Article(id=1169295848333652074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)03-0370-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1756711454709, onlineDateStr=2025-09-01, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1756711454709, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1756711454709, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711454709, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1169295841580819245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='283', pageEnd='431', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1756711453097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711962360, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=370, endPage=378, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1169295848606281835, articleId=1169295848333652074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Leaching of Elements from Minerals by Streptomyces under Simulated Microgravity Effects, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biometallurgy has drawn the attention of the academic community in recent years as an effective way to achieve in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) in future interstellar bases. However, the mechanism of interaction between Streptomyces and minerals is still unclear under the effect of microgravity. To investigate this issue, simulating the leaching of elements from minerals by Streptomyces sp. R76 under microgravity using clinostats was studied. The results show that the simulated microgravity environment significantly accelerated Streptomyces sp. R76's development, differentiation, and metabolic capacity, which is primarily manifested in the early development and differentiation of aerial hyphae and spores, as well as the increase in organic acid. Streptomyces sp. R76 can produce lactic acid and citric acid at concentrations of 8.6 and 0.17 mmol/L under simulated microgravity and 5.8 and 0.04 mmol/L under gravity, respectively. When Streptomyces sp. R76 is co-cultured with minerals, the leaching rate of rare earth elements under simulated microgravity is 3‰, the leaching rate of calcium is 0.11‰.The leaching rate of rare earth elements under gravity is only 0.33‰ and the leaching rate of calcium is 0.08‰.The lactic acid and citric acid produced by Streptomyces sp. R76 under microgravity conditions are important factors in promoting the leaching of calcium, silicon, and rare earth elements from minerals.

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生物冶金作为未来实现星际基地原位资源利用(ISRU)的一种有效手段,近年来引起了学界的关注。但在微重力效应下,链霉菌与矿物之间的相互作用机制尚不明晰。为探究这一问题,本研究利用回转器模拟了微重力效应下链霉菌Streptomyces sp.R76浸出矿物中的元素。结果表明:模拟微重力环境明显加速了Streptomyces sp.R76发育分化及代谢能力,主要表现在气生菌丝和孢子发育分化提前发生,同时有机酸产量有所提高;在模拟微重力效应下,Streptomyces sp.R76产生的乳酸和枸橼酸浓度分别为8.6、0.17 mmol/L,而在重力条件下,分别为5.8、0.04 mmol/L;当Streptomyces sp.R76与矿物共培养时,模拟微重力效应下的稀土元素浸出率为3‰,钙浸出率为0.11‰,而重力条件下的稀土元素浸出率仅为0.33‰,钙浸出率为0.08‰;Streptomyces sp.R76在微重力条件下产生的乳酸和枸橼酸是促进稀土、硅和钙元素从矿物中浸出的关键。

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张利敏(1980—),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为微生物与矿物互作。E-mail:
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王维(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为模拟微重力下链霉菌生物浸出。

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王维(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为模拟微重力下链霉菌生物浸出。

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王维(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为模拟微重力下链霉菌生物浸出。

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Main elemental components of soil in Qaidam Desert 10-6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al* Ca* Fe* K* Mg* Na* S* Ti* Mn La
5.16 6.35 1.42 2.17 0.75 1.68 0.92 0.189 338 19.8
Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er
37.9 4.54 17.1 3.6 0.77 2.56 0.41 2.28 0.47 1.35
Tm Yb Lu Y Sc Ag As Ba Be Bi
0.19 1.29 0.19 12.8 5.6 0.05 4.9 630 1.45 0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1172888231755526279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295848333652074, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柴达木沙漠土壤的主要元素成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al* Ca* Fe* K* Mg* Na* S* Ti* Mn La
5.16 6.35 1.42 2.17 0.75 1.68 0.92 0.189 338 19.8
Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er
37.9 4.54 17.1 3.6 0.77 2.56 0.41 2.28 0.47 1.35
Tm Yb Lu Y Sc Ag As Ba Be Bi
0.19 1.29 0.19 12.8 5.6 0.05 4.9 630 1.45 0.17
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链霉菌在模拟微重力效应下浸出矿物中元素试验研究
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王维 1 , 张利敏 2 , 夏庆银 3 , 黄英 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(3): 370-378
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(3): 370-378
链霉菌在模拟微重力效应下浸出矿物中元素试验研究
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王维1, 张利敏2 , 夏庆银3, 黄英2
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
  • 2 中国科学院微生物研究所 微生物资源前期开发国家重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 3 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
  • 王维(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为模拟微重力下链霉菌生物浸出。

通讯作者:

张利敏(1980—),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为微生物与矿物互作。E-mail:
Leaching of Elements from Minerals by Streptomyces under Simulated Microgravity Effects
Wei WANG1, Limin ZHANG2 , Qingyin XIA3, Ying HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, China
  • 3 Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.011
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生物冶金作为未来实现星际基地原位资源利用(ISRU)的一种有效手段,近年来引起了学界的关注。但在微重力效应下,链霉菌与矿物之间的相互作用机制尚不明晰。为探究这一问题,本研究利用回转器模拟了微重力效应下链霉菌Streptomyces sp.R76浸出矿物中的元素。结果表明:模拟微重力环境明显加速了Streptomyces sp.R76发育分化及代谢能力,主要表现在气生菌丝和孢子发育分化提前发生,同时有机酸产量有所提高;在模拟微重力效应下,Streptomyces sp.R76产生的乳酸和枸橼酸浓度分别为8.6、0.17 mmol/L,而在重力条件下,分别为5.8、0.04 mmol/L;当Streptomyces sp.R76与矿物共培养时,模拟微重力效应下的稀土元素浸出率为3‰,钙浸出率为0.11‰,而重力条件下的稀土元素浸出率仅为0.33‰,钙浸出率为0.08‰;Streptomyces sp.R76在微重力条件下产生的乳酸和枸橼酸是促进稀土、硅和钙元素从矿物中浸出的关键。

ISRU  /  模拟微重力  /  链霉菌  /  生物浸出

Biometallurgy has drawn the attention of the academic community in recent years as an effective way to achieve in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) in future interstellar bases. However, the mechanism of interaction between Streptomyces and minerals is still unclear under the effect of microgravity. To investigate this issue, simulating the leaching of elements from minerals by Streptomyces sp. R76 under microgravity using clinostats was studied. The results show that the simulated microgravity environment significantly accelerated Streptomyces sp. R76's development, differentiation, and metabolic capacity, which is primarily manifested in the early development and differentiation of aerial hyphae and spores, as well as the increase in organic acid. Streptomyces sp. R76 can produce lactic acid and citric acid at concentrations of 8.6 and 0.17 mmol/L under simulated microgravity and 5.8 and 0.04 mmol/L under gravity, respectively. When Streptomyces sp. R76 is co-cultured with minerals, the leaching rate of rare earth elements under simulated microgravity is 3‰, the leaching rate of calcium is 0.11‰.The leaching rate of rare earth elements under gravity is only 0.33‰ and the leaching rate of calcium is 0.08‰.The lactic acid and citric acid produced by Streptomyces sp. R76 under microgravity conditions are important factors in promoting the leaching of calcium, silicon, and rare earth elements from minerals.

ISRU  /  simulated microgravity  /  streptomyces  /  biological leaching
王维, 张利敏, 夏庆银, 黄英. 链霉菌在模拟微重力效应下浸出矿物中元素试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (3) : 370 -378 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.011
Wei WANG, Limin ZHANG, Qingyin XIA, Ying HUANG. Leaching of Elements from Minerals by Streptomyces under Simulated Microgravity Effects[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (3) : 370 -378 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.011
随着人类对太空的深入探索,多国都提出了未来20年载人登陆月球、小行星和火星并建立空间基地的计划,因此寻找可持续方法以实现脱离地球资源的供给对空间基地的建设尤为重要。原位资源利用(ISRU,in-situ resource utilization),即通过利用星球本身的资源来代替昂贵的火箭运输是保证外空基地运转的一种经济且有效的手段[1]。微生物是地球上最早出现的生命形式,能适应各种不同的恶劣环境,当前利用微生物从矿物中提取有价金属元素(即生物冶金,生物浸出是其主要的手段)已成为了一种获取资源的有效技术。目前,世界上15%~25%的铜、5%的金,以及较小比例的其他金属,如钴、镍、铀和锌,都是通过生物冶金工艺回收[2]。太空生物采矿是将生物冶金工艺应用在地外空间实现ISRU的一种设想。
微重力是地外环境与地球的一大显著差异,目前已有很多学者指出,微重力对微生物的生长发育及代谢产物变化的影响明显。但在空间站进行太空微重力试验(如抛物线飞机、火箭[3])成本很高,且常面临试验重复次数不足的问题,因此利用回转器进行地面模拟微重力效应研究十分重要。回转器主要是通过仪器带动样品绕轴旋转来不断改变其面对重力的方向,转动一周产生的重力矢量和等于“零”,从而使样品进入类似无重力感应的状态[3]
国外在微重力对微生物浸矿能力的影响方面已取得显著研究进展。其中,以欧洲航天局的Biorock项目(分别于2014和2019年实施)及后续的BioAsteroid项目(2021年实施)最为突出。这些项目研究了利用微生物从玄武岩中提取稀土元素和钒,以及从小行星物质L-球粒陨石中生物浸出铂族元素[1]。结果表明,太空微重力条件对多种微生物的浸矿能力有明显促进作用,包括假单胞菌(Sphingomonas desiccabilis)浸出稀土元素和钒,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)浸出钒,以及桔青霉(Penicillium simplicissimum)浸出钯。美国和澳大利亚的多个机构和公司合作开发的space-biomining项目也完成了模拟微重力条件下嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)从火星和月球风化层模拟物中浸出金属元素的试验,研究发现模拟微重力不仅能促进其对硅、锰、镁的浸出,还能促进纳米颗粒的生成[4]。此外,美国NASA的一项研究发现,太空微重力能促进希瓦氏菌(Shewanella oneidensis)对不溶性水铁矿的还原速率[5]。中南大学的一项研究还发现,模拟微重力条件能显著提高伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)和黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger)对溶液中稀土元素的生物吸附作用[6]。可见,微重力对微生物的生长代谢具有显著影响,不仅能促进微生物对矿物中元素的浸出,还能增强微生物对元素的吸附能力。
链霉菌是一大类丝状革兰氏阳性细菌,广泛分布在各种生态环境中,适应性强,次级代谢产物丰富,而且在矿山环境中属于优势类群。但微重力条件下链霉菌与矿物作用规律及作用机制还不明确。我国青藏高原的柴达木盆地发育有众多与火星类似的地貌学和矿物学特征,可以类比火星诺亚纪晚期至西方纪早期(38亿~34亿年前)时的环境[7]。基于此,试验选取了一株分离自某稀土矿区土壤的链霉菌Streptomyces sp.R76作为试验菌株,以柴达木盆地沙漠土壤作为试验材料,深入探究在微重力效应下,该链霉菌与矿物的相互作用及其稀土元素和其他元素的浸出机制。
Streptomyces sp.R76采用GYM液体培养基 (10 g麦芽提取物(BD)、4 g酵母提取物(OXOID)、4 g葡萄糖(沪试)、1 L蒸馏水),摇床培养(37 ℃,170 r/min)48 h后,收集菌体,超纯水清洗3次,制成菌悬液,浓度为1×107 cell/mL。
矿物样品取自类似火星环境的柴达木盆地的沙漠土。研磨至100目后,用HF和HNO3消解,之后用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)进行元素定量分析。研磨至300目后进行X射线衍射(XRD)矿物成分分析,采用日本理学Smart Lab X射线衍射仪(3°~70°)步进扫描。使用MDI Jade(Version 6.5)对所测样品的XRD谱图进行分峰拟合并对XRD数据进行分析,确定样品中的主要矿物成分。
XRD分析结果显示,柴达木沙漠土壤包含的矿物由沉积矿物石英、长石、方解石、石膏等构成,主要的矿物成分为石英,如图1所示。质谱分析结果(表1)显示:土壤中金属元素以Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na等为主,质量分数分别为5.16%、6.35%、1.42%、2.17%、0.75%、1.68%;稀土元素则以轻稀土La、Ce、Pr、Nd和重稀土Y为主,质量分数分别为19.8×10-6、37.9×10-6、4.54×10-6、17.1×10-6、12.8×10-6
为了模拟微重力效应,采用中国科学院国家空间科学中心研制的2-D回转器作为试验设备(如图2[3]所示),选择1/4浓度的GYM固体培养基(1.1.1所述液体培养基中加入15 g/L琼脂)进行培养观察。具体步骤为:在直径3.5 cm培养皿中倒入4 mL培养基,待凝固后在表面铺上100 μL、质量浓度为5 g/L的柴达木盆地沙漠土悬液,待平板干燥后点接15 μL菌悬液。试验分为模拟微重力组和重力对照组,每组均设置3个平行试验,以确保结果的准确性。之后将这些培养皿放置在回转器中心位置,其中心距离回转器中心7 cm处,回转速度为10 r/min(等效微重力水平10-3 g[8]),每隔24 h取样,观察菌落变化,持续5天。
利用场发射扫描电镜(SEM,Zeiss Supra 55S APPHIRE)观察模拟微重力效应及重力条件下链霉菌在1/4GYM固体培养基中的生长发育变化。菌株培养制备同上,50 μL菌液转接到直径7 cm的固体培养基平板,每隔24 h取样,用2.5%戊二醛浸没固定,对样品进行处理后,通过电镜观察菌株的形态变化。
为了分析检测链霉菌Streptomyces sp.R76在模拟微重力效应下对矿物中金属元素的浸出能力,通过开展液体培养试验。试验装置为美国Synthecon公司的RCCS-2D细胞培养系统,并结合针筒作为菌株培养器,以模拟微重力效应,具体装置如图3所示。首先在200 mL的1/4GYM液体培养基中加入1 g矿物样品,使得矿物样品终质量浓度为5 g/L;之后采用高压蒸汽灭菌(121 ℃,20 min),摇晃混匀后分装入50 mL无菌离心管中,向每个离心管再加入1 mL菌液,菌体终浓度为2×105 cell/mL;然后将每个离心管中的混液分装至4支20 mL无菌针筒中,每支针筒装入混液10 mL;分装后排除针筒中空气,并通过指弹边缘排除气泡,保证体系无气泡残留影响流体稳定性;再用75%的乙醇擦拭针筒吸口,接上装有0.22 μm水系滤膜的无菌滤器,将针筒插入装满水的高纵横比容器(high-aspect-ratio vessel,HARV,图3左侧)的2个注水口,开始回转运行。模拟微重力组和重力组分别进行3个平行试验。为了使土壤颗粒也能在液体中保持相对静止,控制转速为18 r/min,等效微重力水平为10-2 g[8]。按1、3、5、9、16天分不同时间点按批次取样测试。
样品的生物量用总碳法表征,沉淀烘干后测定总碳含量(Analytik-Jenamultiseriesanalyzer,德国耶拿)。用pH计(梅特勒,SG98)测定pH;用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC,岛津,SPDM20A)测定有机酸含量,色谱柱为菲罗门RezexROA-organicAcid(8%);用铬天青方法检测铁载体[9];用电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪(ICP-MS,NexION 300X)检测稀土元素含量;用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES,Agilent Technologies 700 Series)检测其他元素含量;链霉菌和矿物混合培养后的微观表征用场发射扫描电镜(SEM,Zeiss Supra 55S APPHIRE)观察,菌体表面元素特征采用扫描电镜搭载的能量色散光谱仪(EDS)识别。
试验用链霉菌形态发育分化分为4个阶段:基内菌丝、气生菌丝、气生菌丝螺旋并分隔产生孢子链、孢子链断裂生成孢子[3]Streptomyces sp.R76固体培养菌落形态和微观形貌如图4所示,smg组表示模拟微重力组,g组表示重力对照组。由图4看出:第1天菌落尚未发育气生菌丝,第2天即可明显看到smg组菌落边缘气生菌丝(箭头所指白色部分)的发育明显多于g组,此后每天smg组气生菌丝(菌落白色部分)的发育均多于g组;第4天,smg组已经发生气生菌丝分化形成明显孢子链,而g组仍处于初步的螺旋;第5天,smg组明显观察到孢子链断裂产生大量孢子,而g组仍处于气生菌丝螺旋分隔阶段;Streptomyces sp.R76在模拟微重力环境下比重力环境下形成气生菌丝和孢子的时间提前,说明模拟微重力效应能促进菌丝提前发育分化。
早期的空间试验过程中已发现在微重力下链霉菌发育分化提前现象。有学者还检测了天蓝色链霉菌在空间飞行过程中转录组的变化情况,结果发现,天蓝色链霉菌气生菌丝直立与孢子形成的形态分化基因上调最多[3]。因此,本试验结果进一步表明,在模拟微重力效应下链霉菌发育分化提前属于普遍现象。
为了表征菌株的生长变化,对链霉菌和矿物混合培养样品的总碳(TC)含量和pH进行了检测,结果如图5所示。
图5(a)看出:在考察的培养时间内,smg组中总碳质量分数为26.9~30.6 g/kg,而g组中总碳质量分数为23.0~25.1 g/kg,模拟微重力条件下链霉菌的总碳质量分数高于重力条件下链霉菌的总碳质量分数,说明在模拟微重力效应下,菌株和矿物液体条件共培养加速了链霉菌的生长发育。由图5(b)看出:样品pH随培养时间延长持续下降,在整个试验过程中,smg组和g组的pH都是从7.0左右降至6.5左右,但在第1~第9天,smg组的样品pH明显低于g组pH,这表明在培养过程中smg组菌体产出了更多的酸性物质。
为了确定Streptomyces sp.R76是否能分泌有机酸,从而浸出矿物中的元素,分别取smg组和g组的液体培养体系上清液进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)鉴定,结果如图6所示。可以看出:在smg组和g组组体系中Streptomyces sp.R76均有乳酸和枸橼酸2种有机酸产生;在smg组中,乳酸和枸橼酸浓度分别为8.6、0.17 mmol/L;在g组中乳酸和枸橼酸浓度分别为5.8、0.04 mmol/L。这表明,与重力条件相比,在微重力效应下的链霉菌产生的有机酸含量更高。
为探究在模拟微重力效应下链霉菌Streptomyces sp.R76从矿物中浸出元素的能力,在混合培养过程中检测了上清液中不同元素含量的变化,包括15种稀土元素(除Pm和Sc)及Fe、Al、Mn、Si、Ca 5种常见元素。结果发现,矿物中常见的Fe、Al和Mn元素在上清中并未检出,检出的其他元素中变化最明显的是Ca,此外Si和REE也有一定变化,结果如图7所示。
图7(a)看出:培养第1~5天,smg组上清液中Ca元素质量分数一直高于g组,培养第3天smg组上清液中Ca元素质量分数达75.2×10-6,之后趋于稳定;g组上清液中Ca元素质量分数则从培养第1天开始一直呈上升趋势,直至第5天达74.6×10-6,之后在培养第6~9天之间趋于稳定,而第9天~第16天又出现上升趋势。
图7(b)看出:smg组上清液中Si元素在培养第1天时质量分数升至5.3×10-6,而从第2天开始下降,直到培养结束降至4.6×10-6;g组上清液中Si元素质量分数在培养过程中呈下降趋势,直至培养结束降至4.5×10-6;但在整个培养过程中,smg组中Si元素质量分数高于g组,推测菌株在重力或微重力培养过程中消耗了上清液中Si元素,相较而言,微重力培养过程消耗较少。
图7(c)看出:smg组和g组中REE元素浸出总量的变化明显不同,在培养第1天,smg组上清液中REE质量分数升至0.4×10-9,之后开始下降,这可能是浸出的REE元素重新吸附到矿物或者菌体表面所致;g组上清液中REE元素质量分数在整个培养周期内都在0.0×10-9~0.1×10-9之间小幅波动,变化不大;培养第1~3天,smg组REE元素质量分数是g组的3倍左右,培养第5~16天2组的数据相差不大。第一天浸出率最高,smg组为3‰,g组为0.33‰。
上述试验数据表明在重力及微重力条件下,Streptomyces sp.R76从矿物中浸出不同元素的能力存在差异,这种差异可能源自菌株对不同元素的作用方式不同。已有研究发现,芽孢杆菌可能通过产生有机酸降低体系pH,提高Ca从铝土矿中的浸出率[10]。也有研究发现,链霉菌在浸出氟碳铈矿时,Ca浸出率随pH降低呈逐渐升高趋势[9]。这表明pH降低在促进Ca从矿物中浸出中发挥重要作用。
但微生物在从矿物中获取元素的过程中,并不仅限于发挥浸出作用,它们还能通过生物吸附(biosorption)和生物累积(bioaccumulation)等方式获得环境中的金属元素。通过SEM(图8)可观察到Streptomyces sp.R76对稀土元素Y和Lu的吸附,表明该链霉菌在浸出稀土元素的同时,还会从溶液中吸附稀土元素,导致溶液中稀土元素含量相应降低。同样地,Si的持续减少可能也是受到更强吸附作用的影响,如浸出的Si元素被吸附到矿物表面,或Streptomyces sp.R76在生长发育过程中将Si作为营养元素加以利用。与其他菌株从矿物浸出元素的试验相比,Streptomyces sp.R76浸出Si、Ca元素和稀土元素的浓度都较低,这可能与试验用矿物样品为沙漠土有关。沙漠土结晶程度较高,易增加元素从矿物中溶解出来的难度。此外,沙漠土碎屑沉积物中稀土元素可能以类质同象替换的形式少量存在,这与离子吸附型稀土矿中的稀土主要是吸附到矿物表面后再被菌体浸出不同。
另外,试验所用注射器方法虽未能抑制好氧的链霉菌的生长(图5(a)),但可能会受生长环境限制,在一定程度上制约菌体活性。因此,在今后的研究中,有必要探索更为适宜的浸出方法和条件,以提高Streptomyces sp.R76从矿物中有效浸出元素的能力。
为探讨Streptomyces sp.R76在微重力效应及重力条件下与矿物的相互作用规律,在培养1天后,通过SEM-EDS观察并分析2组样品,结果如图8所示。可以看出:smg组和g组的Streptomyces sp.R76的菌丝体都缠绕在矿物颗粒上,菌丝都吸附了Y、Lu稀土元素。这进一步表明,Streptomyces sp.R76在与矿物培养过程中,既可从中浸出稀土元素,也可将浸出的稀土元素吸附到菌体表面。
大量研究已证实,小分子有机酸能通过两种主要机制浸出矿石中的金属:一是通过氢离子取代矿石中的金属离子;二是借助—OH与—COOH等基团,与金属离子或其他阳离子基团形成可溶性配合物[11]。乳酸和枸橼酸浸出REE的能力已经在多项研究中得到验证[12]。与重力条件相比,模拟微重力效应下的Streptomyces sp.R76的生物量更高,pH更低,有机酸产量更高,因此推测在微重力条件下,链霉菌主要是通过加快生长速度、提高有机酸产量的方式促进稀土浸出。值得注意的是,乳酸虽有一定浸出能力,但对稀土的浸出能力非常弱[9],因此推断本试验中稀土元素的浸出可能是枸橼酸作用的结果。同样地,有研究发现枸橼酸能从方解石和文石中浸出Ca[13-15],乳酸也能从方解石中浸出Ca[14],而试验所用矿物样品中也包含有方解石,所以推测上清液中测到的Ca元素可能来自方解石。有研究表明,枸橼酸能从建筑废料的硅铝酸盐中浸出Si[13],但目前尚未见有关乳酸浸出Si元素的研究报道,这可能因为乳酸对Si浸出能力有限,导致Si后期无法持续累积。链霉菌可以产生大量的铁载体,且已有研究证实铁载体具有浸出元素能力[9],但在本试验的液体培养体系中并未检测到Streptomyces sp.R76产生铁载体,因此铁载体的作用在本试验中可忽略不计。
在观察Streptomyces sp.R76固体培养表型时发现,模拟微重力效应可促进气生菌丝和孢子提前形成,但该结果是在培养2天后得到的。相比之下,在液体培养条件下培养1天后,smg组和g组样品中总碳、pH和REE含量的差异均达到最大值,这说明模拟微重力对Streptomyces sp.R76生长的影响可能从菌株进入到微重力环境之初就迅速显现;进一步观察发现,培养第5天是一个转折点,此时pH、Ca和REE含量在smg组和g组之间的差异消失或开始缩小,这说明第5天后,g组中Streptomyces sp.R76的胞外pH相关的代谢达到与smg组相同的水平;而Si含量在smg组和g组之间的差异在培养第5天后仍存在,甚至还在扩大,这可能是由于模拟微重力对菌落生长发育的促进作用仍存在,且这种作用持续积累,导致smg组和g组之间Si含量差异进一步扩大。
针对柴达木盆地沙漠土中的矿物,用从某稀土矿区分离出的链霉菌Streptomyces sp.R76能在模拟微重力效应下浸出其中的元素。模拟微重力可促进气丝和孢子提前形成,加速Streptomyces sp.R76的生长发育;在重力条件和模拟微重力效应下,Streptomyces sp.R76均有乳酸和枸橼酸产生,与重力条件相比,模拟微重力效应下的所产生的有机酸含量更高,能加速Streptomyces sp.R76的代谢水平;模拟微重力条件下,Streptomyces sp.R76从矿物中浸出稀土元素和硅、钙元素的能力更高;无论是在重力条件下还是模拟微重力条件下,Streptomyces sp.R76在与矿物共培养过程中,能吸附矿物中浸出的Y和Lu元素,这一研究结果可为将来太空原位资源利用研究提供一定的理论基础及数据支撑。
本研究的不足之处在于关于Si的体系含量变化的内部机制还不明晰,菌体发育分化和代谢产物(如有机酸)在微重力下的可能存在不同的变化的机制也需深入研究。
结合前人的空间微重力和模拟微重力结果可见,微重力条件对生物冶金的促进作用是广泛存在的,在未来的实际应用转化中如能找到合适的菌株,很可能获得比地面生物冶金更高的冶金能力和更高的经济价值。因此,空间原位资源利用是一个非常值得深入探索和应用转化的领域。但关于微重力条件下生物冶金的研究起步较晚,近些年开始的这几项空间和模拟微重力条件下生物浸出的研究发现,微重力对生物浸出的影响虽显著,但机制还很缺乏,如微重力能促进有机酸的产生的原因或微重力、重力、超重这一体系对生物浸出的系统性影响都还值得进一步深入探索。
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.011
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2025-09-01
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(32370121)
作者信息
    1 中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
    2 中国科学院微生物研究所 微生物资源前期开发国家重点实验室,北京 100101
    3 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149

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张利敏(1980—),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为微生物与矿物互作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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