Article(id=1172169530806751853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)04-0555-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757396594000, onlineDateStr=2025-09-09, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757396594000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757396594000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757396594000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172169457649697117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='433', pageEnd='581', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757396576558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401820494, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=555, endPage=560, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172169531091964527, articleId=1172169530806751853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Desulfurization of High Sulfur Bauxite by Alkali Leaching, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of high sulfur content and difficult utilization of high sulfur bauxite,the alkaline leaching desulfurization process of high sulfur bauxite was studied.The effects of alkali mass concentration,liquid volume to solid mass ratio,leaching temperature and time on the desulfurization effect were investigated,and the reaction kinetics were analyzed.The results show that under the conditions of base concentration of 180 g/L,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 8 L/1 kg,leaching temperature of 160 ℃ and leaching time of 5 h,the bauxite sulfur mass fraction after desulphurization is 0.42%.The desulfurization process is controlled by reaction-internal diffusion,and the apparent activation energy is 18.23 kJ/mol.The method can effectively reduce the sulfur content in high sulfur bauxite and is beneficial to the wide utilization of high sulfur bauxite.

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针对高硫铝土矿硫含量高、难利用的问题,研究了高硫铝土矿碱浸脱硫过程,考察了碱质量浓度、液固体积质量比、浸出温度及时间等参数对脱硫效果的影响,并分析了反应动力学。结果表明:在碱质量浓度180 g/L、液固体积质量比8 L/1 kg、浸出温度160 ℃、浸出时间5 h条件下进行铝土矿碱浸脱硫处理,脱硫后铝土矿中硫质量分数为0.42%;反应过程符合缩核模型,脱硫过程受反应-内扩散共同控制,表观活化能为18.23 kJ/mol。该方法能有效降低高硫铝土矿中的硫含量,有利于高硫铝土矿的广泛利用。

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马福宝(1985—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为化学分析、环境监测和矿物利用。

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马福宝(1985—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为化学分析、环境监测和矿物利用。

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马福宝(1985—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为化学分析、环境监测和矿物利用。

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journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Fitting curve of ln k3 and 1/T under reaction and internal diffusion, figureFileSmall=F45ON9iELHzSgZmOfpnTKw==, figureFileBig=fdA3H3DF8pplCAysmcKzMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190064814702642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=CN, label=图9, caption=反应-内扩散共同控制时ln k3-1/T拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=F45ON9iELHzSgZmOfpnTKw==, figureFileBig=fdA3H3DF8pplCAysmcKzMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190064898588723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main chemical composition of high sulfur bauxite %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 CaO TiO2 ST
59.82 20.65 4.85 0.56 3.01 4.25
), ArticleFig(id=1172190064965697588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高硫铝土矿的主要化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 CaO TiO2 ST
59.82 20.65 4.85 0.56 3.01 4.25
), ArticleFig(id=1172190065028612149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition of bauxite after desulphurization %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 CaO TiO2 ST
62.94 10.78 5.65 0.88 3.35 0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1172190065099915318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

脱硫后铝土矿的化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 CaO TiO2 ST
62.94 10.78 5.65 0.88 3.35 0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1172190065158635575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting parameters of different dynamic models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 表面反应控制 内扩散控制 反应-内扩散共同控制
k1/min-1 R 1 2 k2/min-1 R 2 2 k3/min-1 R 3 2
120 0.056 6 0.959 5 0.035 6 0.983 7 0.121 9 0.963 7
140 0.078 4 0.977 1 0.063 2 0.994 3 0.175 6 0.983 7
160 0.098 9 0.963 4 0.091 7 0.984 6 0.230 0 0.973 0
180 0.106 5 0.947 4 0.102 3 0.978 2 0.251 2 0.960 3
), ArticleFig(id=1172190065276076088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同动力学模型的拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 表面反应控制 内扩散控制 反应-内扩散共同控制
k1/min-1 R 1 2 k2/min-1 R 2 2 k3/min-1 R 3 2
120 0.056 6 0.959 5 0.035 6 0.983 7 0.121 9 0.963 7
140 0.078 4 0.977 1 0.063 2 0.994 3 0.175 6 0.983 7
160 0.098 9 0.963 4 0.091 7 0.984 6 0.230 0 0.973 0
180 0.106 5 0.947 4 0.102 3 0.978 2 0.251 2 0.960 3
), ArticleFig(id=1172190065406099513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Activation energy corresponding to different reaction control models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动力学模型 Ea/(kJ·mol-1)
表面反应控制 26.50
内扩散控制 15.92
反应-内扩散共同控制 18.23
), ArticleFig(id=1172190065485791290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169530806751853, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同反应控制模型对应的活化能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动力学模型 Ea/(kJ·mol-1)
表面反应控制 26.50
内扩散控制 15.92
反应-内扩散共同控制 18.23
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高硫铝土矿碱浸脱硫试验研究
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马福宝 , 王香莲 , 王秉安
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(4): 555-560
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(4): 555-560
高硫铝土矿碱浸脱硫试验研究
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马福宝, 王香莲, 王秉安
作者信息
  • 青海省核工业检测试验中心,青海 西宁 810016
  • 马福宝(1985—),男,本科,工程师,主要研究方向为化学分析、环境监测和矿物利用。

Desulfurization of High Sulfur Bauxite by Alkali Leaching
Fubao MA, Xianglian WANG, Bingan WANG
Affiliations
  • Testing Center of Qinghai Nuclear Industry Geological Bureau,Xining 810016,China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.015
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针对高硫铝土矿硫含量高、难利用的问题,研究了高硫铝土矿碱浸脱硫过程,考察了碱质量浓度、液固体积质量比、浸出温度及时间等参数对脱硫效果的影响,并分析了反应动力学。结果表明:在碱质量浓度180 g/L、液固体积质量比8 L/1 kg、浸出温度160 ℃、浸出时间5 h条件下进行铝土矿碱浸脱硫处理,脱硫后铝土矿中硫质量分数为0.42%;反应过程符合缩核模型,脱硫过程受反应-内扩散共同控制,表观活化能为18.23 kJ/mol。该方法能有效降低高硫铝土矿中的硫含量,有利于高硫铝土矿的广泛利用。

铝土矿  /  脱硫  /  碱浸  /  动力学

Aiming at the problems of high sulfur content and difficult utilization of high sulfur bauxite,the alkaline leaching desulfurization process of high sulfur bauxite was studied.The effects of alkali mass concentration,liquid volume to solid mass ratio,leaching temperature and time on the desulfurization effect were investigated,and the reaction kinetics were analyzed.The results show that under the conditions of base concentration of 180 g/L,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 8 L/1 kg,leaching temperature of 160 ℃ and leaching time of 5 h,the bauxite sulfur mass fraction after desulphurization is 0.42%.The desulfurization process is controlled by reaction-internal diffusion,and the apparent activation energy is 18.23 kJ/mol.The method can effectively reduce the sulfur content in high sulfur bauxite and is beneficial to the wide utilization of high sulfur bauxite.

bauxite  /  desulphurization  /  alkali leaching  /  kinetics
马福宝, 王香莲, 王秉安. 高硫铝土矿碱浸脱硫试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (4) : 555 -560 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.015
Fubao MA, Xianglian WANG, Bingan WANG. Desulfurization of High Sulfur Bauxite by Alkali Leaching[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (4) : 555 -560 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.015
据《中国统计年鉴2024》数据显示,2023年我国氧化铝产量达8 151.17万t,但目前国内铝土矿资源仍存在供需矛盾、对外依存度较高等问题,而贵州等地储量较大的高硫铝土矿尚未得到有效利用[1]。高硫铝土矿一般是指硫质量分数在0.7%以上的铝土矿[1]。在拜耳法溶出过程中,高硫铝土矿中的硫会进入溶出液,即铝酸钠溶液中,并与铁结合,导致铝酸钠溶液中铁含量升高,最终造成产品氧化铝中铁含量升高、产品质量下降[2-6]。拜耳法工艺通常要求铝土矿中硫质量分数低于0.7%[7-8],因此研究高硫铝土矿脱硫,确保硫含量达标,从而促进该类资源有效利用,以缓解我国铝土矿资源短缺形势具有重要意义。
高硫铝土矿脱硫方法主要有浮选法、焙烧法、电解法及生物法等[9-16]。但这些方法都存在一些缺点:浮选法效率受矿石成分影响较大,且精矿脱水困难;焙烧法需在高温下操作,生成的尾气也需进一步处理;电解法脱硫效率低,能耗高;生物法周期长。有研究表明,碱浸脱硫法具有反应条件温和等优点,已被用于难处理金矿的预处理[17]。在工业溶出铝土矿时,通常也需要进行碱浸预处理,从而降低矿石中硅含量,提高铝土矿的铝硅比[18],如能利用碱浸实现高硫铝土矿脱硫,则可将脱硫处理与拜耳法氧化铝生产工艺中的脱硅工序耦合衔接,有利于节约生产成本。因此,试验探索了高硫铝土矿碱浸脱硫的可行性,以期为高硫铝土矿的广泛利用提供理论指导。
试验用铝土矿原料的化学组成见表1。可以看出,主要组成为铝、硅、铁、钙、钛、硫等,其中硫质量分数为4.25%,经计算可知,铝硅比为2.90。其物相分析结果如图1所示。可以看出,铝土矿主要由一水硬铝石、黄铁矿、高岭石、锐钛矿、二氧化硅及钛铁矿组成。可见,硫主要以黄铁矿形式存在,因此针对该铝土矿脱硫主要是除去黄铁矿。
主要试剂:氢氧化钠、盐酸、硼酸钠,分析纯;碳酸钠,优级纯。试验用水为纯水,由纯水机自制。
主要仪器及设备:X射线衍射仪,电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪,高频红外碳硫分析仪,反应釜。
称取一定质量高硫铝土矿加入反应釜中,按不同液固体积质量比加入一定体积预先配制好的氢氧化钠溶液,拧紧反应釜盖螺丝后开启搅拌,依次打开通气阀门和空压机,通入空气约5 min后,依次关闭空压机和通气阀。打开加热按钮,待釜内温度升至设定温度后反应一定时间。反应结束后,关闭加热按钮,打开循环冷却水冷却30 min,打开放气阀,待压力表显示压力为零后,开启反应釜,取出反应后溶液,过滤,滤饼用热水洗涤2次后,置于烘箱干燥,之后进行组分分析。铝土矿中硫含量采用碳硫分析仪测定[19]。采用碳酸钠和硼酸钠混合试剂作为助熔剂对铝土矿及脱硫矿进行熔融处理,然后利用盐酸溶液进行酸浸。酸浸液过滤、稀释、定容后,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪进行元素分析。
在碱浸过程中,铝土矿中黄铁矿的氧化过程较为复杂。黄铁矿和碱反应,可将硫转化为S2-进入液相。随着空气通入及浸出进行,S2-会被氧化为 S 2 O 3 2 SO 3 2 SO 4 2 ,且最终氧化产物为 SO 4 2 。碱浸过程可能发生的反应如下[3]:
FeS 2 + 2OH = Fe (OH) 2 + S 2 2 ;
2 S 2 2 + 2 OH + O 2 = 2 S 2 + S 2 O 3 2 + H 2 O ;
S 2 O 3 2 + 2OH = S 2 + SO 4 2 + H 2 O ;
S 2 + 2 O 2 = SO 4 2 ;
2 SO 3 2 + O 2 = 2 SO 4 2 ;
S 2 O 3 2 + 2 OH + 2 O 2 = 2 SO 4 2 + H 2 O
脱硫率x计算公式如下:
x = ( 1 - m t w t m 0 w 0 ) × 100 %
式中:m0mt—反应前、后铝土矿质量,g;w0wt—反应前、后铝土矿中硫质量分数,%。
在浸出温度180 ℃、液固体积质量比8/1(L/kg,下同)、浸出时间6 h条件下,考察碱质量浓度对铝土矿脱硫效果的影响,结果如图2所示。
图2看出,碱质量浓度对铝土矿中硫质量分数有较大影响:碱质量浓度在120~180 g/L范围内,硫质量分数随碱质量浓度升高逐渐降低;碱质量浓度在180~220 g/L范围内,碱硫质量分数变化不大。随碱质量浓度升高,溶液中氢氧根离子浓度增大,有利于反应式(1)~(3)向右进行,从而提升脱硫效果。综合考虑,确定碱浸脱硫的最佳碱质量浓度为180 g/L。
在碱质量浓度180 g/L、液固体积质量比8/1、反应时间6 h条件下,考察浸出温度对铝土矿脱硫效果的影响,结果如图3所示。可以看出,温度升高有利于铝土矿脱硫:当温度从120 ℃升至160 ℃时,硫质量分数明显减小;继续升温至200 ℃,硫质量分数仅略微降低。这是因为温度升高可使反应体系黏度减小,加速反应介质扩散速率,有利于脱硫反应进行。但温度升高会增加生产成本,同时还有可能在碱浸脱硫过程中溶出铝,造成铝损失。因此,综合考虑,确定最佳浸出温度为160 ℃。
在碱质量浓度180 g/L、浸出温度160 ℃、浸出时间6 h条件下,考察液固体积质量比对铝土矿脱硫效果的影响,结果如图4所示。
图4看出,液固体积质量比增大,硫质量分数呈减小趋势:液固体积质量比从4/1增至8/1时,硫质量分数减小幅度较大;继续增大液固体积质量比至12/1,硫质量分数仅有小幅减小,变化不大。这是因为随液固体积质量比增大,体系中介质浓度降低,反应体系黏度减小,介质扩散速率加快,有利于脱硫反应进行。因此,确定最佳液固体积质量比为8/1。
在碱质量浓度180 g/L、浸出温度160 ℃、液固体积质量比8/1条件下,考察浸出时间对铝土矿脱硫效果的影响,结果如图5所示。
图5看出,随浸出时间延长,硫质量分数逐渐减小:浸出时间在2~5 h范围内,硫质量分数减小幅度较大,说明铝土矿中大部分黄铁矿在5 h内即可被氧化;浸出时间在5~7 h范围内,硫质量分数减小幅度较小。因此,确定最佳浸出时间为5 h。
脱硫后铝土矿的化学组成见表2。可以看出:硫质量分数为0.42%,经计算可知,铝硅比为5.84,能满足拜耳法氧化铝生产工艺要求。
高硫铝土矿碱浸过程属于液固体系反应,因此试验采用缩核模型分析该反应过程的动力学。液固反应体系中,反应过程通常由外扩散、表面反应、内扩散或反应-内扩散共同控制。反应速率方程如式(8)~(11)所示[20-22]。外扩散对脱硫反应过程的影响在搅拌条件下通常可以忽略。不同温度下,脱硫率与浸出时间之间的关系如图6所示。根据式(9)~(11)对试验数据拟合,不同动力学模型的拟合参数见表3
外扩散控制模型:
x=k0t;
表面反应控制模型:
1 - ( 1 - x ) 1 3 = k 1 t ;
内扩散控制模型:
1 - 3 ( 1 - x ) 2 3 + 2 ( 1 - x ) = k 2 t ;
反应-内扩散共同控制模型:
1 - ( 1 - x ) 1 3 - 1 / 3 l n ( 1 - x ) = k 3 t
式中:x—脱硫率,%;k0k1k2k3—外扩散、表面反应、内扩散、反应-内扩散共同控制模型的化学反应速率常数,min-1;t—反应时间。
根据Arrhenius方程,反应速率常数k可表达为
k = A e - E a R T ,
两边取对数,得到ln k与1/T之间的关系式:
l n   k = l n   A - E a R T
式中:A—指前因子,min-1;Ea—反应表观活化能,kJ/mol;R—气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);T—热力学温度,K。
根据Ea可判断液-固反应过程的控制机制[21-23]:反应过程受表面反应控制时,Ea一般大于40 kJ/mol;反应过程受内扩散控制时,Ea一般为4~12 kJ/mol;反应过程受反应-内扩散共同控制时,Ea一般为12~40 kJ/mol。
表3中由不同反应控制模型拟合计算所得速率常数分别与温度进行拟合,结果如图7~9所示。根据拟合曲线斜率计算得出反应表观活化能,结果见表4
表4看出:表面反应控制对应的表观活化能为26.50 kJ/mol,小于40 kJ/mol,说明高硫铝土矿脱硫过程不受表面反应控制[20];内扩散控制对应的表观活化能为15.92 kJ/mol,大于12 kJ/mol,说明高硫铝土矿脱硫过程也不受内扩散控制[20]。而反应-内扩散共同控制对应的表现活化能为18.23 kJ/mol,在12~40 kJ/mol范围内,说明高硫铝土矿脱硫过程受反应-内扩散共同控制[20,22]
高硫铝土矿碱浸过程中,NaOH与铝土矿中的FeS2反应生成铁的氢氧化物,铁的氢氧化物与高硫铝土矿中其他未参与反应的组分共同构成惰性残留层即产物层。反应过程中,NaOH需由高硫铝土矿颗粒表面通过产物层扩散至颗粒内部未反应核的表面发生化学反应。因此,高硫铝土矿脱硫反应过程受反应-内扩散共同控制。
采用碱浸法进行高硫铝土矿脱硫是可行的。在碱质量浓度180 g/L、浸出温度160 ℃、液固体积质量比8/1、浸出时间5 h条件下,高硫铝土矿经碱浸脱硫后硫质量分数降至0.42%。高硫铝土矿的碱浸脱硫过程受反应-内扩散共同控制,反应表观活化能为18.23 kJ/mol。该法可有效降低高硫铝土矿的硫质量分数,且可与拜耳法生产工艺中的脱硅工序进行耦合衔接,为高硫铝土矿的广泛利用提供一条新途径。
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2025年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.015
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 首发时间:2025-09-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
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    青海省核工业检测试验中心,青海 西宁 810016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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