Article(id=1172169458824102244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)04-0476-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739376000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757396576839, onlineDateStr=2025-09-09, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757396576839, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757396576839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757396576839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172169457649697117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='433', pageEnd='581', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757396576558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401820494, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=476, endPage=481, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172169459117703525, articleId=1172169458824102244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Leaching Mechanism of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Using Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Iron and lithium were recovered from the cathode material of spent lithium iron phosphate battery using choline chloride,ascorbic acid,and ethylene glycol as a ternary deep eutectic solvent.The effects of the molar ratio of choline chloride/ascorbic acid/ethylene glycol,liquid volume to solid mass ratio,reaction temperature and time on the leaching rate of iron and lithium were investigated.The leaching mechanism was discussed through kinetic analysis and SEM characterization.The results show that under the optimal leaching conditions of choline chloride/ascorbic acid/ethylene glycol molar ratio of 1∶1∶3,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 0.1 mL/1 mg,reaction temperature of 80 ℃ and reaction time of 1 h,the leaching rates of lithium and iron can reach 96% and 98%,respectively.The leaching process is mainly controlled by chemical reactions.The method is efficient and environmentally friendly,and can recover iron and lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries.

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研究了以氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇三元深共熔溶剂为浸出剂,从废旧磷酸铁锂电池正极材料中回收铁和锂,考察了氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇的物质的量比、液固体积质量比、反应温度和时间对铁、锂浸出率的影响,并通过动力学分析和SEM表征探讨了浸出机制。结果表明:在氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇物质的量比1∶1∶3、液固体积质量比0.1 mL/1 mg、反应温度80 ℃、反应时间1 h最佳浸出条件下,锂和铁浸出率分别达96%和98%;浸出过程主要受化学反应控制。该法高效、环保,能实现从废旧磷酸铁锂电池中绿色回收铁、锂。

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叶有明(1970—),男,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
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杨鹏飞(1993—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。

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杨鹏飞(1993—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。

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杨鹏飞(1993—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。

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三元深共熔溶剂对废旧磷酸铁锂电池的浸出机制研究
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杨鹏飞 , 吴家仲 , 蓝峻峰 , 叶有明 , 谢雪珍 , 陈燕萌
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(4): 476-481
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(4): 476-481
三元深共熔溶剂对废旧磷酸铁锂电池的浸出机制研究
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杨鹏飞, 吴家仲, 蓝峻峰, 叶有明 , 谢雪珍, 陈燕萌
作者信息
  • 广西科技师范学院 化学与材料工程学院,广西 来宾 546100
  • 杨鹏飞(1993—),男,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。

通讯作者:

叶有明(1970—),男,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
Leaching Mechanism of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Using Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent
Pengfei YANG, Jiazhong WU, Junfeng LAN, Youming YE , Xuezhen XIE, Yanmeng CHEN
Affiliations
  • College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering,Guangxi Science and Technology Normal University,Laibin 546100,China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.006
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研究了以氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇三元深共熔溶剂为浸出剂,从废旧磷酸铁锂电池正极材料中回收铁和锂,考察了氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇的物质的量比、液固体积质量比、反应温度和时间对铁、锂浸出率的影响,并通过动力学分析和SEM表征探讨了浸出机制。结果表明:在氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇物质的量比1∶1∶3、液固体积质量比0.1 mL/1 mg、反应温度80 ℃、反应时间1 h最佳浸出条件下,锂和铁浸出率分别达96%和98%;浸出过程主要受化学反应控制。该法高效、环保,能实现从废旧磷酸铁锂电池中绿色回收铁、锂。

三元深共熔溶剂  /  废旧磷酸铁锂电池  /  浸出  /  铁  /  锂

Iron and lithium were recovered from the cathode material of spent lithium iron phosphate battery using choline chloride,ascorbic acid,and ethylene glycol as a ternary deep eutectic solvent.The effects of the molar ratio of choline chloride/ascorbic acid/ethylene glycol,liquid volume to solid mass ratio,reaction temperature and time on the leaching rate of iron and lithium were investigated.The leaching mechanism was discussed through kinetic analysis and SEM characterization.The results show that under the optimal leaching conditions of choline chloride/ascorbic acid/ethylene glycol molar ratio of 1∶1∶3,liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 0.1 mL/1 mg,reaction temperature of 80 ℃ and reaction time of 1 h,the leaching rates of lithium and iron can reach 96% and 98%,respectively.The leaching process is mainly controlled by chemical reactions.The method is efficient and environmentally friendly,and can recover iron and lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries.

ternary deep eutectic solvent  /  spent lithium iron phosphate batteries  /  leaching  /  iron  /  lithium
杨鹏飞, 吴家仲, 蓝峻峰, 叶有明, 谢雪珍, 陈燕萌. 三元深共熔溶剂对废旧磷酸铁锂电池的浸出机制研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (4) : 476 -481 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.006
Pengfei YANG, Jiazhong WU, Junfeng LAN, Youming YE, Xuezhen XIE, Yanmeng CHEN. Leaching Mechanism of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Using Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (4) : 476 -481 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.006
锂离子电池因具有能量密度高、生产成本低、循环性能好、稳定性和安全性高等优点,广泛应用于能源领域和电子产品中[1-2],但该电池经多次充放电循环后会导致性能逐渐下降,甚至报废。预计到2030年,全球将产生超过1 100万t的废旧锂离子电池,而目前该类资源回收率仍不足5%[3]。这些废旧锂电池不仅含有毒、易燃的电解质,还含有价金属(如锂、铁、镍、钴等),若不能妥善处理,不仅会造成资源浪费,还会对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁[4]。因此,高效回收废旧锂离子电池对于减少环境污染、促进资源循环利用具有重要意义[5]
目前,回收废旧锂电池中有价金属的方法主要分为火法和湿法[6-9]。其中,湿法因具有低能耗、回收效率和金属纯度较高等优点应用较为广泛[9],但过程中需用到强酸性溶剂,存在较高的能耗和环境风险[10]。近年来,深共熔溶剂(DES)作为一种新型绿色溶剂越来越受到关注。它是由二元或三元共晶体系组成的混合物,主要由氢键受体(HBA)(如氯化胆碱、盐酸甜菜碱等)和两个或多个氢键供体(HBD)(如有机酸、多元醇等)通过分子间氢键相互作用形成[11]。DES因具有绿色环保、毒性较低和溶解性能优异等特点,在金属浸出、资源回收、催化反应等领域应用广泛[12],特别是在废旧锂电池回收领域的应用前景越来越好[13]。因此,试验研究了在氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇三元深共熔溶剂(DES)体系中回收废旧磷酸铁锂电池中的铁、锂,通过优化DES配比、温度、时间等浸出工艺参数,探索了该体系对铁、锂的浸出性能。此外,还通过分析浸出动力学探讨了该三元溶剂体系中金属溶解过程的反应机制,以期为废旧锂电池回收提供一种可选择的绿色、高效的浸出体系。
试验原料:废旧磷酸铁锂电池,来自深圳卓能新能源股份有限公司。废旧磷酸铁锂电池经饱和氯化钠溶液放电、手动拆卸等预处理后得到正极材料,磷酸铁锂正极材料的XRD谱图如图1所示,其衍射峰和磷酸铁锂的标准卡片吻合。
试验试剂:抗坏血酸,购自成都市科隆化学品有限公司(中国);氯化胆碱(纯度为98%),购自上海麦克林生化有限公司(中国);乙二醇,购自四川西陇科学有限公司。所有试剂均直接使用,无需进一步提纯。
主要仪器:原子吸收分光光度计,AAS-6300CF型,日本岛津公司;X射线衍射仪(XRD),UltimaⅣ型,日本理学公司;场发射扫描电镜(SEM),MIRALMS型,捷克泰思肯有限公司。
DES提供的氢离子可与磷酸铁锂电池中的金属元素(如锂、铁等)发生反应,促进金属离子从晶格中溶解。乙二醇在此过程中作为溶剂,起到增强金属离子的溶解性作用,并稳定溶液环境。同时,氯离子可与溶解的金属离子反应,形成可溶性的金属氯化物(如[FeCl4]2-),加速金属元素浸出。在此过程中,3种溶剂的相互作用起到了协同作用:乙二醇通过极性溶解作用提升金属离子溶解度;氢离子增加反应活性促进金属离子溶解;而氯离子则通过配合反应形成稳定的金属氯化物复合物,进一步提高金属浸出率。反应方程式如下:
LiFePO 4 + H + = Fe 2+ + Li + + HPO 4 2 ;
Fe 2+ + 4 Cl = FeCl 4 2
称取500 mg样品置于100 mL圆底烧瓶中,加入一定量三元DES(氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇的物质的量比控制在1∶1∶2~1∶1∶6)。将烧瓶置于磁力搅拌的恒温水浴中,设置浸出温度在50~90 ℃范围内、液固体积质量比为0.05/1~0.4/1(mL/mg)。为确保试验结果的可重复性,每个试验在相同条件下进行3次。Li、Fe浸出率的计算公式如下:
x = ρ B ρ B 0 × 100 %
式中:x—浸出率,%;ρB—浸出液中Li或Fe质量浓度,μg/mL;ρB0—正极材料被消解后溶液中Li或Fe质量浓度,μg/mL。
采用原子吸收分光光度计测定不同条件下滤液中Li、Fe含量。采用X射线衍射仪分析固体粉末样品的晶体结构,数据采集的衍射角(2θ)范围为5°~80°,扫描速度为2°/min,通过场发射扫描电镜分析表面形貌。
在氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇的物质的量比为1∶1∶3、浸出时间为1 h、液固体积质量比0.1 mL/1 mg条件下,探究浸出温度对Li和Fe浸出率的影响,结果如图2所示。
图2看出,浸出温度对Li和Fe浸出率的影响显著:温度从50 ℃升至80 ℃,Li和Fe浸出率显著提高,且在80 ℃时,Li和Fe浸出率均达最大值。这是由于温度升高,溶液分子动能增强,能促进金属离子溶解,同时也有助于降低溶液黏度,使浸出过程更加高效。综上可知,80 ℃下可保证良好浸出效果,优化能源利用和设备稳定性,是一个合理且经济的选择。
在氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇的物质的量比1∶1∶3、浸出时间1 h、浸出温度80 ℃条件下,探究液固体积质量比对Li和Fe浸出率的影响,结果如图3所示。
图3看出:Li和Fe浸出率随液固体积质量比增加而升高,并在液固体积质量比增至0.1 mL/1 mg时达最大值;之后继续增加液固体积质量比,Li和Fe浸出率持续下降,这是因为随液固体积质量比增大,溶液稀释效应逐渐加剧,导致金属离子浓度下降,进而减缓了Li和Fe从固体磷酸铁锂中溶解的速度,使浸出率降低。因此,确定选择0.1 mL/1 mg为最佳液固体积质量比。
乙二醇作为深共晶溶剂(DES)中的一个重要组成成分,具有多种作用。适量的乙二醇能通过增强溶剂极性,改善金属离子在溶液中的溶解性,促进金属的浸出;此外,还能有效降低DES熔点,使得溶剂在较低温度下保持液态,从而提高浸出效率。在液固体积质量比0.1 mL/1 mg、浸出时间1 h、浸出温度80 ℃条件下,探究乙二醇添加量对Li和Fe浸出率的影响,结果如图4所示。可以看出,乙二醇添加量从1∶1∶2增至1∶1∶3时,Li和Fe浸出率均显著提高,并在1∶1∶3时达最大值;乙二醇添加量进一步增加,Li和Fe浸出率下降。在浸出过程中,过量的乙二醇(≥1∶1∶4)可能导致溶剂体系被过度稀释,或溶剂的溶解能力达到极限,反而会抑制浸出效果,造成浸出率下降。因此,选择乙二醇添加量为1∶1∶3最佳,此时能有效促进金属的浸出。
在氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇的物质的量比为1∶1∶3、液固体积质量比为0.1 mL/1 mg、温度为80 ℃条件下,探究浸出时间对Li和Fe浸出率的影响,结果如图5所示。
图5看出:随浸出时间延长,Li和Fe浸出率升高;尤其在前40 min内,浸出率升幅较大,这是因为浸出初期,溶液中金属离子浓度较低,溶液与样品表面之间的浓度梯度较大,传质速率较快,反应动力较强;继续延长浸出时间,溶液中金属离子浓度逐渐升高,浸出反应的驱动力减小,浸出速率逐渐放缓,并在浸出60 min时,浸出率趋于平稳,说明体系的传质过程和化学反应已逐渐达到平衡状态。因此,为保证较高浸出效率,同时避免资源浪费和能耗,确定选择60 min为最佳浸出时间。
通过SEM对浸出前、后的磷酸铁锂进行表征,结果如图6所示。可知:未经过浸出处理的磷酸铁锂(图6(a))呈规则的颗粒状,颗粒表面平滑且均匀分布,说明其具有稳定的晶体形态;经过三元DES浸出处理后的磷酸铁锂样品(图6(b))形貌较浸出前变化明显,颗粒表面变得更加粗糙,颗粒破碎明显,出现了大量细小碎片且不规则。这些变化表明,浸出过程对磷酸铁锂的晶体结构的破坏程度较大,说明该体系能对材料有效降解。
深入了解浸出过程的速率控制步骤是优化浸出效率和理解反应机制的关键。为揭示DES在磷酸铁锂电池浸出中的作用,须对浸出反应的动力学特性进行详细分析。用于描述浸出过程的典型的模型通常有以下4种[14-15]:
外扩散控制模型:
x = k 1 t ;
内扩散控制模型:
1 - 2 3 x - ( 1 - x ) 2 3 = k 2 t ;
化学反应控制模型:
1 - ( 1 - x ) 1 3 = k 3 t ;
混合控制模型:
( 1 - x ) - 1 3 - 1 + 1 3 l n   ( 1 - x ) = k 4 t
式中:x—金属浸出率,%;k1—外扩散模型的速率常数,min-1;k2—内扩散模型的速率常数,min-1;k3—化学反应控制模型的速率常数,min-1;k4—混合控制模型的速率常数,min-1;t—浸出时间,min。
为深入了解浸出过程中的速率控制机制,试验研究探讨了在不同反应温度(50、60、70、80 ℃)和时间(5~60 min)下的浸出动力学,并通过相应的动力学模型对试验数据进行了拟合,结果如图7~9所示。
图7可知:浸出率随浸出时间延长而升高,且温度越高,浸出率越大。这是因为温度升高能加速浸出反应速率,增强氯化胆碱、抗坏血酸和乙二醇三元溶剂与磷酸铁锂的相互作用,加速溶解过程;此外,较高温度也可降低溶液黏度,有利于离子扩散,从而显著提高浸出率。
图8可知:化学反应控制模型的相关系数R2=0.97,明显优于外部扩散控制、内部扩散控制模型和混合控制模型,表明浸出过程主要受化学反应控制。
图9可知:不同温度下化学反应动力学模型的拟合相关系数R2均在0.95以上,进一步验证了该模型在描述浸出过程中的适用性。
采用氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇三元深共熔溶剂作为浸出剂可从废旧磷酸铁锂电池中高效回收铁和锂。在氯化胆碱/抗坏血酸/乙二醇的物质的量比1∶1∶3、液固体积质量比0.1 mL/1 mg、反应温度80 ℃、反应时间1 h最佳条件下,铁和锂浸出率分别达98%和96%。动力学分析结果表明,浸出过程主要由化学反应控制。与传统方法相比,该技术不仅提高了回收效率,还具有较低的环境风险,是一种高效、环保的废旧锂电池资源回收方案。但溶剂再生利用和大规模应用的经济性问题仍需进一步探讨,未来研究可着重于优化工艺并评估其工业应用可行性。
  • 广西科技计划项目(桂科AB22035053)
  • 广西科技计划项目(桂科AD20297139)
  • 广西科技师范学院科研基金项目(GXKS2023ZDB009)
  • 广西科技师范学院科研基金项目(GXKS2024QNTD13)
  • 广西重点研发计划项目(桂科AB24010240)
  • 广西科技师范学院创新训练计划项目(X2024175)
  • 广西高校中青年教师科研基础能力提升项目(2025KY0904)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202311546128)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划项目(X2023222)
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.006
  • 接收时间:2025-02-13
  • 首发时间:2025-09-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-13
基金
广西科技计划项目(桂科AB22035053)
广西科技计划项目(桂科AD20297139)
广西科技师范学院科研基金项目(GXKS2023ZDB009)
广西科技师范学院科研基金项目(GXKS2024QNTD13)
广西重点研发计划项目(桂科AB24010240)
广西科技师范学院创新训练计划项目(X2024175)
广西高校中青年教师科研基础能力提升项目(2025KY0904)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202311546128)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(X2023222)
作者信息
    广西科技师范学院 化学与材料工程学院,广西 来宾 546100

通讯作者:

叶有明(1970—),男,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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