Article(id=1172169458102681950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)04-0459-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742486400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757396576666, onlineDateStr=2025-09-09, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757396576666, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757396576666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757396576666, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172169457649697117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='433', pageEnd='581', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757396576558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401820494, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172191452378547079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172169457649697117, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=459, endPage=466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172169458354340192, articleId=1172169458102681950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Carbon-Thermal Reduction—Acid Leaching Recovery Process of Retired Lithium Manganate Oxide Batteries, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The recovery of valuable components manganese and lithium from retired lithium manganese oxide batteries by carbon-thermal reduction—acid leaching combined recovery process was studied.The mixed powder of lithium manganese oxide and graphite was roasted by carbon thermal reduction,and the roasted products were characterized by XRD,XRF,SEM,TG-DTA and other technologies.The results show that the best effect is achieved by roasting at 650 ℃ for 180 min,and the lithium manganese oxide in the roasted product is completely converted into manganese monoxide and lithium carbonate.The lithium carbonate in the sample powder can be extracted by water leaching,and the leaching rate of lithium carbonate is 86.15%.Manganese ions are extracted by acid leaching of sulfuric acid.Under the acid leaching conditions of acid leaching concentration of 3.5 mol/L,acid leaching temperature of 60 ℃,acid leaching time of 3 h,and liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 8/1,the highest leaching rate of manganese ions is 88%.The method can achieve the purpose of synchronous and efficient recovery of manganese and lithium from cathode materials,and has certain application value.

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研究了采用碳热还原—酸浸联合回收工艺从退役锰酸锂电池中回收有价成分锰和锂。对锰酸锂和石墨混合粉体进行碳热还原焙烧,采用XRD、XRF、SEM、TG-DTA等技术对焙烧产品进行表征。结果表明:在650 ℃下焙烧180 min效果最佳,焙烧产品中锰酸锂完全转化成一氧化锰和碳酸锂;样品粉末中碳酸锂可以通过水浸提取,碳酸锂浸出率为86.15%;利用硫酸酸浸提取锰离子,在酸浸浓度3.5 mol/L、酸浸温度60 ℃、酸浸时间3 h、液固体积质量比8/1的条件下,锰离子浸出率最高为88%。该方法可以实现从正极材料中同步高效回收锰和锂的目的,具有一定推广应用价值。

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李京伟(1985—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为固废资源回收及综合利用。E-mail:
林银河(1980—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固废资源回收及综合利用。E-mail:
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杨志(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冶金固废资源回收及综合利用。

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杨志(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冶金固废资源回收及综合利用。

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a、b—未处理;c、d—550 ℃;e、f—650 ℃。

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Solubility of lithium carbonate (101.325 kPa, solubility per 100 g of water)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ Li2CO3溶解度/g
0 1.55
20 1.33
40 1.17
60 1.01
80 0.85
100 0.72
), ArticleFig(id=1172190167952642411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172169458102681950, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

碳酸锂的溶解度(101.325 kPa、每100 g水中的溶解度)

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温度/℃ Li2CO3溶解度/g
0 1.55
20 1.33
40 1.17
60 1.01
80 0.85
100 0.72
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退役锰酸锂电池的碳热还原—酸浸回收工艺研究
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杨志 1 , 李京伟 1 , 林银河 2 , 陈晨 3 , 王大龙 1 , 鲁颖炜 1 , 汤文明 1
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(4): 459-466
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(4): 459-466
退役锰酸锂电池的碳热还原—酸浸回收工艺研究
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杨志1, 李京伟1 , 林银河2 , 陈晨3, 王大龙1, 鲁颖炜1, 汤文明1
作者信息
  • 1 合肥工业大学 材料科学与工程学院 高性能铜合金材料及成形加工教育部工程研究中心,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 2 凉山州新亿碳中和研究院,四川 西昌 615000
  • 3 铜陵学院 机械工程学院,安徽 铜陵 244061
  • 杨志(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冶金固废资源回收及综合利用。

通讯作者:

李京伟(1985—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为固废资源回收及综合利用。E-mail:
林银河(1980—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固废资源回收及综合利用。E-mail:
Carbon-Thermal Reduction—Acid Leaching Recovery Process of Retired Lithium Manganate Oxide Batteries
Zhi YANG1, Jingwei LI1 , Yinhe LIN2 , Chen CHEN3, Dalong WANG1, Yingwei LU1, Wenming TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Engineering Research Center of High Performance Copper Alloy Materials and Forming Processing & School of Materials Science and Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
  • 2 Liangshan Xinyi Carbon Neutral Research Institute,Xichang 615000,China
  • 3 School of Mechanical Engineering,Tongling University,Tongling 244061,China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.004
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研究了采用碳热还原—酸浸联合回收工艺从退役锰酸锂电池中回收有价成分锰和锂。对锰酸锂和石墨混合粉体进行碳热还原焙烧,采用XRD、XRF、SEM、TG-DTA等技术对焙烧产品进行表征。结果表明:在650 ℃下焙烧180 min效果最佳,焙烧产品中锰酸锂完全转化成一氧化锰和碳酸锂;样品粉末中碳酸锂可以通过水浸提取,碳酸锂浸出率为86.15%;利用硫酸酸浸提取锰离子,在酸浸浓度3.5 mol/L、酸浸温度60 ℃、酸浸时间3 h、液固体积质量比8/1的条件下,锰离子浸出率最高为88%。该方法可以实现从正极材料中同步高效回收锰和锂的目的,具有一定推广应用价值。

废锰酸锂电池  /  碳热还原  /  酸  /  浸出  /  回收  /  锰  /  锂

The recovery of valuable components manganese and lithium from retired lithium manganese oxide batteries by carbon-thermal reduction—acid leaching combined recovery process was studied.The mixed powder of lithium manganese oxide and graphite was roasted by carbon thermal reduction,and the roasted products were characterized by XRD,XRF,SEM,TG-DTA and other technologies.The results show that the best effect is achieved by roasting at 650 ℃ for 180 min,and the lithium manganese oxide in the roasted product is completely converted into manganese monoxide and lithium carbonate.The lithium carbonate in the sample powder can be extracted by water leaching,and the leaching rate of lithium carbonate is 86.15%.Manganese ions are extracted by acid leaching of sulfuric acid.Under the acid leaching conditions of acid leaching concentration of 3.5 mol/L,acid leaching temperature of 60 ℃,acid leaching time of 3 h,and liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 8/1,the highest leaching rate of manganese ions is 88%.The method can achieve the purpose of synchronous and efficient recovery of manganese and lithium from cathode materials,and has certain application value.

retired lithium manganese oxide batteries  /  carbon-thermal reduction  /  acid  /  leaching  /  recovery  /  manganese  /  lithium
杨志, 李京伟, 林银河, 陈晨, 王大龙, 鲁颖炜, 汤文明. 退役锰酸锂电池的碳热还原—酸浸回收工艺研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (4) : 459 -466 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.004
Zhi YANG, Jingwei LI, Yinhe LIN, Chen CHEN, Dalong WANG, Yingwei LU, Wenming TANG. Carbon-Thermal Reduction—Acid Leaching Recovery Process of Retired Lithium Manganate Oxide Batteries[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (4) : 459 -466 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.004
锰酸锂电池具有低温性能优异、循环使用寿命长、能量密度高、稳定性强等特点[1],广泛应用于电子产品、电动汽车、储能设备和便携式医疗设备等生产领域[2]。近年来,随着我国相关产品市场的发展,产生了大量退役锂电池,2022年累计退役量约27.2万t(27.2 GWh),到2025年,预计达100万t(100 GWh)[3]。退役锂电池中含有大量锰资源,具有很高的回收价值[4-5],但同时也含有一些重金属(如钴、镍、锰等)和有毒物质(如氟化物),若未经妥善处理排放,可能会对土壤和水体造成严重污染;此外,退役锂电池分解过程还会产生一些有害气体,可能对环境造成影响[6-9]。因此,如何实现退役旧锂电池的高效无害化源回收是当前回收行业主要的热点问题。
目前退役锰酸锂电池的回收方法主要分为湿法和火法。火法回收工艺具有处理量大、工艺简单和适用性广等特点,但回收率较低,产品多为混合物[10];相较火法,湿法工艺具有浸出率高、选择性好等优点,已逐渐成为退役锰离子电池回收的主流方法[11]。湿法回收工艺主要是在加热、微波和超声波等辅助条件下,配合还原剂或氧化剂,从退役锰酸锂电池中提取有价金属元素[12-13]。该法能实现锰的有效回收,但无法有效回收锂。因此,如何实现锰锂的简单、高效同步回收,减小环境污染,实现绿色生产,成为了当前亟需解决的问题。
试验基于“以废治废”为思路,研究了采用碳热还原—酸浸回收联合工艺回收锰酸锂电池,利用负极的碳粉对正极锰酸锂进行还原焙烧,然后采用酸浸工艺对焙烧产物进行浸出、分离和回收锰和锂。通过XRD、XRF、SEM、TG-DTA等技术研究了焙烧时间、焙烧温度、浸出时间和温度、浸出剂浓度、液固体积质量比等参数对碳热还原—酸浸的影响。通过全面分析这些参数与回收效果之间的内在联系,为优化回收工艺、提高回收效率提供理论依据和技术支持。
试验原料:24 Ah退役锰酸锂电池,经40% NaCl溶液浸泡、放电48 h,拆解、破碎、筛选后得到正极材料粉末。正极材料的XRD图谱和SEM照片如图1所示。可以看出,经过拆解破碎的正极材料粉末为大颗粒团聚物,主要物相为LiMn2O4。通过XRF测定正极材料主要化学成分,结果表明,Mn质量分数为24.51%,Al质量分数为8.263%,C质量分数为4.53%,O质量分数为57.15%。
主要试剂:硫酸、氢氧化钠、氯化钠、氨-氯化铵缓冲溶液、抗坏血酸、络黑T、乙二胺四乙酸二钠标准溶液等,均为分析纯,阿拉丁集团化学试剂有限公司。
仪器与设备:MHS4Pr型多联磁力搅拌器,AY-TF-120型马弗炉,SHB-Ⅲ型循环水式多用真空泵,101-1B型电热恒温干燥箱,FA224C型电子分析天平(10 mg),TD3002A型电子天平(0.1 g),PHS-3C型pH计。
试验流程如图2所示。
还原焙烧:将正极材料粉末置于管式炉中,在空气气氛中于500 ℃下热处理30 min,去除电解液和有机粘结剂;将处理过的正极粉末与负极石墨按比例混合装入双层石墨坩埚中;再将石墨坩埚置于管式炉中还原焙烧,反应结束后取出冷却,待降至室温后取出焙烧渣。
水浸分离回收Li2CO3:将焙烧渣与去离子水按照液固体积质量比10/1混合,在室温下搅拌反应1 h;之后过滤,分离水浸渣,滤液蒸发结晶,分离回收Li2CO3
酸浸:将水浸残渣与硫酸按照液固体积质量比8/1混合,控制酸浸温度为40~80 ℃、酸浸时间为0.5~5 h。用电动搅拌器对溶液进行搅拌,保持搅拌速度为400 r/min。
利用同步热分析仪对退役锰酸锂电池混合电极粉料进行热分析;借助X射线衍射仪分析不同条件下混合电极粉料物相变化;采用扫描电子显微镜对物料进行表面形貌和元素分析。
依据文献[14]的方法,采用EDTA滴定法测定含锰溶液中锰浓度。通过测定滴定过程中所消耗EDTA标准溶液体积,计算溶液中锰离子质量浓度。
ρ ( M n ) = c ( E D T A ) × V ( E D T A ) × M × D V 0
式中:c(EDTA)—EDTA标准溶液浓度,mol/L;V(EDTA)—EDTA标准溶液体积,mL;M—锰的相对原子质量,54.94 g/mol;V0—移取酸浸液体积,mL;ρ(Mn)—待测溶液中锰质量浓度,g/L;D—稀释倍数。
经预处理的正极材料粉末成分复杂,含粘结剂、乙炔黑和电解质残留的有机物。为探究正极材料粉末在碳热还原试验时发生的具体化学反应,采用同步热分析仪对其进行热重分析,并绘制TG-DTA曲线,结果如图3所示。可知,焙烧温度在25~1 000 ℃范围内,正极材料质量变化主要分为3个阶段。阶段Ⅰ:0~250 ℃,质量损失为12.61%,主要是由残余的电解质挥发、材料材料表面吸附的水分蒸发和乙炔黑及粘结剂(PVDF)的分解挥发所致;阶段Ⅱ:250~750 ℃,质量损失为5.29%;其中在600 ℃时出现吸热峰,主要是因为锰酸锂发生了还原反应生成氧化锰和氧化锂所致,另外在该阶段后半部,由于锰酸锂分解产生氧气,而氧气与碳反应生成了二氧化碳,因此在650 ℃出现放热峰,同时部分二氧化碳与锰酸锂分解产生的氧化锂反应生成碳酸锂,故质量下滑不明显;阶段Ⅲ:750~1 000℃,质量损失为15%,主要是因为Li2CO3发生分解,因此在880 ℃出现了明显的放热峰。
热力学分析是研究物质基本性质与化学反应的重要依据,而根据热力学原理计算得到的化学反应的吉布斯自由能可作为判断化学反应方向与可进行程度的依据。废弃锰酸锂电池正极材料中的有价金属需经过还原处理才能得到较高的浸出率,因此对焙烧过程中可能发生的反应开展了热力学分析。
碳热还原具体反应方程式如下:
总反应方程式:
4LiMn 2 O 4 +3C=2Li 2 CO 3 +8MnO+CO 2
分步反应方程式:
Li 2 O+CO 2 =Li 2 CO 3 ;
C+CO 2 =2CO;
MnO 2 +0.5C=MnO+0.5CO 2 ;
MnO+CO=Mn+CO 2 ;
MnO+0.5C=Mn+0.5CO 2
通过HSC软件查询上述化学反应方程式的吉布斯自由能并绘制成图4,以此探究LiMn2O4发生碳热还原的热力学条件。
图4看出:MnO2与C发生反应(式(5))的吉布斯自由能小于0,说明该反应可以进行;但MnO与C的反应(式(7))的吉布斯自由能大于0,说明反应产物中MnO未被还原成单质Mn。因此推断,锰酸锂碳热还原主要发生的反应为式(2),即碳热还原的主要产物是Li2CO3与MnO。
在保温时间4 h、正极材料粉末和碳粉质量比6/1、升降温速率5 ℃/min条件下,考察了温度对碳热还原产物的影响。不同焙烧温度下所得焙烧渣的XRD图谱如图5所示。可以看出:温度升高至550 ℃时,LiMn2O4的衍射峰逐渐减弱并消失,同时Mn2O3和Li2CO3的衍射峰开始出现;温度升至600 ℃时,锰的氧化物未完全还原,仍存在部分Mn2O3的衍射峰;而温度升至650 ℃时,谱线中的衍射峰主要是Li2CO3和MnO,说明在650 ℃下,碳粉和正极材料混合焙烧发生了还原反应,LiMn2O4被碳粉还原为MnO和Li2CO3
用扫描电镜观察不同焙烧温度下焙烧渣的形貌,如图6所示。由图6(a)看出,未焙烧样品呈不规则颗粒状;还有部分呈棒形的颗粒状,该部分是碳粉颗粒。进一步放大观察,如图6(b)所示,颗粒上出现了层片状的结构,因为在LiMn2O4晶体中金属氧化物呈片状堆叠。由图6(c)(d)看出,在550 ℃下焙烧所得焙烧渣的微观形貌明显发生了改变,由片状结构转变为孔洞结构。由图6(e)(f)看出,在650 ℃下焙烧所得焙烧渣的小颗粒上生长出许多细微的片状晶体,结合图5可知,碳粉和正极材料在该温度下,混合焙烧发生了还原反应,故该产物为MnO和Li2CO3混合物。
在焙烧温度650 ℃、升降温速率5 ℃/min条件下,考察焙烧时间对碳热还原产物的影响。不同焙烧时间下所得焙烧渣的XRD图谱如图7所示。
图7看出:焙烧时间为30 min时,LiMn2O4与C已经初步发生还原反应,LiMn2O4中的部分锰元素被还原为氧化锰和部分Mn2O3,高价态的锰不仅会增加酸浸时酸用量,还会降低酸浸率;延长焙烧时间至120 min时,LiMn2O4的衍射峰消失,但仍存在少量Mn2O3的衍射峰;继续延长焙烧时间至180 min时,LiMn2O4与Mn2O3的衍射峰已完全消失,只存在MnO与Li2CO3的衍射峰。综合考虑,确定最佳焙烧时间为180 min。
通过上述火法工艺已经成功分离锰酸锂中的Mn和Li,但MnO和Li2CO3是以固体形式混合在一起,因此试验利用其溶解度差异来实现分离回收。碳酸锂的溶解度(101.325 kPa、每100 g水中的溶解度)见表1[15]。可知,Li2CO3溶解度随温度升高而逐渐减小,而MnO不溶于水,因此可以通过蒸发结晶法选择性回收Li2CO3
不同温度下焙烧产物水浸所得Li2CO3浸出率变化曲线如图8所示。结合图38可知,Li2CO3结晶和分解都明显受温度影响:温度从350 ℃升至650 ℃,Li2CO3浸出率从58.46%升至86.15%,提高47.36%;但从650 ℃升至950 ℃时,Li2CO3浸出率从86.15%降至61.54%,降低28.57%。因此,在焙烧温度为650 ℃时,Li2CO3浸出率达最大值,为86.15%。
浸出过程中常用的无机酸有盐酸、硝酸和硫酸。相比之下,硫酸价格低廉,储存和使用安全性更高,浸出效果也较好,因此综合考虑工业实际应用情况,选用硫酸为浸出剂浸出水浸残渣中的锰。硫酸与一氧化锰反应可生成硫酸锰,之后通过碱浸可回收金属锰。具体反应如下:
H 2 SO 4 +MnO=MnSO 4 +H 2 O
在液固体积质量比8/1、浸出温度60 ℃、浸出时间5 h条件下,不同硫酸浓度下的锰离子浸出率如图9所示。可知,随硫酸浓度增大,锰离子浸出率先升高后趋于稳定:在硫酸浓度增至3.5 mol/L时,锰离子浸出率达最高,为88%;继续增大硫酸浓度,锰浸出率无明显提升。这是因为在浸出过程中,适当增加硫酸浓度可增加溶液中氢离子浓度,从而加速锰浸出速率,提高锰浸出率;但当硫酸浓度达到一定值(如3.5 mol/L)后,溶液中氢离子浓度已足够高,反应速率不再因氢离子浓度进一步增大而明显提升,此时锰浸出率基本趋于稳定,反应达到平衡状态。因此,确定最佳硫酸浓度为3.5 mol/L。
在液固体积质量比8/1、硫酸浓度3.5 mol/L、浸出时间5 h条件下,不同浸出温度下的锰离子浸出率如图10所示。
图10可知,锰离子浸出率随酸浸温度升高先增大后趋于稳定:酸浸温度升至60 ℃时,锰离子浸出率达最高,为88%;继续升温至80 ℃,锰离子浸出率升幅不明显。这是因为温度升高可以加速反应物分子的热运动,使分子间的碰撞更加频繁和激烈,同时升温还会增加溶液扩散速率和物质溶解度,从而促进物质的传输和反应,提高浸出率;但反应逐渐达到动力学平衡后,继续升高温度对反应速率无明显促进作用。因此,确定最佳酸浸温度为60 ℃。
在液固体积质量比8/1、硫酸浓度3.5 mol/L、浸出温度60 ℃条件下,不同酸浸时间下的锰离子浸出率如图11所示。
图11可知,随浸出时间延长,锰离子浸出率先逐渐升高后趋于稳定:酸浸时间延长至4 h时,锰离子浸出率达最高,为87%;继续延长酸浸时间,锰离子浸出率无明显变化。主要原因是在浸出反应初期,溶液中H+浓度较高,锰离子浸出速度较快,浸出率随浸出时间延长呈升高趋势;但随浸出时间进一步延长,溶液中H+被消耗,导致浸出率增长趋势变缓;而浸出时间超过4 h时,正极材料中大部分可浸出锰离子已被浸出,但仍有部分未反应。因此,确定最佳酸浸时间为4 h。
在硫酸浓度3.5 mol/L、浸出时间4 h、浸出温度为60 ℃条件下,不同液固体积质量比下的锰离子浸出率如图12所示。
图12可知,随液固体积质量比增大,锰浸出率先升高后趋于稳定:液固体积质量比增至8/1时,锰离子浸出率达最高,为87.47%;继续增大液固体积质量比,锰浸出率无明显变化。这主要是因为液固体积质量比较小时,随液固体积质量比增大,溶液流动性增强,反应物之间的接触更加充分,传质效率更高,从而促进锰离子浸出;而液固体积质量比过大时,浸出液中锰离子浓度会降低,从而影响锰离子富集。因此,确定最佳液固体积质量比为8/1。
采用碳热还原—酸浸工艺从退役锰酸锂电池中回收锰是可行的。将锰酸锂正极粉末与负极石墨粉混合后,在650 ℃下碳热还原焙烧180 min,LiMn2O4会被碳粉还原为MnO和Li2CO3;之后再水浸还原产物,Li2CO3浸出率为86.15%;在温度60 ℃、液固体积质量比8/1条件下用3.5 mol/L硫酸浸出水浸残渣4 h,锰离子浸出率为88%。该法基于“以废治废”思路,实现了锰、锂有价金属元素同步高效浸出,可为退役锰酸锂电池回收提供一条绿色、环境友好的途径。但采用该法时仍有约10%的有价成分未得到有效回收,因此还有待进一步研究,以提高锰和锂浸出率。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52111540265)
  • 安徽省生态环境科技项目(2024hb008)
  • 西昌市科技项目(JSYJ-2024-04)
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2025年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.04.004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-09-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52111540265)
安徽省生态环境科技项目(2024hb008)
西昌市科技项目(JSYJ-2024-04)
作者信息
    1 合肥工业大学 材料科学与工程学院 高性能铜合金材料及成形加工教育部工程研究中心,安徽 合肥 230009
    2 凉山州新亿碳中和研究院,四川 西昌 615000
    3 铜陵学院 机械工程学院,安徽 铜陵 244061

通讯作者:

李京伟(1985—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为固废资源回收及综合利用。E-mail:
林银河(1980—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固废资源回收及综合利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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