Article(id=1172169460854145389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)04-0448-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757396577323, onlineDateStr=2025-09-09, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757396577323, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757396577323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757396577323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172169457649697117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='433', pageEnd='581', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757396576558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401820494, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=448, endPage=458, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172169461055471983, articleId=1172169460854145389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Recovering of Cobalt from Waste Lithium-ion Batteries by Ammonia Leaching—Ion Exchange Resin Adsorption Method, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the problem of secondary environmental pollution caused by acid leaching system for recycling waste lithium cathode materials,a green leaching system for obtaining cobalt carbonate with high efficiency was studied.The cobalt from waste lithium batteries was recovered by ammonia leaching—ion exchange resin method.The results show that under the conditions of ammonia concentration of 5 mol/L,NH4Cl concentration of 0.7 mol/L,(NH4)2SO3 concentration of 0.5 mol/L,temperature of 140 ℃,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 20 g/1 L and reaction time of 50 min,the leaching rates of Co,Li and Ni are 88.0%,90.0% and 92.5%,respectively.Under the condition of temperature of 20 ℃ and flow rate of 1 mL/min,150 mL of ammonia leaching solution is selectively adsorbed by 40 g CH-90 resin,and the adsorption capacity of Co is 9.06 mg/g.FT-IR,SEM and XPS characterization results show that cobalt is exchanged with Na+ in the functional group of the resin and adsorbed on the resin in the form of [Co(NH3)i]2+.CoCO3 products with purity exceeding 97.5% are obtained by using sodium carbonate precipitation to recover cobalt carbonate,after elution,precipitation and impurity removal.

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针对采用酸性浸出体系回收废旧锂电正极材料易造成环境二次污染问题,研究了一种高效提纯获取碳酸钴的绿色浸出体系,采用氨浸—离子交换树脂吸附法回收废旧锂电池中的钴。结果表明:在氨水浓度5 mol/L、NH4Cl浓度0.7 mol/L、(NH4)2SO3浓度0.5 mol/L、温度140 ℃、固液质量体积比20 g/1 L、反应时间50 min条件下,Co、Li、Ni浸出率分别可达88.0%、90.0%、92.5%;在温度20 ℃、流量1 mL/min条件下,用40 g CH-90树脂选择性吸附150 mL氨浸液,Co吸附量为9.06 mg/g;通过FT-IR、SEM及XPS表征可知,钴与树脂官能团中的Na+交换,以[Co(NH3)i]2+形式吸附在树脂上。使用碳酸钠沉淀回收碳酸钴,经过洗脱、沉淀、除杂后,制得产品纯度超97.5%的CoCO3产品。

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胡庆喜(1969—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为轻工机械设备、固废资源化利用。E-mail:
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李金蓉(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废旧锂离子电池资源化利用。

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李金蓉(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废旧锂离子电池资源化利用。

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李金蓉(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废旧锂离子电池资源化利用。

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Biological Chemical Engineering, 2022, 8(1):48-50., articleTitle=Direct liquid phase precipitation legal preparation ultrafine spherical cobalt carbonate, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172190244976837469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, awardId=D9214750, language=CN, fundingSource=蒸发结晶杂盐固废资源化工艺研究横向项目(D9214750), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172190239033508610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172190239041897219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, companyId=1172190239033508610, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510641,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172190239050285828, 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articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Ni-NH3-H2O系(a)、Co-NH3-H2O系(b)的E-pH关系[23], figureFileSmall=vCdivI8/VjQLb6sTioEaKw==, figureFileBig=kVZ7fnDUkvl+/043DlQwkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190242623832893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of reaction temperature on leaching rate of three metals, figureFileSmall=J9cw0KsUPEhdqhp1Is23vg==, figureFileBig=nUUqOS5+3Zw+K8Y6C6g/lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190242707718974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图6, caption=反应温度对3种金属浸出率的影响, figureFileSmall=J9cw0KsUPEhdqhp1Is23vg==, figureFileBig=nUUqOS5+3Zw+K8Y6C6g/lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190242783216447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of reaction time on leaching rate of three metals, figureFileSmall=UXV40/U7jar+Wt/uSrz5Dw==, figureFileBig=D2+aJvmoqz14YCe7GlB9+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190242854519616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图7, caption=反应时间对3种金属浸出率的影响, figureFileSmall=UXV40/U7jar+Wt/uSrz5Dw==, figureFileBig=D2+aJvmoqz14YCe7GlB9+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190242917434177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of solid mass to liquid volume ratio on leaching rate of three metals, figureFileSmall=gDLKRAS2JBqN+c+q7o94cQ==, figureFileBig=W0SULycymf1fQ5cD3RcJAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190242980348738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图8, caption=固液质量体积比对3种金属浸出率的影响, figureFileSmall=gDLKRAS2JBqN+c+q7o94cQ==, figureFileBig=W0SULycymf1fQ5cD3RcJAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243047457603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of different types of ion exchange resins on adsorption capacity of three metals, figureFileSmall=oszVcYKdiiGlC1a5gC+GpA==, figureFileBig=jH29pZOQ0d3dOaoNPlYSUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243101983556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同型号离子交换树脂对3种金属吸附量的影响, figureFileSmall=oszVcYKdiiGlC1a5gC+GpA==, figureFileBig=jH29pZOQ0d3dOaoNPlYSUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243164898117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of adsorption temperature on adsorption capacity of two metals, figureFileSmall=MM6X6HuPBiRwg+bb+S2unQ==, figureFileBig=sqTVCP889rzvAzn98iSMrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243244589894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图10, caption=吸附温度对2种金属吸附量的影响, figureFileSmall=MM6X6HuPBiRwg+bb+S2unQ==, figureFileBig=sqTVCP889rzvAzn98iSMrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243332670279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=SEM photos of CH-90 resin before (a) and after (b) adsorption of metals, figureFileSmall=LsgJBNA+5oGCkhhqF0NzPw==, figureFileBig=Dj4ez3D1OzgqZtCGkj4o3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243391390536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图11, caption=CH-90树脂吸附金属元素前(a)、后(b)的SEM照片, figureFileSmall=LsgJBNA+5oGCkhhqF0NzPw==, figureFileBig=Dj4ez3D1OzgqZtCGkj4o3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243492053833, 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journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图13, caption=CH-90树脂吸附金属元素前、后的红外光谱, figureFileSmall=iKbjLJwzd4QS+qGG8y4eUQ==, figureFileBig=PE8OY91v3szY14vKk4z7hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243785655117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=XPS spectra of CH-90 resin before and after adsorption of metals, figureFileSmall=JbgYO7ZrfShZISfNzsCfcw==, figureFileBig=mdF4IG+KjeWowKiiEFx+Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243852763982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图14, caption=CH-90树脂吸附金属元素前、后的XPS光谱

a—吸附前、后树脂的全XPS光谱;b—吸附后树脂的Co 2p的XPS分峰拟合光谱;c—吸附后树脂的N 1s的XPS分峰拟合光谱;d—吸附后树脂的Ni 2p的XPS分峰拟合光谱。

, figureFileSmall=JbgYO7ZrfShZISfNzsCfcw==, figureFileBig=mdF4IG+KjeWowKiiEFx+Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243919872847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=SEM photos of CoCO3 product, figureFileSmall=DDaKqhv2V+Og2C2UIQ2rRA==, figureFileBig=N+A4HcoYZP7Iabj96dCp5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190243986981712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图15, caption=碳酸钴产品的SEM照片, figureFileSmall=DDaKqhv2V+Og2C2UIQ2rRA==, figureFileBig=N+A4HcoYZP7Iabj96dCp5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190244066673489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=XRD patterns of CoCO3 product and standard CoCO3, figureFileSmall=gYFnDYWo+MJ7hnMhQCFKpw==, figureFileBig=mWGgcfWN8bvFFBMW28Kqjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190244137976658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=图16, caption=碳酸钴产品与标准碳酸钴的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=gYFnDYWo+MJ7hnMhQCFKpw==, figureFileBig=mWGgcfWN8bvFFBMW28Kqjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172190244192502611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition of cathode powder of waste lithium-ion batteries %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Co Ni Mn Li Cu Fe 非金属
17.51 44.47 2.38 9.07 <0.01 <0.01 平衡
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244255417172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

废旧锂电池正极粉末的组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Co Ni Mn Li Cu Fe 非金属
17.51 44.47 2.38 9.07 <0.01 <0.01 平衡
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244335108949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic physical indicators of resin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂型号 出厂型号 质量交换容量/(mmol·g-1) pH 含水量/% 最大操作温度/℃
LSC-930 H型 ≥5.5 5~14 55~65 100
CH-90 Na型 ≥2.0 0~14 45~50 80
D113 H型 ≥10.8 5~14 45~55 100
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244406412118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

树脂的基本物理指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂型号 出厂型号 质量交换容量/(mmol·g-1) pH 含水量/% 最大操作温度/℃
LSC-930 H型 ≥5.5 5~14 55~65 100
CH-90 Na型 ≥2.0 0~14 45~50 80
D113 H型 ≥10.8 5~14 45~55 100
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244486103895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis results of specific surface area and pore parameters of different types of ion exchange resins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂型号 比表面积/
(m2·g-1)
吸附平均
孔径/nm
总孔体积/
(cm3·g-1)
LSC-930 5.240 3.846 0.064
CH-90 26.451 15.31 0.481
D113 1.934 10.134 0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244565795672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同型号离子交换树脂比表面积、孔参数分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂型号 比表面积/
(m2·g-1)
吸附平均
孔径/nm
总孔体积/
(cm3·g-1)
LSC-930 5.240 3.846 0.064
CH-90 26.451 15.31 0.481
D113 1.934 10.134 0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244637098841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of structural characteristics of different types of ion exchange resins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂
型号
物理结构
类型
官能团 骨架材料
LSC-930 大孔型 亚氨基二乙酸
(—NH—(CH2COOH)2)
交联聚苯乙烯
CH-90 巨孔型 亚氨基二乙酸
(—NH—(CH2COOH)2)
交联聚苯乙烯
D113 大孔型 羧基(—COOH) 交联丙烯酸共聚物
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244700013402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同型号离子交换树脂的结构特性对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂
型号
物理结构
类型
官能团 骨架材料
LSC-930 大孔型 亚氨基二乙酸
(—NH—(CH2COOH)2)
交联聚苯乙烯
CH-90 巨孔型 亚氨基二乙酸
(—NH—(CH2COOH)2)
交联聚苯乙烯
D113 大孔型 羧基(—COOH) 交联丙烯酸共聚物
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244758733659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Nickel and cobalt contents before and after elution and elution rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属元素 树脂中金属
质量/mg
洗脱液中金属
质量/mg
洗脱率/%
Co 362.41 358.81 99
Ni 1 055.11 1 044.56 99
), ArticleFig(id=1172190244825842524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169460854145389, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

洗脱前、后镍钴质量及洗脱率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属元素 树脂中金属
质量/mg
洗脱液中金属
质量/mg
洗脱率/%
Co 362.41 358.81 99
Ni 1 055.11 1 044.56 99
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氨浸—离子交换树脂吸附法回收废旧锂电池中钴工艺研究
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李金蓉 1 , 刘翔 2 , 胡庆喜 1 , 李泽鹏 1 , 陈伟 1 , 陈永进 1
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(4): 448-458
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(4): 448-458
氨浸—离子交换树脂吸附法回收废旧锂电池中钴工艺研究
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李金蓉1, 刘翔2, 胡庆喜1 , 李泽鹏1, 陈伟1, 陈永进1
作者信息
  • 1 华南理工大学 轻工科学与工程学院制浆造纸工程国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510641
  • 2 广州市迈源科技有限公司,广东 广州 510700
  • 李金蓉(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废旧锂离子电池资源化利用。

通讯作者:

胡庆喜(1969—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为轻工机械设备、固废资源化利用。E-mail:
Recovering of Cobalt from Waste Lithium-ion Batteries by Ammonia Leaching—Ion Exchange Resin Adsorption Method
Jinrong LI1, Xiang LIU2, Qingxi HU1 , Zepeng LI1, Wei CHEN1, Yongjin CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510641,China
  • 2 Guangzhou Maiyuan Technology Co.,Ltd.,Guangzhou 510700,China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.003
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针对采用酸性浸出体系回收废旧锂电正极材料易造成环境二次污染问题,研究了一种高效提纯获取碳酸钴的绿色浸出体系,采用氨浸—离子交换树脂吸附法回收废旧锂电池中的钴。结果表明:在氨水浓度5 mol/L、NH4Cl浓度0.7 mol/L、(NH4)2SO3浓度0.5 mol/L、温度140 ℃、固液质量体积比20 g/1 L、反应时间50 min条件下,Co、Li、Ni浸出率分别可达88.0%、90.0%、92.5%;在温度20 ℃、流量1 mL/min条件下,用40 g CH-90树脂选择性吸附150 mL氨浸液,Co吸附量为9.06 mg/g;通过FT-IR、SEM及XPS表征可知,钴与树脂官能团中的Na+交换,以[Co(NH3)i]2+形式吸附在树脂上。使用碳酸钠沉淀回收碳酸钴,经过洗脱、沉淀、除杂后,制得产品纯度超97.5%的CoCO3产品。

锂电池  /  碳酸钴  /  氨浸  /  离子交换树脂  /  吸附  /  机制

In view of the problem of secondary environmental pollution caused by acid leaching system for recycling waste lithium cathode materials,a green leaching system for obtaining cobalt carbonate with high efficiency was studied.The cobalt from waste lithium batteries was recovered by ammonia leaching—ion exchange resin method.The results show that under the conditions of ammonia concentration of 5 mol/L,NH4Cl concentration of 0.7 mol/L,(NH4)2SO3 concentration of 0.5 mol/L,temperature of 140 ℃,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 20 g/1 L and reaction time of 50 min,the leaching rates of Co,Li and Ni are 88.0%,90.0% and 92.5%,respectively.Under the condition of temperature of 20 ℃ and flow rate of 1 mL/min,150 mL of ammonia leaching solution is selectively adsorbed by 40 g CH-90 resin,and the adsorption capacity of Co is 9.06 mg/g.FT-IR,SEM and XPS characterization results show that cobalt is exchanged with Na+ in the functional group of the resin and adsorbed on the resin in the form of [Co(NH3)i]2+.CoCO3 products with purity exceeding 97.5% are obtained by using sodium carbonate precipitation to recover cobalt carbonate,after elution,precipitation and impurity removal.

lithium battery  /  cobalt carbonate  /  ammonia leaching  /  ion exchange resin  /  adsorption  /  mechanism
李金蓉, 刘翔, 胡庆喜, 李泽鹏, 陈伟, 陈永进. 氨浸—离子交换树脂吸附法回收废旧锂电池中钴工艺研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (4) : 448 -458 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.003
Jinrong LI, Xiang LIU, Qingxi HU, Zepeng LI, Wei CHEN, Yongjin CHEN. Recovering of Cobalt from Waste Lithium-ion Batteries by Ammonia Leaching—Ion Exchange Resin Adsorption Method[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (4) : 448 -458 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.003
锂离子电池因具有较高的储能性能,已成为新能源汽车领域广泛应用的关键储能部件。但随着其使用周期延长,性能会逐渐下降,从而产生大量废旧锂离子电池[1]。这些废旧电池中含有大量有价金属元素,由于其在生产过程中存在较高成本和供应链不稳定性等问题[2],使得回收这些金属元素变得尤为重要。目前针对这些金属的回收工艺主要分为火法和湿法[3],其中湿法因具有浸出率高、能耗较低等优点逐渐成为主流工艺[4]。湿法常用浸出剂为酸、碱(氨等)、微生物等[4]。酸浸法浸出率较高,尤其是以无机酸作为浸出剂能将Li、Ni和Co等有价金属几乎全部浸出[5-8],但会产生低pH渗滤液,易对环境构成威胁,增加废水处理难度;微生物浸出法具有低能耗、绿色环保、经济高效等特点,但浸出过程易受pH、微生物营养等多因素调控影响,而工艺条件的变化会导致效率波动,此外微生物培养及浸出周期也较长,目前还难以实现大规模应用;碱(氨)浸法具有优异的金属选择性[9-10],相比酸浸法对环境更加友好,浸出率也高于生物浸出法,因此更具优势。
针对浸出废旧电池后产生的浸出液中的金属,当前大多采用萃取[11]、电化学沉积[12]或离子交换树脂吸附[13-14]等工艺进行提纯回收。酸浸—萃取联合工艺较为成熟,浸出和富集效率高;但会用到有机溶剂,易对人身健康与环境产生不利影响,且萃取剂价格通常也较高。电化学沉积工艺能选择性回收金属,且环境友好、操作简便、离子回收率较高;但对于还原电位相近的金属离子,易出现复合沉积问题。离子交换树脂吸附工艺因树脂具有再生性能[15],可降低成本,同时也更加环保。目前,用离子交换树脂吸附废旧电池中的金属离子已有一些报道[16],但有关从废旧三元锂离子电池的氨浸液中吸附回收钴研究目前尚未见有报道。
试验研究了采用氨浸—离子交换树脂吸附法,以碳酸钴形式回收废旧锂电池中的钴,以期为从该类资源中回收钴提供一种更加绿色环保的方法。
试验用主要分析纯试剂包括氨水(5 mol/L)、(NH4)2SO3、NH4Cl、盐酸、碳酸钠。水为去离子水。
试验所用电池粉末取自广州某废旧锂离子电池拆解厂,用物理剥离技术将活性物质从电极片上剥离下来,用超声辅助Fenton反应法选择性去除粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF),干燥后对活性物质进行研磨细化处理。使用发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)测定正极材料组成,所得结果见表1,其中Co、Ni、Mn、Li质量分数分别为17.51%、44.47%、2.38%、9.07%。该正极材料的主要物相组成为LiNixCoyMnzO2
预处理后正极粉末的SEM照片如图1所示,粉末的粒径分布如图2所示。
图1看出:研磨后粉末为颗粒状,呈规则球形或近似球形,分布较松散,有部分聚集;颗粒表面粗糙,有细微凸起,大颗粒周围附着的小颗粒较少,这表明在预处理有效去除了部分杂质及粗糙附着物。由图2看出:颗粒大小虽存在一定分布区间,但总体分布较为均匀。
试验用主要仪器与设备:雷磁pHS-3C pH计,美国赛默飞 ICP7600等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES),美国赛默飞Apreo场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS),日本理学Rigaku Ultima IV X射线衍射仪 (XRD),美国赛默飞iS5傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR),美国赛默飞 EscaLab 250Xi X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS),高温增压恒温水浴锅(自制),予申DF-101S型集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器,流速控制仪(自制),新芝SCIENTZ-750F 超声波分散仪,美国康塔仪器Autosorb-iQ系列自动气体吸附仪(BET)。
先取适量预处理后的正极活性粉末于100 mL烧杯中,加入5 mol/L氨水,之后再加入NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO3溶液,用保鲜膜密封;然后置于高温增压锅中,在恒温下反应一定时间;反应结束后过滤、定容、稀释浸出液,采用ICP-OES测定其中金属含量。氨浸试验条件:NH4Cl浓度(0.4~0.8 mol/L)、(NH4)2SO3浓度(0.3~0.6 mol/L)、反应温度(80~160 ℃)、固液质量体积比(10/1~50/1 g/L)、反应时间(20~60 min)。在氨浸过程中,正极材料活性粉末中的Ni、Co和Li以金属离子或氨配合物形式浸出进入溶液中,而Mn的氨配合物不稳定,易析出[17]。相关的反应方程式如下[8]:
$\text{N}{{\text{i}}^{\text{2+}}}+i\text{N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}=\text{Ni(N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\text{)}_{i}^{2+};$
$\text{C}{{\text{o}}^{\text{2+}}}+i\text{N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}=\text{Co(N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\text{)}_{i}^{2+};$
Mn 2+ +2OH =Mn (OH) 2 ;
${{[\text{Mn(N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{i}}]}^{2+}}+2\text{SO}_{3}^{2-}+2\text{NH}_{\text{4}}^{\text{+}}+{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\text{O=(N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\text{Mn(S}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\cdot {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\text{O}\downarrow +i\text{N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}$
因此,氨浸阶段主要探究不同的氯化铵浓度、亚硫酸铵浓度、反应时间、反应温度及固液质量体积比对正极活性粉末中Ni、Co、Li浸出率的影响。
试验考察了不同树脂型号(D113树脂、LSC-930树脂、CH-90树脂)及温度(20~60 ℃)对吸附量的影响,确定最佳吸附参数及吸附机制。树脂的基本物理指标见表2
树脂预处理:首先取适量树脂放入250 mL烧杯中,再加入200 mL 2%的稀盐酸浸泡并搅拌3 h;洗脱树脂中的杂质,之后再用大量去离子水冲洗树脂,直至洗出液pH为中性即可。
将预处理后树脂加入到玻璃离子交换柱(15 cm×10 mm)中,使用流速控制仪将过滤后的氨浸液缓慢通入交换柱中,使用离子交换树脂选择性吸附氨浸液中的金属氨配合物;待氨浸液全部通过交换柱后,用ICP-OES测定吸附尾液中金属含量,计算吸附率。相关反应方程式如下[18]:
${{[\text{Me(N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{i}}]}^{2+}}\text{(a)+2R}\text{H(s)}={{\text{R}}_{\text{2}}}\text{ }\!\![\!\!\text{ Me(N}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{i}}\text{ }\!\!]\!\!\text{ (s)+2}{{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}}\text{(a)};$
NH 3 (a)+H + (a)=NH 4 + (a);
R 2 (NH [Me(NH 3 ) i ] (s) + ( i + 2 ) H + (a) = 2 RH(s) + i NH 4 + (a)+Me 2+ (a)
式中:Me为Co或Ni;R—H为阳离子树脂(H代表出厂型号)。
吸附率计算公式如下:
x = ρ 0 - ρ e ρ 0 × 100 %
式中:x—吸附率,%;ρ0—氨浸液中金属质量浓度,mg/L;ρe—滤液中金属质量浓度,mg/L。
将吸附前、后树脂通过SEM-EDS、FT-IR及XPS进行表征,确定吸附机制。利用扫描电子显微镜对吸附前后的树脂形态进行表征。采用红外光谱仪对吸附前后树脂的化学结构和化学键进行表征。将样品分散在溴化钾(KBr)中,在4 000~400 cm-1波数范围内记录光谱。采用X射线光电子能谱仪确定树脂的化学组成及表面发生的价态变化。
采用5%盐酸对负载离子交换树脂进行柱式洗脱,洗脱树脂吸附的钴和镍元素,得到含CoCl2和NiCl2的洗脱液,测定洗脱液中钴、镍含量,计算回收率。
采用沉淀法制备碳酸钴,以此回收金属钴[19-20]。首先将洗脱液pH调至8.5,再将洗脱液及沉淀剂饱和碳酸钠溶液都加温至85 ℃,在搅拌条件下缓慢倒入圆底烧瓶中;待反应结束,将生成的碳酸钴沉淀置于100 ℃的干燥箱中陈化24 h,过滤后再将滤饼置于超声波分散仪中振动处理,以便更好地分散沉淀颗粒;再用85 ℃蒸馏水洗涤滤饼,洗涤同时通入CO2纯化产物;将洗涤后的滤饼放入150 ℃的真空干燥箱中干燥3 h后进行二次洗涤,直至洗涤液中无Cl存在;再将产品放入150 ℃的真空干燥箱中干燥3 h,得到高纯度的碳酸钴产品。
采用碳酸盐沉淀法从洗脱液中制备碳酸钴的反应方程式如下:
Co 2+ +CO 3 2 =CoCO 3
通过SEM、XRD表征碳酸钴产品。采用扫描电子显微镜对产品形貌进行分析,观察其结晶状况。采用X射线衍射仪,在电压40 kV、电流40 mA、扫描范围2θ为10°~80°条件下,用Cu Kα射线观察碳酸钴产品的晶体结构。
在反应温度140 ℃、(NH4)2SO3浓度0.5 mol/L、固液质量体积比为20/1(g/L,下同)、反应时间50 min条件下,NH4Cl浓度对金属浸出率的影响如图3所示。
图3可知:NH4Cl浓度从0.4 mol/L升至0.7 mol/L时,镍、钴、锂浸出率均显著升高;但当NH4Cl浓度从0.7 mol/L进一步升至0.8 mol/L时,镍浸出率呈现上升趋势,但变化不明显,而钴浸出率呈下降趋势,这是因为在浸出过程中,过量的氯化铵水解呈酸性,pH下降会抑制反应的进行[21]。因此,最终选定NH4Cl浓度为0.7 mol/L。
在反应温度140 ℃、NH4Cl浓度0.7 mol/L、固液质量体积比20/1、反应时间50 min 条件下,(NH4)2SO3浓度对金属浸出率的影响如图4所示。
图4可知:(NH4)2SO3浓度从0.3 mol/L升至0.5 mol/L时,镍、钴、锂浸出率均显著升高;(NH4)2SO3浓度超过0.5 mol/L后,锂、钴浸出率趋于平缓,镍浸出率略有下降。这可能是由于浸出液pH随氨用量的增加而升高[22],而镍在强碱性环境下会生成NiO,进而导致镍浸出率下降,如图5(a)所示[23]。当pH超过12时,钴氨配合物不能稳定存在,因此,要使钴形成稳定的钴氨配合物,需控制氨浸液pH在10左右,如图5(b)所示[23]。因此,最终选定(NH4)2SO3浓度为0.5 mol/L,以平衡还原能力与配合稳定性之间的矛盾。
在NH4Cl浓度0.7 mol/L、(NH4)2SO3浓度0.5 mol/L、固液质量体积比20/1、反应时间50 min条件下,反应温度对金属浸出率的影响如图6所示。
图6可知:随反应温度升高,镍、钴、锂浸出率均逐渐升高;温度在140~160 ℃范围内,镍、钴、锂浸出率逐渐趋于平稳。这是因为温度是影响化学反应速率的重要因素之一,温度越高,原料颗粒与浸出剂碰撞概率越大;此外,升温还能加速金属离子在浸出体系中的扩散和传质,从而影响浸出动力学[10]。为保证金属钴回收率,同时减少氨水挥发,最终选定反应温度为140 ℃。
在NH4Cl浓度0.7 mol/L、(NH4)2SO3浓度0.5 mol/L、反应温度140 ℃、固液质量体积比20/1条件下,反应时间对金属浸出率的影响如图7所示。
图7可知,随反应时间延长,镍、钴、锂浸出率先升高而后趋于平稳:在0~50 min内,钴、锂、镍浸出率逐渐升高,并在50 ℃时分别达88.0%、90.0%、92.5%;之后继续延长反应时间,3种金属浸出率升幅较小。综合考虑,最终选定反应时间为50 min。
在NH4Cl浓度0.7 mol/L、(NH4)2SO3浓度0.5 mol/L、反应温度140 ℃、反应时间50 min条件下,固液质量体积比对金属浸出率的影响如图8所示。
图8可知:随固液质量体积比增大,钴、锂、镍浸出率均逐渐下降:当固液质量体积比为10/1时,钴、锂、镍浸出率最大,分别为90.5%、93.4%、96.5%。这是因为固液质量体积比越小越利于浸出,因其可强化传质,推动反应正向进行,稀释产物,优化流动性,进而提升金属浸出率;但固液质量体积比过小会增加浸出剂用量和处理成本,因此有必要对该条件进行优化。由图8还可看出,固液质量体积比从10/1优化至20/1时,钴浸出率仅下降2.5%,但试验中发现此时溶剂成本可减少50%,整体效益提升显著。因此,综合考虑,最终选定固液质量体积比为20/1。
通过上述单因素试验确定氨浸最佳工艺参数为:反应温度140 ℃,NH4Cl浓度0.7 mol/L、(NH4)2SO3浓度0.5 mol/L、反应时间50 min、固液质量体积比20 g/1 L。在该条件下,Co、Li、Ni浸出率分别为88.0%、90.0%、92.5%。浸出液经过滤后进行酸化处理,适当降低氨浸液pH,以利于提高后续树脂对金属的吸附率。浸出液中Co、Li、Ni的氨配合物质量浓度分别为3.08、8.23、1.63 g/L。
在氨浸液流量1 mL/min、吸附温度30 ℃、树脂用量40 g条件下,不同型号树脂对金属吸附量的影响如图9所示。
图9可知,3种树脂对金属离子的吸附性能存在明显差异,CH-90树脂对金属离子的吸附效果最好,镍、钴、锂吸附量分别为26.378、9.06、0.655 mg/g;其次是LSC-930树脂,而D113树脂的吸附效果最差;此外,不同金属离子的吸附量也存在显著差异,其中镍吸附量最高,钴次之,锂吸附量最低。产生上述差异的根源主要在于不同树脂的结构特性不同,且对金属的选择性能方面也有差别。
使用自动气体吸附仪对树脂结构进行探究,基于BET模型计算比表面积,采用NL-DFT模型分析孔径分布,通过BJH模型计算介孔体积。不同型号离子交换树脂的比表面积、孔参数分析结果见表3
表3可知:CH-90树脂的比表面积和总孔体积均高于LSC-930和D113。这表明CH-90树脂表面有更多的活性吸附位点,能与镍、钴离子充分接触,进而提升对镍、钴离子的吸附量;CH-90树脂总孔体积较大,则意味着树脂内部可储存更多的镍、钴离子,特别是在动态吸附过程中,能够延长穿透时间,从而提高镍、钴离子的整体吸附量。
不同型号离子交换树脂的结构特性对比见表4。可知:CH-90树脂是一种巨孔型树脂,具有亚氨基二乙酸官能团,对重金属离子具有高选择性,能够在复杂溶液中优先吸附二价金属离子,且其结构呈巨孔状,可提供更为优越的离子扩散性能;相比之下,LSC-930树脂虽也属于大孔型螯合离子树脂,同样具有亚氨基二乙酸官能团,对特定金属离子具有选择性吸附能力,但其在复杂体系中对镍、钴离子选择性不如CH-90树脂突出[24],这可能是因为CH-90树脂的巨孔结构提供了更优越的离子扩散性能,从而在复杂体系中表现出更高的选择性;D113树脂是大孔型弱酸性阳离子交换树脂,具有羧基官能团,由于其官能团与金属离子形成的配合物稳定性相对较低,导致其吸附率不及CH-90和LSC-930树脂。综合考虑,选用CH-90进行后续吸附试验。
试验中发现,经离子交换树脂的选择性吸附后,大量锂离子仍留在滤液中,树脂中锂质量分数仅为镍的3.8%左右,因此在后续因素分析中不再考虑锂含量对钴回收的影响。
取40 g CH-90树脂,在氨浸液流量1 mL/min条件下,考察吸附温度对金属吸附量的影响,结果如图10所示。可知:吸附温度为20 ℃时,钴、镍吸附量均最大;随吸附温度升高,二者的吸附量均减小。这可能是因为该反应为放热反应,升高温度会使CH-90树脂与二价金属反应的化学平衡向吸热反应方向进行,从而导致钴、镍吸附量减小。所以,在实际应用中,为获得最佳的树脂吸附效果,应避免流液温度过高,将吸附温度控制在20~40 ℃之间即可。
CH-90树脂吸附金属元素前、后的SEM照片如图11所示,EDS分析结果如图12所示。由图11看出:CH-90交换树脂表面光滑,且存在一些小孔,吸附金属后表面明显出现一些附着物。由图12可知,CH-90树脂吸附前仅检测到N元素,吸附后则可检测到Co和Ni,表明树脂成功吸附了这2种元素。
CH-90树脂吸附金属元素前、后的红外光谱如图13所示。可知:位于2 924 cm-1 处的振动峰是由甲基(CH3)与亚甲基(CH2)中C—H不对称伸缩振动引起的;在波数3 425 cm-1处的峰是树脂的亚氨基二乙酸基团(—NH—(CH2COOH)2)中O—H伸缩振动所引发;1 599 cm-1处的峰与树脂中羰基C=O有关联;在1 398.6 cm-1处的峰对应C=O—O的伸缩振动;1 312 cm-1处的峰对应C—O键的伸缩振动;吸附后树脂的红外光谱中出现了多个新峰,423 cm-1处的吸收峰对应钴氨配合物与树脂发生离子交换后形成的Co—O伸缩振动,说明Co与O发生了相互作用[25-26];而1 312 cm-1处的C—O峰消失,表明极性基团上的Na+脱离,之后极性基团与[Co(NH3)i]2+形成配位键。
CH-90树脂吸附金属元素前、后的XPS分析结果如图14所示。
洗脱液中钴、镍质量及洗脱率见表5。可以看出,镍、钴洗脱率均可达99%。钴镍氨配合物具有较高的稳定性,但以盐酸为洗脱剂时,因氢离子与氨分子之间结合能力较强,使得配合物发生解离,逐渐置换出金属离子,并形成游离的金属离子进入溶液,最终得到CoCl2和NiCl2的洗脱液。
用饱和碳酸钠溶液对洗脱液中的钴进行沉淀回收。经沉淀、陈化、过滤、洗涤、干燥后得到淡紫色晶状粉末。该粉末的SEM照片如图15所示,XRD图谱如图16所示。由图1516看出:粉末颗粒的形貌较为一致,主要为球形和类球形[27],粒径分布均匀,无明显团聚现象,呈结晶形态,与纯碳酸钴的特征结构一致;粉末的特征峰与标准碳酸钴的特征峰基本匹配,且未检测到其他杂质峰。
取0.1 g回收的碳酸钴粉末,加入浓盐酸,反应后定容至100 mL,用滤膜过滤后通过ICP检测仪器分析溶液中的钴浓度。同时取0.1 g标准碳酸钴样品进行相同操作以测定钴浓度。由于市售标准碳酸钴纯度一般为98%,因此,回收的碳酸钴纯度y计算公式如下:
y = ρ 1 ρ 2 / 98 % × 100 %
式中:ρ1—回收碳酸钴粉末中钴质量浓度,mg/L;ρ2—标准碳酸钴中钴质量浓度,mg/L。
经计算可得,回收的碳酸钴纯度为97.5%。
1)使用复合氨浸体系(NH3·H2O-NH4Cl-(NH4)2SO3)可有效浸出废旧三元锂电池中的镍、钴、锂,同时沉淀金属锰。在适宜条件下,镍、钴、锂浸出率分别为92.5%、88.0%、90.0%。
2)采用LSC-930、CH-90、D113离子交换树脂分别吸附氨浸液中的金属配合物离子,CH-90的选择性吸附效果明显优于另外2种树脂,能有效吸附氨浸液中的镍钴。
3)采用SEM、FT-IR及XPS探究了CH-90树脂的吸附机制,结果表明:钴是通过以[Co (NH3)i]2+形式与树脂官能团中Na+交换,被吸附到树脂上,之后采用饱和碳酸钠沉淀洗脱液回收碳酸钴,纯度可达97.5%。
4)该工艺与传统的酸浸工艺相比,优点在于氨浸液与离子交换树脂都可重复使用,能有效避免资源浪费,减少环境污染,具有一定的推广应用价值;但离子交换树脂在碱性环境下的吸附性能不如酸性环境,吸附量较低,仍需进一步优化,开发性能更加优异的离子交换树脂;此外,对于其他可能影响金属回收率的因素,如pH和共存离子等,在后续研究中需进一步优化。
  • 蒸发结晶杂盐固废资源化工艺研究横向项目(D9214750)
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.003
  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2025-09-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-23
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蒸发结晶杂盐固废资源化工艺研究横向项目(D9214750)
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    1 华南理工大学 轻工科学与工程学院制浆造纸工程国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510641
    2 广州市迈源科技有限公司,广东 广州 510700

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胡庆喜(1969—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为轻工机械设备、固废资源化利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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