Article(id=1169295847364764489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)03-0316-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733241600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1756711454478, onlineDateStr=2025-09-01, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1756711454478, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1756711454478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711454478, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1169295841580819245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='283', pageEnd='431', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1756711453097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711962360, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=316, endPage=326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1169295847629005642, articleId=1169295847364764489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Extraction of Lithium from Discarded Glass-Ceramics with HF/H2SO4 Mixed Acid, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of high energy consumption, low efficiency, difficult recovery and easy secondary pollution in the pyrometallurgical recovery of lithium from solid waste, the enhanced leaching of lithium from discarded lithium aluminum silicate (Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2, LAS) glass-ceramics samples using a mixed acid of HF/H2SO4 as the leaching agent was studied. The effects of liquid volume to solid mass ratio, sulfuric acid mass concentration, leaching temperature, leaching time, stirring speed and raw material particle size on the leaching rate of lithium were investigated, as well as the effects of liquid volume to solid mass ratio and leaching temperature on the leaching rates of aluminum and silicon. The kinetics of lithium leaching was also explored. The results show that under the optimal conditions of m(sample)∶ V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2, particle size of -0.074 mm, sulfuric acid mass concentration of 900 g/L, leaching temperature of 60 ℃, leaching time of 120 min, and stirring speed of 200 r/min, the leaching rate of lithium can approach 99%. Compared with other influencing factors HF volume to sample mass ratio and leaching temperature have a greater impact on the leaching rate of lithium. In contrast, the HF volume to sample mass ratio and leaching temperature have a greater effect on the leaching of aluminum than that of silicon. The leaching of lithium conforms to the unreacted core shrinkage model, with an apparent activation energy Ea of 39.53 kJ/mol, and the leaching rate of lithium is controlled by the chemical reaction-internal diffusion mixed control. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the recovery and reuse of valuable elements from discarded LAS glass-ceramics.

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针对火法回收固废中锂存在的能耗高、效率低、回收困难且易造成二次污染等问题,研究了以HF/H2SO4混合酸为浸出剂,对废弃锂铝硅系(Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2,LAS)微晶玻璃样品中的锂进行强化浸出。考察了液固体积质量比、硫酸质量浓度、浸出温度、浸出时间、搅拌速度、原料粒径等因素对锂浸出率的影响,以及液固体积质量比、浸出温度对铝、硅浸出率的影响,并探讨了锂浸出动力学。结果表明:在m(样品)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2、粒径为-0.074 mm、硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出温度60 ℃、浸出时间120 min、搅拌速度200 r/min最佳条件下,锂浸出率接近99%,与其他影响因素相比,HF与样品的液固体积质量比和浸出温度对锂浸出率影响较大;相较而言,HF与样品的液固体积质量比和浸出温度对铝浸出的影响比硅大;锂浸出符合未反应核收缩模型,反应表观活化能Ea=39.53 kJ/mol,锂浸出率受化学反应-内扩散混合控制。研究结果可为废弃LAS微晶玻璃中有价元素回收再利用提供理论指导。

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唐学昆(1987—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二次资源综合回收利用。E-mail:
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陈成(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为二次资源综合回收利用。

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陈成(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为二次资源综合回收利用。

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Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 421.DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135750., articleTitle=Leaching kinetics and reactivity regulation of red mud in an NaOH solution, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172888498509066869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, awardId=205200100645, language=CN, fundingSource=江西理工大学博士创业基金项目(205200100645), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172888491122897431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888491127091736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, companyId=1172888491122897431, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Yichun Lithium New Energy Industry Research Institute, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Yichun 336000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888491135480345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, companyId=1172888491122897431, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 江西理工大学 宜春江理锂电新能源产业研究院,江西 宜春 336000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172888491219366426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888491223560731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, companyId=1172888491219366426, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888491227755036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, companyId=1172888491219366426, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州 341000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172888491294863901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888491303252510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, companyId=1172888491294863901, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888491307446815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, companyId=1172888491294863901, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 江西理工大学 土木与测绘工程学院,江西 赣州 341000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172888495812129361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=XRD pattern of discarded LAS glass-ceramics, figureFileSmall=Fy6xN3zx3GKwkQySceNl2Q==, figureFileBig=CY2N26RcRH9VjBQblKtvnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888495875043922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=图1, caption=废弃LAS微晶玻璃的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=Fy6xN3zx3GKwkQySceNl2Q==, figureFileBig=CY2N26RcRH9VjBQblKtvnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888495984095827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Particle size distribution of discarded LAS glass-ceramics, figureFileSmall=dGaB4gi1TIWHes7I8Maz/A==, figureFileBig=oRk2AIm3ipkyzKZm9x2kug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496055398996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=图2, caption=废弃LAS微晶玻璃颗粒的粒径分布, figureFileSmall=dGaB4gi1TIWHes7I8Maz/A==, figureFileBig=oRk2AIm3ipkyzKZm9x2kug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496118313557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of liquid volume to solid mass ratio on leaching rate of lithium, figureFileSmall=hW7r7O0MBZN5sLi+huPwRw==, figureFileBig=qXAByob/4YufTojZu4pkog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496218976854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=图3, caption=液固体积质量比对锂浸出率的影响

a—HF与样品体积质量比;b—H2SO4与样品体积质量比。

, figureFileSmall=hW7r7O0MBZN5sLi+huPwRw==, figureFileBig=qXAByob/4YufTojZu4pkog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496294474327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of H2SO4 mass concentration on leaching rate of lithium, figureFileSmall=E7feAOQ1fS6Ayyj7u4zJrw==, figureFileBig=wvihO7/YxTrMzVl8kA/H5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496361583192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=图4, caption=硫酸质量浓度对锂浸出率影响, figureFileSmall=E7feAOQ1fS6Ayyj7u4zJrw==, figureFileBig=wvihO7/YxTrMzVl8kA/H5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496424497753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of leaching temperature on leaching rate of lithium, figureFileSmall=sNe/VEFJnWvcst04bSVzZg==, figureFileBig=KWK92DtorJNWHXjl/U8gww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496483218010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=图5, caption=浸出温度对锂浸出率影响, figureFileSmall=sNe/VEFJnWvcst04bSVzZg==, figureFileBig=KWK92DtorJNWHXjl/U8gww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496550326875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of leaching time on leaching rate of lithium, figureFileSmall=WUFKmsBWnIKRm5WgQ9AfQA==, figureFileBig=FjW0xgy5LJYiGGcC5PiYQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496604852828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=图6, caption=浸出时间对锂浸出率影响, figureFileSmall=WUFKmsBWnIKRm5WgQ9AfQA==, figureFileBig=FjW0xgy5LJYiGGcC5PiYQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888496663573085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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a~c—0 min;d~f—10 min;g、h—120 min。

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XRF analysis results of discarded LAS glass-ceramics %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Si Al Ti Li Zn
30.49 11.81 1.89 1.7 1.087
Ba Ca Na Fe Mg
0.742 0.564 0.525 0.514 0.465
), ArticleFig(id=1172888498110607984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

废弃LAS微晶玻璃的XRF分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Si Al Ti Li Zn
30.49 11.81 1.89 1.7 1.087
Ba Ca Na Fe Mg
0.742 0.564 0.525 0.514 0.465
), ArticleFig(id=1172888498173522545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main components of discard LAS glass-ceramics leaching solution g/L

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al3+ Li+ Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Fe
7.459 1.312 0.157 0.154 0.087
), ArticleFig(id=1172888498228048498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

废弃LAS微晶玻璃浸出液的主要成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al3+ Li+ Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Fe
7.459 1.312 0.157 0.154 0.087
), ArticleFig(id=1172888498324517491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Kinetic fitting parameters of lithium leaching process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 化学反应控制 内扩散控制 化学反应-内扩散混合控制
k1/min R2 k2/min R2 k3/min R2
40 0.003 76 0.965 99 0.001 73 0.974 64 0.003 57 0.991 98
50 0.003 78 0.935 52 0.001 86 0.939 84 0.006 45 0.990 73
60 0.003 82 0.907 31 0.001 89 0.906 01 0.008 86 0.979 83
), ArticleFig(id=1172888498387432052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295847364764489, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锂浸出过程的的动力学拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 化学反应控制 内扩散控制 化学反应-内扩散混合控制
k1/min R2 k2/min R2 k3/min R2
40 0.003 76 0.965 99 0.001 73 0.974 64 0.003 57 0.991 98
50 0.003 78 0.935 52 0.001 86 0.939 84 0.006 45 0.990 73
60 0.003 82 0.907 31 0.001 89 0.906 01 0.008 86 0.979 83
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用HF/H2SO4混合酸从废弃微晶玻璃中提取锂
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陈成 1, 2 , 严群 1, 2, 3 , 唐学昆 1, 2 , 刘子帅 1, 2 , 周贺鹏 1, 2 , 李恩昊 1, 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(3): 316-326
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(3): 316-326
用HF/H2SO4混合酸从废弃微晶玻璃中提取锂
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陈成1, 2, 严群1, 2, 3, 唐学昆1, 2 , 刘子帅1, 2, 周贺鹏1, 2, 李恩昊1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 江西理工大学 宜春江理锂电新能源产业研究院,江西 宜春 336000
  • 2 江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 3 江西理工大学 土木与测绘工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 陈成(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为二次资源综合回收利用。

通讯作者:

唐学昆(1987—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二次资源综合回收利用。E-mail:
Extraction of Lithium from Discarded Glass-Ceramics with HF/H2SO4 Mixed Acid
Cheng CHEN1, 2, Qun YAN1, 2, 3, Xuekun TANG1, 2 , Zishuai LIU1, 2, Hepeng ZHOU1, 2, Enhao LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Yichun Lithium New Energy Industry Research Institute, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Yichun 336000, China
  • 2 College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 3 School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.005
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针对火法回收固废中锂存在的能耗高、效率低、回收困难且易造成二次污染等问题,研究了以HF/H2SO4混合酸为浸出剂,对废弃锂铝硅系(Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2,LAS)微晶玻璃样品中的锂进行强化浸出。考察了液固体积质量比、硫酸质量浓度、浸出温度、浸出时间、搅拌速度、原料粒径等因素对锂浸出率的影响,以及液固体积质量比、浸出温度对铝、硅浸出率的影响,并探讨了锂浸出动力学。结果表明:在m(样品)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2、粒径为-0.074 mm、硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出温度60 ℃、浸出时间120 min、搅拌速度200 r/min最佳条件下,锂浸出率接近99%,与其他影响因素相比,HF与样品的液固体积质量比和浸出温度对锂浸出率影响较大;相较而言,HF与样品的液固体积质量比和浸出温度对铝浸出的影响比硅大;锂浸出符合未反应核收缩模型,反应表观活化能Ea=39.53 kJ/mol,锂浸出率受化学反应-内扩散混合控制。研究结果可为废弃LAS微晶玻璃中有价元素回收再利用提供理论指导。

废弃微晶玻璃  /  HF  /  H2SO4  /  锂  /  提取  /  动力学

To address the issues of high energy consumption, low efficiency, difficult recovery and easy secondary pollution in the pyrometallurgical recovery of lithium from solid waste, the enhanced leaching of lithium from discarded lithium aluminum silicate (Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2, LAS) glass-ceramics samples using a mixed acid of HF/H2SO4 as the leaching agent was studied. The effects of liquid volume to solid mass ratio, sulfuric acid mass concentration, leaching temperature, leaching time, stirring speed and raw material particle size on the leaching rate of lithium were investigated, as well as the effects of liquid volume to solid mass ratio and leaching temperature on the leaching rates of aluminum and silicon. The kinetics of lithium leaching was also explored. The results show that under the optimal conditions of m(sample)∶ V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2, particle size of -0.074 mm, sulfuric acid mass concentration of 900 g/L, leaching temperature of 60 ℃, leaching time of 120 min, and stirring speed of 200 r/min, the leaching rate of lithium can approach 99%. Compared with other influencing factors HF volume to sample mass ratio and leaching temperature have a greater impact on the leaching rate of lithium. In contrast, the HF volume to sample mass ratio and leaching temperature have a greater effect on the leaching of aluminum than that of silicon. The leaching of lithium conforms to the unreacted core shrinkage model, with an apparent activation energy Ea of 39.53 kJ/mol, and the leaching rate of lithium is controlled by the chemical reaction-internal diffusion mixed control. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the recovery and reuse of valuable elements from discarded LAS glass-ceramics.

discarded glass-ceramics  /  HF  /  H2SO4  /  lithium  /  extraction  /  kinetics
陈成, 严群, 唐学昆, 刘子帅, 周贺鹏, 李恩昊. 用HF/H2SO4混合酸从废弃微晶玻璃中提取锂. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (3) : 316 -326 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.005
Cheng CHEN, Qun YAN, Xuekun TANG, Zishuai LIU, Hepeng ZHOU, Enhao LI. Extraction of Lithium from Discarded Glass-Ceramics with HF/H2SO4 Mixed Acid[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (3) : 316 -326 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.005
锂具有电化学活性强、能量密度高及循环性能好等特点,广泛应用于电池、玻璃与陶瓷、核工业及光电等行业。2023年,锂在全球电池行业的消耗量占总消耗量的80%左右,在玻璃与陶瓷行业的消耗量占比达11%,在其他行业的消耗量占比接近9%[1-4]。随着这些行业的快速发展,含锂固废不断增加,成为了重要的锂二次资源,但据统计,目前全球锂循环利用率不足10%[5-6]
玻璃和陶瓷是仅次于锂离子电池的第二大锂基产业,相关制品凭借其独特物理和化学性能表现出良好的适用性[7-9]。锂铝硅系(Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2,LAS)微晶玻璃兼具玻璃和陶瓷的性能,且广泛应用于厨具面板、医用仪器及盖板玻璃等领域[10-12]。据统计,2031年全球LAS微晶玻璃市场规模将超100亿元[13]。LAS微晶玻璃市场规模越大,产生的废弃物越多,因此从废弃LAS微晶玻璃中回收锂不容忽视。
LAS微晶玻璃的主要组成(Li2O:3.1%~6.2%)与锂辉石(Li2O:4.0%~7.5%)和锂云母(Li2O:1.3%~5.6%)等矿物相当。目前,从废弃LAS微晶玻璃中回收锂的方法主要包括碱浸出法和焙烧—水浸出法。其中,碱浸出法是先对破碎后样品热处理,而后采用NaOH溶液回收废弃LAS微晶玻璃中有价元素,该法对促进锂等稀有轻金属循环利用具有重要意义[14-15],但该法存在锂浸出率不高等问题。
锂辉石是制备LAS微晶玻璃的重要原料,通过研究锂辉石提锂方法的优缺点可为探讨从废弃LAS微晶玻璃中高效提锂的方法提供参考。锂辉石提锂方法主要包括硫酸法和氟化学法等[16-17]。其中,硫酸法通常需与高温焙烧法联合使用,因此存在能耗高、固体废渣处理困难等问题;而采用氟化学法是依靠HF极易破坏锂辉石的晶体结构,使锂暴露出来的特性,达到提高锂浸出率的目的,同时HF还能以复盐及络盐形式回收,可实现废弃LAS微晶玻璃的绿色综合回收利用[18-19]。试验在分析了废弃LAS微晶玻璃元素及矿物组成基础上,利用锂辉石提锂的硫酸法与氟化学法的优点,研究了用HF/H2SO4混合酸体系浸出从废弃LAS微晶玻璃中提锂,考察了液固体积质量比、硫酸质量浓度、浸出温度、浸出时间、搅拌速度、原料粒径等因素对锂浸出率的影响,以及液固体积质量比、浸出温度对铝及硅浸出率的影响,并利用未反应核收缩模型(缩核模型)探讨了锂浸出动力学,旨在探索一种效率高、能耗低且对环境危害小的方法,为推进废弃LAS微晶玻璃提锂工业化应用提供理论依据。
废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品:取自废弃电磁炉炉面板,破碎后放入GJ-Ⅰ型密封式制样粉碎机粉碎,筛分。废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果如图1所示,颗粒粒径分布如图2所示,XRF分析结果见表1
主要试剂:硫酸(98%,分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司),氢氟酸(40%,分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司),纯水(实验室制备)。
图1可知,废弃LAS微晶玻璃的XRD图谱与ICSD卡片号锂辉石(01-071-2058)吻合,主要物相为四方晶系β-LiAlSi2O6。由图2可知,破碎后废弃LAS微晶玻璃颗粒平均粒径为13.56 μm,粒径为-0.074 mm颗粒占比达96.49%。由表1可知,废弃LAS微晶玻璃中主要元素为硅、铝、钛、锂和锌,其中,硅质量分数为30.49%,铝质量分数为11.81%,锂质量分数为1.7%。废弃LAS微晶玻璃中Li2O含量较高,便于下一步对该材料中的锂进行回收再利用。
GJ-Ⅰ型密封式制样粉碎机(南昌兴民工贸有限公司),DF-101S型集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器(上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司),SHZ-D(Ⅲ)型循环水式多用真空泵(上海仪昕科学仪器有限公司),Ultima Ⅳ型X射线衍射仪(日本理学公司),PinAAcle 900F型原子吸收分光光度计(珀金埃尔默仪器有限公司),Optima 8000型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(珀金埃尔默仪器有限公司)。
氢氟酸(HF)对含硅矿物具有强腐蚀性,可以有效破坏矿石的晶体结构,使包裹在矿石内部的锂元素暴露出来,之后配合硫酸(H2SO4)的酸性和其反应活性,可进一步促进锂的浸出,并加速其他杂质矿物的溶解。通过调节HF与H2SO4比例和反应条件,充分发挥二者的协同作用,促进废弃LAS微晶玻璃中的锂浸出。HF/H2SO4混酸与废弃LAS微晶玻璃中的主要物相LiAlSi2O6的反应方程式如下:
LiAlSi2O6+19HF→LiF+H3AlF6+2H2SiF6+6H2O;
2LiAlSi2O6+24HF+4H2SO4→Li2SO4+Al2(SO4)3+4H2SiF6+12H2O。
单因素试验:取一定粒径的微晶玻璃样品10 g置于聚四氟乙烯烧杯中,按一定液固体积质量比加入一定浓度的硫酸溶液,将二者混合;将烧杯密封放入水浴锅中加热,在一定搅拌速度下搅拌,升温至设定温度;之后加入一定量氢氟酸溶液,继续搅拌反应一定时间。反应结束后停止加热,固液分离,浸出液与浸出渣送分析,用原子吸收分光光度计(PinAAcle 900F,USA)测定浸出液中锂离子浓度,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(Optima 8000,USA)测定浸出液中铝、硅离子浓度,分别计算锂、铝、硅离子浸出率。计算公式如下:
x = ρ 1 V 1 m 0 w 0 × 100 %
式中:ρ1—浸出液中有价元素质量浓度,mg/L; V1—浸出液体积,L;m0—废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品质量,g;w0—废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品中有价元素质量分数,%。
在前期单因素试验所得最佳条件基础上,将一定量废弃LAS微晶玻璃与适量硫酸溶液加入聚四氟乙烯烧杯中混合后搅拌,再将烧杯密封后放入水浴锅中加热并开启搅拌,升温至设定温度后,加入氢氟酸溶液继续搅拌。根据前期确定的间隔时间从烧杯中取2~3 mL浸出液,用原子吸收分光光度计(PinAAcle 900F,USA)测定浸出液中Li+浓度,对试验数据进行拟合分析后得到动力学参数与方程。
称取粒径-0.074 mm的废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,在硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出温度60 ℃、浸出时间120 min、搅拌速度200 r/min条件下,分别考察HF与样品体积质量比、H2SO4与样品体积质量比对锂浸出率的影响,结果如图3所示。
图3(a)可知:在H2SO4与样品体积质量比为2∶1条件下,锂浸出率随HF与样品体积质量比增大迅速升高;HF与样品体积质量比增至2.5∶1时,锂浸出率达最高;之后小幅降低。这是因为HF具有较强的还原性,HF用量越大越易与四方晶系β-LiAlSi2O6发生化学反应,导致溶液中Li+浓度增加[20]。随HF与样品体积质量比增大,HF不仅与固体颗粒反应,还会在颗粒表面生成难溶性氟硅酸盐,该层覆盖物会阻碍HF与固体内部锂的进一步反应,导致锂浸出率降低。综合考虑,选用HF与样品体积质量比为2.5∶1。
图3(b)可知:在HF与样品体积质量比为2.5∶1时,锂浸出率随H2SO4与样品体积质量比增大而先升高后小幅下降;H2SO4与样品液固体积质量比增至2∶1时,锂浸出率达最高,之后逐渐减小。这是因为随H2SO4用量增大,部分溶解度较低的氟化物会与H2SO4发生反应,导致溶液中Li+浓度上升[21];但当H2SO4用量进一步增大时,HF会生成难溶性氟硅酸盐,附着在颗粒表面,阻碍锂的浸出。H2SO4用量增加虽会促进锂浸出,但相对HF而言,H2SO4对锂的浸出作用较小,所以导致HF/H2SO4混合酸浸出体系整体的锂浸出率逐渐下降。
与HF相比,锂浸出率受H2SO4与样品体积质量比的影响较小,表明H2SO4在浸出体系中对锂浸出作用较弱。综合考虑,选用H2SO4与样品体积质量比为2∶1。
取粒径-0.074 mm的废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,在m(样品)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2、浸出温度60 ℃、浸出时间120 min、搅拌速度200 r/min条件下,考察硫酸质量浓度对锂浸出率的影响,结果如图4所示。
图4可知:在硫酸质量浓度小于900 g/L时,锂浸出率随硫酸浓度增大而升高;硫酸质量浓度增至900 g/L时,锂浸出率达96.03%;继续增大硫酸质量浓度,锂浸出率变化较小。这是因为随硫酸质量浓度增大,浸出体系中H+数量增加,使得更多的H+能够与固体颗粒接触并发生反应,从而促进锂的浸出;而当锂浸出率达到一定值后,部分性质较稳定的物质难以再与更多的H+发生反应,导致硫酸质量浓度大于900 g/L时,锂浸出率变化较小。为防止酸耗过大,综合考虑,选用最佳硫酸质量浓度为900 g/L。
取粒径-0.074 mm的废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,在m(样品)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2、硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出时间120 min、搅拌速度200 r/min条件下,考察浸出温度对锂浸出率的影响,结果如图5所示。
图5可知:浸出温度低于60 ℃时,锂浸出率随温度升高快速升高;浸出温度高于60 ℃时,锂浸出率随温度升高变化较小。研究发现,随浸出温度升高,浸出体系中固体颗粒布朗运动越剧烈,使得浸出剂HF与固体颗粒接触更加充分,有利于锂的浸出;但由于HF极易挥发,温度越高,挥发量越大,浓度越低,直接导致锂浸出率下降[22-23]。综合考虑,选用最佳浸出温度为60 ℃。
取粒径-0.074 mm的废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,在m(样品)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2、硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出温度60 ℃、搅拌速度200 r/min条件下,考察浸出时间对锂浸出率的影响,结果如图6所示。
图6可知:浸出时间对锂浸出率有一定影响,锂浸出率先随浸出时间延长快速升高,而后缓慢升高;当浸出时间超过120 min时,锂浸出率趋于平稳,表明此时固体颗粒内的大部分锂被浸出。综合考虑,选用最佳浸出时间为120 min。
取不同粒径的废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,在m(样品)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2、硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出温度60 ℃、浸出时间120 min、搅拌速度200 r/min条件下,考察LAS微晶玻璃原料粒径对锂浸出率的影响,结果如图7所示。
图7可知:锂浸出率随废弃LAS微晶玻璃原料粒径增大而逐渐降低,当粒径小于0.074 mm时,锂浸出率变化幅度较小。这主要是因为粒径越小,比表面积越大,与浸出剂接触越充分,越有利于浸出进行。综合考虑锂浸出率和酸耗等因素,选用废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品最佳粒径为-0.074 mm。
取粒径-0.074 mm的废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,在m(样品)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2、硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出时间120 min、浸出温度60 ℃条件下,考察搅拌速度对锂浸出率的影响,结果如图8所示。可知:搅拌速度由100 r/min增至300 r/min时,锂浸出率仅升高2%左右,说明搅拌速度对锂浸出率影响较小;搅拌速度增至200 r/min时,锂浸出率稳定在95%左右。综合考虑,选用最佳搅拌速度为200 r/min。
通过前期单因素试验可知,锂浸出的最佳条件为:粒径为-0.074 mm废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,m(原料)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2,硫酸质量浓度900 g/L,浸出温度60 ℃,浸出时间120 min,搅拌速度200 r/min。在该条件下,锂浸出率接近99%。进一步研究发现,这些影响因素中,HF与样品的体积质量比和浸出温度2个因素对锂浸出率影响较大,同时也对浸出渣中氟硅酸盐的形成有一定影响。为探究这2个因素是否为影响锂浸出率的主要原因,进一步考察了二者对废弃LAS微晶玻璃中Al及Si浸出率的影响。
取粒径-0.074 mm的废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,在m(样品)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2、硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出温度60 ℃、浸出时间120 min,搅拌速度200 r/min条件下,考察HF与样品体积质量比对Al、Si浸出率的影响,结果如图9所示。
图9可知:随HF与样品体积质量比增大,废弃LAS微晶玻璃中Al及Si浸出率都呈先升高后趋于稳定趋势;但相同液固体积质量比条件下,Al浸出率均高于Si,这是因为四方晶系β-LiAlSi2O6具备SiO4四面体,SiO4四面体的化学键强度很高,可以形成稳定的聚合结构,而其他离子配位多面体的化学键强度相对较低,其聚合结构稳定性较差,多分布于硅氧四面体和铝氧四面体的外结构中[24-25],会直接导致浸出体系中Si浸出率较低。
取粒径-0.074 mm的废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,在m(样品)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2、硫酸质量浓度900 g/L、浸出时间120 min,搅拌速度200 r/min条件下,考察浸出温度对Al、Si浸出率的影响,结果如图10所示。
图10可知:随浸出温度升高,Al、Si浸出率先升高后趋于稳定;但相同温度下,Al浸出率均高于Si浸出率,这是因为随浸出温度升高,溶液中HF活性也随之增强,部分HF易反应生成难溶性氟硅酸盐与氟化物,会一定程度上导致浸出体系中Si浸出率小于Al浸出率。
综上可知,HF与样品体积质量比及浸出温度对浸出体系中Li、Al及Si浸出率都有影响,这主要是由于Li—O、Al—O及Si—O的化学键能与组合结构具有差异性,使得HF对Li—O、Al—O及Si—O破坏程度不同,这对后期研究Li的选择性浸出与提纯具有一定借鉴意义。
为探究废弃LAS微晶玻璃在浸出过程中的物相变化,揭示废弃LAS微晶玻璃中的锂在浸出过程中的演化规律,对在上述最佳试验条件下浸出不同时间所得浸出渣进行XRD分析,结果如图11所示。
图11可知:随浸出时间延长,XRD图谱中主要特征峰β-LiAlSi2O6强度逐渐减弱,表明β-LiAlSi2O6逐渐溶解;浸出时间为120 min时,结合图6可知,β-LiAlSi2O6特征峰几乎消失,说明此时已完全反应,导致浸出过程中Li浸出率大于Si浸出率,后期Li浸出率提升幅度较小是由于浸出过程中出现不溶性氟化物(AlF3与Na3AlF6)与氟硅酸盐(Na2SiF6),当不溶性氟化物在颗粒表面生成,内部无法进一步溶解。结合图6还可知,浸出10 min时,锂浸出率接近80%,为确保锂浸出率达到最高,同时节约HF用量,确定浸出时间应控制在120 min为宜。
为探究废弃LAS微晶玻璃在浸出过程中微观形貌与生成物变化,对在上述最佳试验条件下浸出不同时间所得浸出渣进行SEM-EDS分析,结果如图12所示。
图12可知:随浸出时间延长,废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品颗粒在浸出过程中发生明显形貌变化,颗粒表面逐渐变得粗糙,表面凹陷处逐渐扩大且向颗粒内部发展形成不规则孔洞。这是因为HF具有强腐蚀性,加入HF可使原样品中的β-LiAlSi2O6相与石英相逐渐溶解,颗粒表面逐渐变得粗糙,而颗粒未完全溶解是由于表面生成部分难溶性氟化物。结合图11分析可知,难溶性氟化物主要为氟硅酸钠钾(KNaSiF6)、冰晶石(Na3AlF6)、氟化铝(AlF)及氟化钙(CaF)。上述形貌变化分析对研究废弃LAS微晶玻璃浸出过程和确定动力学中速控步骤具有重要意义。
为探究废弃LAS微晶玻璃在浸出过程中官能团变化,对上述最佳试验条件下浸出不同时间所得浸出渣进行FT-IR分析,结果如图13所示。
图13可知:随浸出时间延长,1 026.12 cm-1(Si—O和Si—O—Si的对称和反对称振动)处的高强度峰降低,这可能是β-LiAlSi2O6相在HF作用下反应所致;460.39 cm-1( SO 4 2 -的弯曲振动)与1 104.56 cm-1( SO 4 2 -的伸缩振动)处峰增强[26],结合图11分析可知,浸出渣中可能存在硫酸盐及其相关产物;767.91 cm-1与611.36 cm-1处的吸收峰较宽,这是因为Al—F和AlF6的产生所致[27],结合图11分析可知,浸出渣中可能存在AlF与Na3AlF6等不溶性氟化物;1 631.31 cm-1和3 654.42 cm-1处的吸收峰分别代表OH-弯曲振动和伸缩振动,结合图11分析可知,该吸收峰出现的原因可能是样品未充分干燥或受氟化物吸湿性影响所致[28]
对最佳浸出条件下所得浸出液进行固液分离后送分析,主要成分见表2
表2可知:浸出液中铝离子浓度较高,钙、镁及铁离子相对较低。因此后期除杂过程中应优先考虑去除铝离子而后再去除钙、镁及铁等离子;另外,除杂过程中应控制锂离子损失,后期可采用化学沉淀法对溶液中锂离子进行沉淀,最后根据锂产品纯度要求进一步进行研究。
最佳样品粒径为-0.074 mm,因此可假设其为微小球形颗粒,废弃LAS微晶玻璃浸出过程属于非均相固液反应;另外,浸出反应结束后仍存在浸出渣,因此该浸出过程符合缩核模型[29-30]。该模型认为,液-固两相反应发生时,颗粒内部存在一个原始固体浓度不变的核心,核心直径随反应时间延长向内收缩。浸出过程仅发生在收缩核心的界面上,浸出均通过产物层向内或向外扩散。
由试验结果可知,锂浸出行为复杂,原料微观形貌发生了显著变化;且温度、液固体积质量比及硫酸质量浓度对锂浸出率都有影响,而锂浸出率受温度影响较大,其次是液固体积质量比。研究发现,温度影响较大,则浸出反应速率受化学反应控制,而试验过程中固体表面生成了难溶性氟化物,说明浸出过程可能受内扩散控制,也可能为混合控制。为确定锂浸出过程的控制性步骤,采用不同机制的缩核模型经验方程对锂浸出动力学数据进行拟合,通过式(4)~(6)分别描述了浸出反应速率受化学反应控制、内扩散控制及化学反应-内扩散混合控制下的动力学浸出规律,具体经验方程如下:
k 1 t = 1 - ( 1 - x ) 1 3 ;
k 2 t = 1 - 2 3 x - ( 1 - x ) 2 3 ;
k 3 t = 1 3 l n ( 1 - x ) - 1 + ( 1 - x ) - 1 3
式中:k1k2k3—浸出反应中控制模型动力学常数,min-1;t—浸出时间,h;x—Li浸出率,%。
采用缩核模型对不同温度下的锂浸出试验结果进行拟合,将不同温度下锂浸出率分别带入化学反应控制方程(4)、内扩散控制方程(5)及化学反应-内扩散混合控制方程(6)中进行计算。之后确定动力学常数k,再通过Arrhenius方程计算表观活化能的方式判断浸出过程所属控制模型。拟合参数见表3
表3可知:化学反应-内扩散混合控制模型的相关系数R2最高,内扩散控制模型次之,化学反应控制模型最低。因此,初步判断废弃LAS微晶玻璃在HF/H2SO4混酸浸出过程中,锂浸出主要受化学反应-内扩散混合控制。不同温度下化学反应-内扩散混合控制拟合曲线如图14所示。可知:随温度升高,反应速率常数k(图14中拟合直线斜率)逐渐增大,这主要是由于金属离子扩散与温度有关,升高温度能促进其浸出反应进行;化学反应-内扩散混合控制模型拟合结果较好,锂浸出过程受化学反应-内扩散混合控制影响较大。
在化学反应中,反应速率常数k是温度T的常数,根据Arrhenius方程,反应速率常数随温度变化关系如下:
l n   k = l n   A - E a R T
式中,k—表观速率常数,min-1;A—频率因子;Ea—表观活化能,kJ/mol;R—理想气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);T—热力学温度,K。
表3所示的化学反应-内扩散混合控制拟合的常数k值带入式(7),得到不同温度下自然对数ln k,绘制ln k与1/T关系图,结果如图15所示。
图15可知,废弃LAS微晶玻璃在混酸浸出过程中,ln k与1/T之间呈一定线性关系,相关系数R2≥0.95。经计算得到表观活化能Ea为39.53 kJ/mol,该值处于12~41.8 kJ/mol之间,符合化学反应-内扩散混合控制特征,由此可见,废弃LAS微晶玻璃浸出过程受化学反应-内扩散混合控制。
用HF/H2SO4混合酸从废弃LAS微晶玻璃中浸出锂是可行的。最佳浸出条件为:粒径为-0.074 mm废弃LAS微晶玻璃样品10 g,m(原料)∶V(HF)∶V(H2SO4)=1∶2.5∶2,硫酸质量浓度900 g/L,浸出温度60 ℃,浸出时间120 min,搅拌速度200 r/min,在该条件下,锂浸出率接近99%,浸出效果较好。通过改变HF与样品体积质量比和浸出温度能浸出废弃LAS微晶玻璃中Li、Al及Si,Li与Al浸出率易受HF与样品体积质量比及浸出温度影响,而Si浸出率受影响较小,与Si—O相比,Li—O与Al—O更易被HF破坏。废弃LAS微晶玻璃浸出过程符合缩核模型,浸出过程速控步骤为化学反应-内扩散混合控制,浸出反应表观活化能为Ea=39.53 kJ/mol。
后续还有必要对浸出液中杂质离子的去除及锂提纯,以及废弃LAS微晶玻璃浸出液与浸出渣的回收利用开展进一步研究。
  • 江西理工大学博士创业基金项目(205200100645)
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-09-01
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-04
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江西理工大学博士创业基金项目(205200100645)
作者信息
    1 江西理工大学 宜春江理锂电新能源产业研究院,江西 宜春 336000
    2 江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
    3 江西理工大学 土木与测绘工程学院,江西 赣州 341000

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唐学昆(1987—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二次资源综合回收利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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