶液。将6.0 g盐酸羟胺(NH2OH·HCl)溶于50 mL DMF溶剂,在室温下磁力搅拌30 min至完全溶解;向溶液中加入3.5 g NaOH粉末,持续搅拌30 min以中和HCl并生成活性羟胺(NH2OH);加入5.0 g PAN粉末,于60 ℃下恒温搅拌5 h,使氰基(—CN)充分转化为偕胺肟基团(—AO);反应液以10 000 r/min离心3次(10 min/次),移除未反应固体颗粒,获得浅黄色澄清PAO溶液,用于后续静电纺丝。
PS@PAO同轴纤维的制备基于同轴静电纺丝技术,具体流程如图1所示,关键步骤如下:将聚苯乙烯(PS)粉末以25%的浓度溶解于DMF与THF混合溶剂(体积比1∶2)中,于60 ℃下磁力搅拌6 h至完全溶解,获得均质PS溶液。将PS溶液(核层)与PAO溶液(壳层)分别装入20 mL注射器,安装至同轴针头(内径0.6 mm/外径1.2 mm)。通过双通道注射泵精确控制进样速率(核/壳层均为0.3 mL/h),并在针头与接收滚筒(间距15 cm)之间施加15 kV高压电场,诱导射流稳定拉伸。在铝箔接收器上沉积的初生纤维经真空干燥(60 ℃,12 h)去除残留溶剂,最终获得核壳结构PS@PAO同轴纳米纤维。
对偕胺肟基吸附材料进行浸入海水前的碱预处理,是提升其吸附容量的标准工艺步骤。该操作通过碱性环境活化吸附位点,使材料在后续海水提铀过程中展现更优的离子捕获性能。
碱处理流程:将PS@PAO纳米纤维浸入0.02 mol/L KOH溶液(液固质量比50∶1),在50 ℃下恒温振荡处理2 h,确保官能团充分活化。用去离子水洗涤至滤液pH=7.0,冷冻干燥12 h,去除残留碱液。将预处理后材料置于加标海水体系进行吸附性能测试。
铀酰离子( U O 2 2 +)在溶液中的存在形态及材料表面电荷状态与溶液pH密切相关,为系统地探究其影响规律,构建涵盖pH在4.0~9.0(间隔1.0)的六梯度评价体系,系统考察了溶液pH对铀吸附容量的影响规律。通过氢氧化钠与盐酸的精准调控,将溶液pH分别调节为固定值,构建完整的吸附性能评价体系。
以14.5×103 mg/L铀溶液为母液,将其加入到天然海水中并梯度稀释至4、8和16 mg/L 3个浓度梯度。采用pH计实时监测溶液酸碱度,溶液初始pH通过氢氧化钠/盐酸调节至与海水环境相当的pH=8.0。取2 L加标海水并向其定量投加0.01 g吸附材料,在室温条件下以恒定速率振荡48 h后,系统分析材料的铀吸附特性,采用准一级与准二级动力学模型对吸附试验数据进行拟合。
通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)与透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征分析了PS、PAO及PS@PAO 纳米纤维的表面形貌与微观结构特征,结果如图2所示。
SEM结果显示:3种材料的纤维表面均呈典型的光滑连续形貌,其中PS@PAO同轴纳米纤维直径分布均匀,介于300~500 nm范围。进一步通过TEM表征(图2(d))可清晰分辨PS@PAO同轴纳米纤维的核壳异质结构:以聚苯乙烯(PS)为核层材料,其平均直径约200 nm;外层由聚偕胺肟(PAO)构成壳层,包覆厚度约50 nm,形成典型的同轴纳米纤维结构。这一结果表明,同轴静电纺丝工艺成功实现了核层柔性支撑与壳层活性位点负载的协同设计。
通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)系统表征PS、PAO及PS@PAO纳米纤维的化学结构特征,结果如图3所示。可以看出:在PS的红外谱线中,700 cm-1处的特征吸收峰归属于苯环氢原子的面外弯曲振动模式;在PAO材料红外谱线中,属于聚丙烯腈中位于2 240 cm-1的C≡N特征峰完全消失,同时在930 cm-1(C—O伸缩振动)、1 386 cm-1(C—N振动)、1 650 cm-1(C=N伸缩振动)及3 150 cm-1(O—H振动)处新生特征峰,这一系列变化证实了氰基向偕胺肟基的完全转化;PS@PAO同轴纳米纤维的红外谱线同时保留了PS的苯环特征峰与PAO的偕胺肟基特征峰,且各峰位无明显位移,表明核壳异质结构中2种高分子组分通过同轴静电纺丝工艺实现了结构集成[27-29]
为研究同轴纺丝纳米纤维的比表面积特性,采用BET法系统研究了PS、PAO和PS@PAO的比表面积参数和孔径分布情况(图4(a))。可以看出:与PS和PAO纳米纤维膜相比,PS@PAO同轴静电纺丝纳米纤维膜的比表面积性能更优,其比表面积最高可达6.22 m2/g,而PS和PAO纳米纤维膜比表面积仅为3.76和4.51 m2/g。材料比表面积的差异可能由纳米纤维的堆积方式引起,PS@PAO纳米纤维结合了PS和PAO的柔性和刚性,使纳米纤维堆积密度减小,较小的堆积密度会使纤维暴露更多表面,使比表面积增加。3种材料的孔径分布曲线(图4(b))清晰揭示了材料典型的介孔结构特征。这种多孔架构的形成可能源于纳米纤维的立体交织在微观尺度上构建出了贯通的三维网络骨架构建介观孔道体系。
通过热重分析(TG)对PS、PAO和PS@PAO的热稳定性进行评价,结果如图5所示。相较于纯PAO,PS@PAO在200~400 ℃温度区间的热稳定性更好。这是因为材料体系中PS与PAO分子界面间强的相互作用力能提升同轴纳米纤维的热稳定性[30]
采用常温拉伸压缩电子万能试验机对PS、PAO及PS@PAO同轴复合纤维的力学性能进行系统表征,结果如图6所示。由应力-应变曲线(图6(a))看出,核-壳结构的PS@PAO同轴纤维相较PS、PAO,展现出了显著优化的力学性能;拉伸强度参数(图6(b))显示,PS@PAO的拉伸强度((0.66±0.02)MPa)较PAO((0.58±0.01)MPa)提升13.8%,较PS((0.04±0.01)MPa)提升15.5倍;在断裂伸长率方面,PS材料表现出显著的延展性(91.88%±0.64%),而PAO(3.00%±1.27%)与PS@PAO(3.42%±0.97%)则呈现典型的脆性特征,PS@PAO较PAO提升14%(图6(c));杨氏模量测试中,PS@PAO的杨氏模量((34.84±2.9)MPa)较PAO((26.78±4.55)MPa))提升30.1%,较PS((1.11±0.34)MPa)提升30.4倍(图6(d))。
这种力学参数的全面提升验证了同轴纺丝技术对材料力学性能的协同增强效应,核层与壳层材料的界面结合可能通过应力传递机制有效提升了复合纤维的承载能力。
静电纺丝纳米纤维的亲水性是影响铀吸附性能与动力学性能的关键因素。因此,对PS、PAO和PS@PAO的亲水性进行了分析,3种材料的动态水接触角如图7所示。可以看出:PS纳米纤维膜在与水接触的1 s内,水接触角稳定保持在137°,这是因为聚苯乙烯的主链由苯环和碳链构成,苯环的疏水性强,导致材料整体呈现低表面能特性,使其不易被水润湿[31];与PS纳米纤维膜相比,PAO纳米纤维膜的润湿性较好,该材料在与水接触的1 s内,水接触角由40°迅速降至22°;以PAO为壳、PS为核的同轴静电纺丝纳米纤维膜PS@PAO的水接触角则具有与PAO类似的润湿性能,在与水接触的1 s内,水接触角由30°迅速降至21°。
通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散X射线谱仪(EDS)对负载铀的PS@PAO进行元素分布分析,结果如图8所示。
图8看出:铀均匀分布在纤维表面,说明PS@PAO对铀酰离子具有一定吸附能力;EDS能谱中可观察到C、N、O元素的存在,其对应的是PAO纳米纤维上偕胺肟基及PS上的苯环和聚合物主链。
通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析PS@PAO材料在吸附铀前后的化学成分变化,结果如图9所示。
对比铀吸附前PS@PAO(图9(a))的全谱,负载铀的PS@PAO(PS@PAO-U)谱线中明显出现了新的U 4f双峰(图9(b));PS@PAO-U的高分辨率U 4f谱图(图9(c)~(d))显示,U 4f5/2和U 4f7/2峰的结合能分别位于392.65和381.60 eV处,这表明铀酰离子( U O 2 2 +)与PS@PAO纳米纤维中的胺肟基(—C(NH2)=NOH)及/或酰亚胺二肟基团(—C(N)—O)2)存在强相互作用[32-33]
为了分析PS@PAO吸附材料在海水中的铀吸附性能,试验研究了溶液pH对材料吸附性能的影响。取10 mg PS@PAO吸附材料置于2 L铀质量浓度为8 mg/L的加标海水溶液中吸附48 h,调节溶液pH为4.0~9.0,考察不同pH对PS@PAO吸附铀的影响,结果如图10所示。
图10可知,pH在4.0~9.0考察范围内,PS@PAO材料对加标海水中的铀均表现出快速吸附响应,但其吸附容量仍受溶液pH影响:pH在4.0~7.0区间内,铀吸附容量随pH升高明显增大;pH=7.0时,铀吸附容量达最大值(32.23±0.49)mg/g;pH升至7.0后,铀吸附量随pH升高呈逐渐减小趋势。值得注意的是,在天然海水pH值范围(pH 8.0)时,PS@PAO仍保持(17.77 ± 0.31)mg/g材料的吸附容量,表明该材料可直接用于海水中铀的提取。
为评估PS@PAO纤维的吸附动力学特性,取10 mg该材料浸入2 L不同铀质量浓度(4、8、16 mg/L)的加标海水中,在室温条件下,通过摇床振荡进行试验,并采用准一级和准二级动力学模型对试验数据进行拟合,结果如图11所示。可知,PS@PAO对铀的吸附过程可划分为2个阶段:吸附开始24 h内为快速吸附阶段,吸附24 h后吸附速度慢减缓并趋于稳定。吸附48 h后,PS@PAO在铀质量浓度分别为4、8和16 mg/L的加标海水中对铀的吸附量分别为(16.28±0.74)、(24.73±1.62)及(34.14±1.29)mg/g。需要指出的是,此时吸附虽已达稳定状态,但还未达到饱和,因此该试验值会低于理论qe
采用准一级与准二级动力学模型解析吸附动力学机制,如式(1)、(2)所示。
l n ( q e - q t ) = l n   q e - k 1 t ;
t q t = 1 k 2 q e 2 + t q e
式中:qtqe—吸附t时间与平衡时刻的铀吸附量,mg/g;t—接触时间,min;k1为—准一级动力学速率常数,min-1;k2—准二级动力学速率常数,g/(mg·min)。
PS@PAO吸附材料在不同浓度加标海水中的吸附动力学拟合参数见表1。可以看出:基于准二级动力学模型的线性回归拟合曲线在不同初始铀质量浓度条件下均表现出优异的拟合相关性:当铀初始质量浓度为4 mg/L时相关系数为0.995 1,8 mg/L时为0.987 3,16 mg/L时达0.996 4;而准一级动力学模型的线性拟合曲线对应相关系数分别为0.995 1(4 mg/L)、0.977 6(8 mg/L)和0.995 6(16 mg/L)。PS@PAO吸附不同铀质量浓度的海水的准二级动力学的相关系数更高,尤其是高铀质量浓度条件下显著优于准一级动力学模型。这表明铀的吸附主要通过化学吸附机制完成,铀酰离子吸附过程涉及吸附材料表面活性位点与铀酰离子之间的化学键合作用。
基于准二级动力学模型的t/qt-t拟合关系如图12所示。可以看出,t/qtt的动力学曲线与准二级动力学模型拟合匹配较好。将图12表1相结合分析可知:不同铀质量浓度下,qt-t拟合关系曲线呈现高度吻合特征,充分证明准二级动力学模型能精准描述吸附过程;具体而言,准二级动力学理论计算的平衡吸附量qe分别为20.18 mg/g(4 mg/L)、25.7 mg/g(8 mg/L)和39.67 mg/g(16 mg/L),与试验值接近,结合准一级动力学与准二级动力学相关系数可推断,铀在PS@PAO材料上的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型。这说明该吸附行为的作用机制可能是以化学吸附为主导的过程,能为理解材料吸附特性提供关键理论依据。
结合XPS分析结果可确定铀酰离子(U 4f7/2,381.60 eV;U 4f5/2,392.65 eV)与偕胺肟基的N—O键(531.7 eV)及亚胺基(399.4 eV)形成了稳定螯合环(图9(c)~(d)),从而完成材料对铀酰离子的吸附,表明PS@PAO对铀的吸附受化学螯合作用主导。值得注意的是,PS核层虽不直接参与配位,但其支撑作用可使壳层PAO纤维保持多孔结构(孔径约15 nm),促进铀酰离子的体相扩散,最终实现34.14 mg/g的实测吸附容量(16 mg/L,48 h)。
通过同轴静电纺丝技术成功制备了PS@PAO核壳纳米纤维,其异质界面应力传递机制使材料拉伸强度与杨氏模量较纯PAO分别提升13.8%和30.1%,使得高偕胺肟化材料的脆化问题得到一定解决。准二级动力学模型与XPS表征共同证实,铀吸附过程由偕胺肟基与铀酰离子的化学螯合作用主导,理论平衡吸附量达39.67 mg U/g。在pH=8.0、铀质量浓度为16 mg/L的加标海水环境中核壳结构纳米纤维膜保持完整,表明其具备海洋环境长期应用的潜力。试验提出的“核层力学支撑-壳层吸附功能”设计策略,可拓展至其他柔性-刚性聚合物复合体系,为功能吸附材料的结构优化提供新范式。
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2025年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.012
  • 接收时间:2025-04-16
  • 首发时间:2025-09-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16
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    1 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
    2 铀资源探采与核遥感全国重点实验室,北京 101149

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陈树森(1978—),男,博士,研究员级高级工程师,主要研究方向为有机高分子分离材料研发。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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