Article(id=1169295846928556868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)03-0412-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728316800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1756711454374, onlineDateStr=2025-09-01, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1756711454374, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1756711454374, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711454374, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1169295841580819245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='283', pageEnd='431', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1756711453097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711962360, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=412, endPage=423, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1169295847117300552, articleId=1169295846928556868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Performance of Rare Earth Extraction Mixing Tanks with Different Impeller Configurations, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The design and optimization of extraction mixing tank is one of the key factors affecting the extraction efficiency of rare earth. The mixing performance of semi-open curved-blade disc-type stirring impeller(semi-open BWY), semi-open straight-blade disc-type stirring impeller(semi-open BPY), closed curved-blade disc-type stirring impeller (closed BWY) and closed straight-blade disc-type stirring impeller(closed BPY) paddle in the mixing tank was studied by experiment and numerical simulation. The negative pressure, power, discharge flow rate and flow field distribution generated by the four types of impellers at different rotational speeds were investigated. Taking closed BPY as an example, the six parameters of blade diameter, blade width, blade arc length, inner ring diameter, suction port diameter of the mixing tank, and the height between the blade and the suction port were analyzed in detail. The correlation equations of negative pressure, power number, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and displacement number were established. The results show that under the same power conditions, reducing the blade diameter, inner ring diameter, suction port diameter, height between the blade and the suction port and blade width, as well as increasing the blade arc length, can enhance the mixing suction capacity, but it can reduce the blade displacement.

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萃取混合槽的设计和优化是影响稀土萃取效率的关键因素之一。通过试验与数值模拟对半开式弯叶圆盘式搅拌桨(半开式BWY)、半开式直叶圆盘式搅拌桨(半开式BPY)、闭式弯叶圆盘式搅拌桨(闭式BWY)和闭式直叶圆盘式搅拌桨(闭式BPY)在混合槽中的搅拌性能进行了研究,考察了4种桨型在不同转速下搅拌产生的负压、功率、排量和流场分布。并以闭式BPY为例,对桨叶直径、宽度和弧长,以及圆环内孔直径、混合槽抽吸口直径和桨叶离抽吸口高度6个参数进行了详细的因素分析,建立了搅拌产生的负压、功率准数、湍动能耗散率和排量准数的关联式。研究结果表明:在相同功率条件下,减小桨叶直径和宽度、圆环内孔直径、混合槽抽吸口直径、桨叶离抽吸口高度,增加桨叶弧长,搅拌抽吸能力更强,但桨叶的排量降低。

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谢明辉(1984—),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为多相流体混合与传质。E-mail:
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叶志才(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为稀土萃取混合槽的研发。

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叶志才(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为稀土萃取混合槽的研发。

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叶志才(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为稀土萃取混合槽的研发。

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Chemical Engineering Science, 2012, 69:30-44., articleTitle=Numerical simulation of turbulent flow in a baffled stirred tank with an explicit algebraic stress model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172888460860994013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, awardId=22078325, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(22078325), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172888460940685790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, awardId=22478397, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(22478397), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172888453499990378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888453508378987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, companyId=1172888453499990378, language=EN, country=null, province=null, 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journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图2, caption=搅拌桨类型示意

a—半开式BPY;b—半开式BWY;c—闭式BPY;d—闭式BWY。

, figureFileSmall=q97z1XkgKID2+7S2/vrucQ==, figureFileBig=A1nDj397vVIwBqYuPcRiNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457287446961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of unstructured grid, figureFileSmall=9RttUJi0Olw7E5tHOr8NNQ==, figureFileBig=Qp1Okn7zwtbqMZGDSJ4vzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457362944434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图3, caption=非结构化网格示意, figureFileSmall=9RttUJi0Olw7E5tHOr8NNQ==, figureFileBig=Qp1Okn7zwtbqMZGDSJ4vzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457421664691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Grid-independent verification, figureFileSmall=Iy5s7g0ebKC9j1eI/iuSyg==, figureFileBig=kIudvaEz3CZsqYocnRiiDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457476190644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图4, caption=网格无关性验证, figureFileSmall=Iy5s7g0ebKC9j1eI/iuSyg==, figureFileBig=kIudvaEz3CZsqYocnRiiDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457534910901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of experimental and simulated values of rotational power and negative pressure generated by four types impellers at different rotational speeds, figureFileSmall=q7DOkydaC55X00qJjFshYA==, figureFileBig=U7NDF9HxLW6LAcZODTOArw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457597825462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图5, caption=4种桨型在不同转速下的搅拌功率和产生的负压的试验值与模拟值对比

a—半开式BPY和闭式BPY的试验值与模拟值对比;b—半开式BWY和闭式BWY的试验值与模拟值对比。

, figureFileSmall=q7DOkydaC55X00qJjFshYA==, figureFileBig=U7NDF9HxLW6LAcZODTOArw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457652351415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of simulated values of rotational power consumption and negative pressure generated by four types impellers at different rotational speeds, figureFileSmall=rjafoJwVVcpyOwzcz4blBA==, figureFileBig=Ip/I9ed2JeEbwg3OajMgzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457702683064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图6, caption=4种桨型在不同转速下的搅拌功率和产生的负压的模拟值对比, figureFileSmall=rjafoJwVVcpyOwzcz4blBA==, figureFileBig=Ip/I9ed2JeEbwg3OajMgzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457761403321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of speed vector diagrams of four types impellers at rotational speed of 350 r/min, figureFileSmall=xuoGprdm29UJKWHKMrU7Hw==, figureFileBig=CNzX4DQus06U2xUi48SwZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457824317882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图7, caption=转速为350 r/min时4种桨型速度的矢量图对比

a—半开式BPY;b—半开式BWY;c—闭式BPY;d—闭式BWY。

, figureFileSmall=xuoGprdm29UJKWHKMrU7Hw==, figureFileBig=CNzX4DQus06U2xUi48SwZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457878843835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of velocity contours of four types impellers at rotational speed of 350 r/min, figureFileSmall=JEvOt+RIr18Fqb0LCd4Igg==, figureFileBig=8QY20tv/fN42+T9ultyIEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888457941758396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图8, caption=转速为350 r/min时4种桨型速度云图的对比

a—半开式BPY;b—半开式BWY;c—闭式BPY;d—闭式BWY。

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a—半开式BPY;b—半开式BWY;c—闭式BPY;d—闭式BWY。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888458558321093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Variation of power consumption and negative pressure with rotational speed at different inner ring diameters, figureFileSmall=orvN3h4ct/NpLrM5Rp0u3g==, figureFileBig=2LFi+/ECbyrZs6yXgXnM/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888458730287558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同圆环内孔直径桨叶搅拌产生的功率和负压随转速的变化, figureFileSmall=orvN3h4ct/NpLrM5Rp0u3g==, figureFileBig=2LFi+/ECbyrZs6yXgXnM/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888458902254023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Variation of negative pressure and discharge flow rate with power consumption per unit volume at different inner ring diameters, figureFileSmall=Ak2TG2z44YS/5iFQbwm7Bg==, figureFileBig=IEeKsmskw4uMQ2MqGapdig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888459007111624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同圆环内孔直径桨叶在单位体积功率下产生的负压及排量, figureFileSmall=Ak2TG2z44YS/5iFQbwm7Bg==, figureFileBig=IEeKsmskw4uMQ2MqGapdig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888459095192009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Variation of power consumption and generated negative pressure with rotational speed at different blade arc lengths, figureFileSmall=PT4H/aPT+79AHtcTRXbPwA==, figureFileBig=ip5IeirGoMdwqw5V412oRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888459141329354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同弧长桨叶搅拌产生的功率和负压随转速的变化, figureFileSmall=PT4H/aPT+79AHtcTRXbPwA==, 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articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图21, caption=不同宽度桨叶搅拌产生的功率和负压随转速的变化, figureFileSmall=IdejBazNckKuPVXCaAilrg==, figureFileBig=YVoyAiJvGASSDDR93n9EzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888460303151575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Variation of negative pressure and discharge flow rate with power consumption per unit volume at different impeller widths, figureFileSmall=MNV223UWsRl+xBIZIknBGA==, figureFileBig=Cwh9Ou8A56tfPpRiXfyeLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888460378649048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=图22, caption=不同宽度的桨叶在单位体积功率下产生的负压及排量, figureFileSmall=MNV223UWsRl+xBIZIknBGA==, figureFileBig=Cwh9Ou8A56tfPpRiXfyeLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888460445757913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of performance parameters of mixing tanks with four types of impellers at rotational speed of 350 r/min

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桨型 P/W p/Pa 平均湍动能耗散率
εa/(m2·s-3)
桨叶区平均湍动能耗散率
εi/(m2·s-3)
排量
Q/(m3·s-1)
混合时间
t/s
半开式BPY 9.85 -2 371 0.121 5.79 0.008 4 39
半开式BWY 8.65 -2 436 0.106 4.96 0.006 9 47
闭式BPY 8.97 -2 570 0.108 6.45 0.007 3 44
闭式BWY 8.35 -2 704 0.099 5.98 0.006 2 52
), ArticleFig(id=1172888460525449690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

转速为350 r/min时4种桨型的混合槽性能参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桨型 P/W p/Pa 平均湍动能耗散率
εa/(m2·s-3)
桨叶区平均湍动能耗散率
εi/(m2·s-3)
排量
Q/(m3·s-1)
混合时间
t/s
半开式BPY 9.85 -2 371 0.121 5.79 0.008 4 39
半开式BWY 8.65 -2 436 0.106 4.96 0.006 9 47
闭式BPY 8.97 -2 570 0.108 6.45 0.007 3 44
闭式BWY 8.35 -2 704 0.099 5.98 0.006 2 52
), ArticleFig(id=1172888460588364251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Specific working conditions and structural dimensions of closed BPY

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况类型 桨叶直径
D1/mm
桨叶宽度
b1/mm
圆环内孔直径
D2/mm
桨叶弧长
l1/mm
桨叶离抽吸口高度
h2/mm
抽吸口直径
Di/mm
工况1 108 13.5 54 27 15 54
工况2 144 18 72 36 15 72
工况3 180 22.5 90 45 15 90
工况4 144 28.8 72 36 15 72
工况5 144 36 72 36 15 72
工况6 144 18 48 36 15 72
工况7 144 18 144 36 15 72
工况8 144 18 72 36.7 15 72
工况9 144 18 72 42.16 15 72
工况10 144 18 72 36 45 72
工况11 144 18 72 36 75 72
工况12 144 18 72 36 15 48
工况13 144 18 72 36 15 96
), ArticleFig(id=1172888460689027548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846928556868, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

具体工况及结构尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况类型 桨叶直径
D1/mm
桨叶宽度
b1/mm
圆环内孔直径
D2/mm
桨叶弧长
l1/mm
桨叶离抽吸口高度
h2/mm
抽吸口直径
Di/mm
工况1 108 13.5 54 27 15 54
工况2 144 18 72 36 15 72
工况3 180 22.5 90 45 15 90
工况4 144 28.8 72 36 15 72
工况5 144 36 72 36 15 72
工况6 144 18 48 36 15 72
工况7 144 18 144 36 15 72
工况8 144 18 72 36.7 15 72
工况9 144 18 72 42.16 15 72
工况10 144 18 72 36 45 72
工况11 144 18 72 36 75 72
工况12 144 18 72 36 15 48
工况13 144 18 72 36 15 96
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不同构型搅拌桨稀土萃取混合槽的性能研究
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叶志才 1, 2 , 谢明辉 2 , 向家伟 1 , 吴亮 2 , 桑晓云 3 , 李治国 3 , 张庆华 4 , 杨超 4
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(3): 412-423
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(3): 412-423
不同构型搅拌桨稀土萃取混合槽的性能研究
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叶志才1, 2, 谢明辉2 , 向家伟1, 吴亮2, 桑晓云3, 李治国3, 张庆华4, 杨超4
作者信息
  • 1 温州大学 机电工程学院,浙江 温州 325035
  • 2 浙江长城搅拌设备股份有限公司,浙江 温州 325019
  • 3 中国北方稀土(集团)高科技股份有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014060
  • 4 中国科学院过程工程研究所 中国科学院绿色过程与工程重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 叶志才(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为稀土萃取混合槽的研发。

通讯作者:

谢明辉(1984—),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为多相流体混合与传质。E-mail:
Performance of Rare Earth Extraction Mixing Tanks with Different Impeller Configurations
Zhicai YE1, 2, Minghui XIE2 , Jiawei XIANG1, Liang WU2, Xiaoyun SANG3, Zhiguo LI3, Qinghua ZHANG4, Chao YANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
  • 2 Zhejiang Greatwall Mixers Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325019, China
  • 3 China Northern Rare Earth (Group) High-Tech Co., Ltd., Baotou 014060, China
  • 4 CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.016
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萃取混合槽的设计和优化是影响稀土萃取效率的关键因素之一。通过试验与数值模拟对半开式弯叶圆盘式搅拌桨(半开式BWY)、半开式直叶圆盘式搅拌桨(半开式BPY)、闭式弯叶圆盘式搅拌桨(闭式BWY)和闭式直叶圆盘式搅拌桨(闭式BPY)在混合槽中的搅拌性能进行了研究,考察了4种桨型在不同转速下搅拌产生的负压、功率、排量和流场分布。并以闭式BPY为例,对桨叶直径、宽度和弧长,以及圆环内孔直径、混合槽抽吸口直径和桨叶离抽吸口高度6个参数进行了详细的因素分析,建立了搅拌产生的负压、功率准数、湍动能耗散率和排量准数的关联式。研究结果表明:在相同功率条件下,减小桨叶直径和宽度、圆环内孔直径、混合槽抽吸口直径、桨叶离抽吸口高度,增加桨叶弧长,搅拌抽吸能力更强,但桨叶的排量降低。

稀土  /  萃取  /  混合槽  /  搅拌桨  /  负压  /  数值模拟  /  关联式

The design and optimization of extraction mixing tank is one of the key factors affecting the extraction efficiency of rare earth. The mixing performance of semi-open curved-blade disc-type stirring impeller(semi-open BWY), semi-open straight-blade disc-type stirring impeller(semi-open BPY), closed curved-blade disc-type stirring impeller (closed BWY) and closed straight-blade disc-type stirring impeller(closed BPY) paddle in the mixing tank was studied by experiment and numerical simulation. The negative pressure, power, discharge flow rate and flow field distribution generated by the four types of impellers at different rotational speeds were investigated. Taking closed BPY as an example, the six parameters of blade diameter, blade width, blade arc length, inner ring diameter, suction port diameter of the mixing tank, and the height between the blade and the suction port were analyzed in detail. The correlation equations of negative pressure, power number, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and displacement number were established. The results show that under the same power conditions, reducing the blade diameter, inner ring diameter, suction port diameter, height between the blade and the suction port and blade width, as well as increasing the blade arc length, can enhance the mixing suction capacity, but it can reduce the blade displacement.

rare earth  /  extraction  /  mixing tank  /  impeller  /  negative pressure  /  numerical simulation  /  correlation
叶志才, 谢明辉, 向家伟, 吴亮, 桑晓云, 李治国, 张庆华, 杨超. 不同构型搅拌桨稀土萃取混合槽的性能研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (3) : 412 -423 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.016
Zhicai YE, Minghui XIE, Jiawei XIANG, Liang WU, Xiaoyun SANG, Zhiguo LI, Qinghua ZHANG, Chao YANG. Performance of Rare Earth Extraction Mixing Tanks with Different Impeller Configurations[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (3) : 412 -423 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.016
稀土元素在高科技领域中的应用越来越广,已成为现代工业中的重要资源[1]。稀土的分离过程复杂且能耗高,其中萃取工艺是实现稀土高效分离的重要环节。在萃取工艺中,混合槽[2]的优劣直接决定了萃取剂能否与稀土原料充分接触,从而影响萃取效率、产品纯度及能耗等指标[3-4]
稀土萃取混合槽的核心部分是搅拌桨,搅拌浆的性能直接影响搅拌效果、能耗和生产成本[5],性能优良的搅拌浆应具备处理量大、操作简单等优点[6-7]。目前,关于在混合槽设计和优化方面已有一些研究[8],主要集中在采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,考察不同搅拌桨型、操作参数对混合槽内流场分布、功率消耗和负压形成的影响。研究表明改进桨叶结构可在不明显增加能耗的前提下,提升抽吸力和混合性能,折叶桨更节能,直叶桨剪切作用更好[9-10];桨槽长度比、安装高度、转速民,以及桨叶与底部的距离等参数都会对萃取效率产生重要影响,而叶片的后弯角度对泵轮的抽吸高度影响较小[11-13];斜叶桨在综合性能上优于直叶桨,大三角桨产生的混合效果更加均匀,但闭式涡轮桨能形成更细小的液滴[14-15];使用数值模拟分析方法可以得到抽吸负压与搅拌功率之间的关系,有利于研究转速与液滴尺寸对混合效果的影响[16-20]。已有研究虽能对混合槽设计提供一定指导[21],但目前有关不同桨型的综合比较和优化设计方面的研究仍面临诸多挑战。如不同桨型在不同工况下的流场分布、功率特性和抽吸能力差异较大,选择最优桨型仍是一个复杂的问题;搅拌桨的几何参数对混合性能影响较大,对这些参数的变化规律进行系统研究并进行优化设计仍是一个亟待解决的重要问题。
通过试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对半开式弯叶圆盘式搅拌桨(半开式BWY)、半开式直叶圆盘式搅拌桨(半开式BPY)、闭式弯叶圆盘式搅拌桨(闭式BWY)和闭式直叶圆盘式搅拌桨(闭式BPY) 4种不同桨型的萃取混合槽在不同转速下产生的负压、功率和流场分布进行系统研究。通过对比不同桨型的性能,确定了最优桨型,并考察了最优桨型的桨叶宽度、桨叶直径、桨叶弧长、圆环内孔直径、桨叶离抽吸口高度和抽吸口直径6个关键参数对混合槽性能的影响,以期为工业稀土萃取设备的设计和优化提供技术参考。
混合槽由有机玻璃制成,长度l=360 mm、宽b=360 mm、高h=600 mm,隔板离混合槽底部距离d=100 mm,隔板中心开孔直径Di=72 mm(抽吸口)。混合槽结构如图1所示。采用半开式BPY、闭式BPY、半开式BWY、闭式BWY搅拌浆,桨叶直径均为D=144 mm(如图2所示),搅拌桨安装在距隔板上方h1=15 mm处。
试验介质为水,密度ρ=998 kg/m3,黏度μ=0.001 003 kg/(m·s),液位高度hL=500 mm。在搅拌槽底部安装测压管,管口位置与搅拌槽中心开孔处于同一水平,用于测定该处的压力[22]。搅拌轴上装有带数显的扭矩-转速一体式传感器(大洋传感器,DYN-200),搅拌轴逆时针旋转。搅拌过程中,搅拌器的输出扭矩通过传感器实时监测,转速通过传感器进行控制和调整。根据测定的扭矩和转速,采用公式(1)计算搅拌功率:
P = 2 π N M   60
式中:P—功率,W;M—扭矩,Nm;N—转速,r/min。
采用Ansys Fluent 2020R2 CFD软件对混合槽内的混合特性[23-24]进行数值模拟。模拟过程中,湍流模型采用标准k-ε混合湍流模型[25],近壁区域采用标准壁面函数设定,旋转区域选用旋转参考系坐标法(MRF)。在边界条件设置方面,混合槽顶部壁面设为压力出口(Pressure-outlet),静压设为大气压。在计算区域的划分上,将搅拌槽内的流体域分为两部分:包含搅拌桨的圆柱体区域设为旋转区域,其余部分为静止区域。计算方法选用SIMPLE算法,松弛因子保持默认设置,压力项采用PRESTO差分格式,其余各项均采用一阶迎风格式,每个时间步迭代残差为10-5
首先采用UG建立三维模型,其中开孔隔板为无厚度片状体。采用软件ICEMCFD进行网格划分,对上述4种桨型及混合槽进行非结构化网格划分,对动区进行网格加密处理,保证数据传输精确,非结构化网格具体划分如图3所示。
在搅拌转速为350 r/min条件下,计算闭式BPY桨的网格数量分别为119万、159万、218万、278万时的扭矩和抽吸口处形成负压大小,结果如图4所示。可以看出:不同网格数量下的闭式BPY桨的搅拌功率(P)和产生的负压(p)大小都较接近。考虑到模拟计算速度,选用网格数量为119万。
4种桨型在不同转速下的搅拌功率和产生的负压的试验值与模拟值对比结果如图5所示。可以看出,模拟计算结果与试验结果较吻合。说明采用的计算流体力学模型及算法可准确预测混合槽内流场状况。
4种桨型在不同转速下的搅拌功率和产生的负压的模拟值对比结果如图6所示。
图6看出,相同转速条件下,不同桨型搅拌桨的搅拌功率大小顺序为半开式BPY>闭式BPY>半开式BWY>闭式BWY。由此说明:在半开式圆盘桨型结构的基础上加入了闭式结构会影响搅拌功率,闭式结构搅拌功率较小;半开式圆盘结构中,弯叶桨型搅拌功率也低于直叶桨型,随着转速上升,变化趋势逐渐增大。由图6还可看出:相同转速条件下,不同桨型搅拌桨产生的负压值大小顺序为闭式BWY>闭式BPY>半开式BWY>半开式BPY,说明半开式弯叶搅拌产生的负压值略大于半开式直叶,闭式结构桨型搅拌产生的负压值明显大于半开式结构桨型,且随转速增大,变化趋势逐渐增大。
转速为350 r/min时4种桨型混合槽性能参数的对比结果见表1。可以看出:半开式BPY的功率比半开式BWY高13.87%,比闭式BPY高9.81%,说明直叶桨型搅拌产生的功率略大于弯叶桨型,闭式桨型搅拌产生的功率小于半开式桨型;半开式BWY搅拌产生的负压值比半开式BPY大2.74%,比闭式BWY小9.91%,弯叶桨型搅拌产生的负压值略大于直叶桨型,半开式桨型搅拌产生的负压值小于闭式桨型;半开式BPY的平均湍动能耗散率比半开式BWY大14.15%,比闭式BPY大12.03%,说明直叶桨型搅拌产生的平均湍动能耗散率略大于弯叶桨型,半开式桨型平均湍动能耗散率大于闭式桨型;半开式BPY的桨叶区平均湍动能耗散率比半开式BWY大16.73%,比闭式BPY小10.23%,说明直叶桨型的桨叶区平均湍动能耗散率大于弯叶桨型,闭式桨型的桨叶区平均湍动能耗散率大于半开式桨型;半开式BPY的排量比半开式BWY高21.73%,比闭式BPY高15.06%,说明直叶桨型的排量大于弯叶桨型,闭式桨型的排量要小于半开式桨型。半开式BPY的混合时间比半开式BWY小17.02%,比闭式BPY小11.36%,说明直叶桨型的混合速度大于弯叶桨型,闭式桨型的混合速度要小于半开式桨型。
图78分别为4种桨型在转速为350 r/min下混合槽纵截面速度矢量图和速度云图。
图7看出:总体的流型都是在桨叶旋转后,流体从桨叶下方吸入,从桨叶四周径向排出,然后形成轴向循环;半开式BPY和半开式BWY在形成整体轴向循环时,并诱导形成多个局部小循环;闭式BPY的混合室内形成较对称的轴向循环流,搅拌器周围与槽壁附近流速径向流速大,前室内也产生2个循环流,前室中的流体朝抽吸口往混合室内流去,前室整体流速快;闭式BPY和闭式BWY都能在前室内分辨出较明显的循环流,且抽吸口的流速较大。
图8看出:半开式BPY和半开式BWY前室内的流速明显小于闭式涡轮前室内的流速;半开式BPY混合室内的流速更大、更均匀,其次为闭式BPY,而闭式BWY流速最小。
图9为转速为350 r/min时4种桨型的混合槽纵截面的负压云图。可以看出:每个桨叶底部抽吸口处的负压值最大,前室内的负压值远小于混合室内的负压值,使前室和混合室间存在较大的压差,从而使抽吸口处产生强大吸力,将前室的物料不停地吸入混合室内,提高混合效率;闭式结构桨能使抽吸口处形成更大范围的低压,更有利于将前室的物料抽吸到混合室中,特别适合稀土萃取过程中两相大流量的工况,加快物料的混合,且闭式结构中弯叶桨型搅拌产生的低压范围大于闭式直叶涡轮桨。
以闭式BPY为研究对象,考察桨叶直径、宽度和弧长及圆孔内孔直径、桨叶离抽吸口高度和抽吸口直径对搅拌功率、负压和排量的影响。闭式BPY结构示意如图10所示,具体工况的参数见表2
在其他参数不变或者部分参数比例不变条件下,考察3种不同直径(工况1、工况2、工况3)桨叶搅拌产生的功率和负压随转速的变化,结果如图11所示,单位体积功率(PV)下产生的负压与排量(Q)如图12所示。
图11看出:桨叶直径越大,桨叶搅拌产生的功率越大,负压值也越大;随转速增大,各直径桨叶的搅拌功率和产生的负压值差距也都增大。
图12看出:相同单位体积功率下,直径越小,产生的负压越大,但排量越小;随直径增大,排量先呈明显增大趋势,之后变化不明显。这说明在相同单位体积功率下,用较小直径的桨叶能产生更强的负压效果,但排量可能受到限制;而用较大直径的桨叶虽可增大排量,但会降低搅拌的抽吸能力。这可能是因为相同功率下,桨叶直径越小,搅拌转速越大,动压也越大,根据伯努利原理,静压也就越小,抽力越大。减小桨叶直径,增大转速,导致排量降低的原因主要是排量与桨叶直径成三次方,与转速成线性关系。
3种不同圆环内孔直径(工况2、工况6、工况7)桨叶搅拌产生的功率和负压随转速的变化如图13所示,单位体积功率下产生的负压与排量如图14所示。
图13看出:当圆环内孔直径为144 mm时(即为半开式涡轮结构),搅拌产生的功率最大,产生的负压最小;圆环内孔直径为48 mm与72 mm时,搅拌产生的功率相差较小,但是前者搅拌产生的负压略大于后者。
图14看出:相同单位体积功率条件下,圆环内孔直径越小,产生的负压越大,但排量越小。说明在相同单位体积功率下,使用较小的圆环内孔直径能产生更强的负压效果,但排量可能受限制;而适当增大圆环内孔直径则可增大排量,但会降低搅拌的抽力。这可能是因为在相同功率下,减小圆环内孔直径,功率消耗会降低,搅拌转速会增加,通过圆环截面的流体速度变快,即动压增加,根据伯努利原理,静压降低,抽力越大,但桨叶的排出流量会降低。
3种不同弧长(工况2、工况8、工况9)桨叶搅拌产生的功率和负压随转速的变化如图15所示,在单位体积功率下产生的负压与排量如图16所示。
图15看出:随桨叶弧长增大,搅拌产生的功率逐渐减小;随转速增加,变化趋势逐渐增大;当桨叶弧长大于36 mm时,即从直叶变为弯叶,搅拌产生的负压增大,随桨叶弧长增大,即浆叶越来越弯,搅拌产生的负压变化并不明显。
图16看出:相同单位体积功率下,桨叶弧长越大,即桨叶越弯,产生的负压越大,而排量越小; 但随弯度继续增大,负压增加不明显。说明在相同单位体积功率条件下,增大桨叶弧长能产生很好的负压效果,但排量会降低,适当降低桨叶弧长可以增大排量,桨叶的抽吸能力也随之降低。这可能是因为在相同功率下,弯叶会降低功率消耗,搅拌转速会增加,即动压增加,根据伯努利原理,静压降低,抽力会增大,但桨叶的排出流量会降低。
桨叶在3种不同抽吸口直径(工况2、工况12、工况13)的混合槽内搅拌产生的功率和负压随转速的变化如图17所示,在单位体积功率下产生的负压与排量如图18所示。
图17看出:桨叶搅拌产生的功率随混合槽内抽吸口直径增大而增大,当抽吸口直径小于圆环内孔直径时,搅拌产生的功率大幅减小;产生的负压随抽吸口直径增大而明显减小,随转速增加逐渐增大。
图18看出:相同单位体积功率下,抽吸口直径越小,产生的负压越大,而排量越小。说明在相同单位体积功率条件下,使用较小的抽吸口直径能产生更强的负压,但排量可能受限制;适当增大抽吸口直径可增大排量,但会降低搅拌的抽吸能力。这可能是因为在相同功率下,减小抽吸口直径,功率消耗会降低,搅拌转速会增加,即动压增加,根据伯努利原理,静压降低,抽力会增大,但桨叶的排出流量会降低。
离混合槽内抽吸口3种不同高度(工况2、工况10、工况11)的桨叶搅拌产生的功率和负压随转速的变化如图19所示,在单位体积功率下产生的负压与排量如图20所示。
图19看出:搅拌产生的功率随桨叶离抽吸口高度增加而增大,随转速增加而增大;桨叶搅拌产生的负压随桨叶离抽吸口高度增加而明显减小,随转速增加逐渐增大。
图20看出:在相同单位体积功率条件下,桨叶离抽吸口高度越小,产生的负压越大,而排量变化较小。说明要获得更高的搅拌抽力,应使桨叶离抽吸口高度更小。这可能是因为在相同单位功率下,降低桨叶与抽吸口的距离会降低功率消耗,搅拌转速会增加,即动压增加,根据伯努利原理,静压降低,抽力会增大,但桨叶的排出流量会降低。
3种不同宽度(工况2、工况4、工况5)桨叶的搅拌功率和产生的负压随转速的变化如图21所示,在单位体积功率下产生的负压的与排量如图22所示。
图21看出:桨叶搅拌产生的功率随桨叶宽度增大而增大,随转速增加逐渐增大;桨叶搅拌产生的负压随桨叶宽度增大略微增加。
图22看出:在相同单位体积功率条件下,桨叶宽度越小,产生的负压越大,排量略微减小。说明要获得更高的搅拌抽力,应采用窄桨叶宽度的搅拌桨。这可能是因为在相同单位功率下,桨叶宽度减小,功率消耗会降低,搅拌转速会增加,即动压增加,根据伯努利原理,静压降低,抽力会增大,但桨叶的排出流量会降低。
1)负压拟合
将负压与桨叶直径、桨叶宽度、圆环内孔直径、桨叶弧长、桨叶离抽吸口高度、抽吸口直径与单位体积功率和转速相关联,关联式如下:
p = C 1 D 1 T C 2 b 1 D 1 C 3 D 2 D 1 C 4 l 1 D 1 C 5 h 2 D 1 C 6 D i D 1 C 7 P V N
式中: p—负压,Pa; T—槽体等效直径,mm; D 1—桨叶直径,mm;b1—桨叶宽度,mm; D 2—圆环内孔直径,mm; l 1—桨叶弧长,mm; h 2—桨叶离抽吸口高度,mm;Di—抽吸口直径,mm;PV—单位体积功率,W/m3;N—转速,r/s。
通过结果拟合可得具体关联式(3),R2=0.97。
p = - 20.81 D 1 T - 2.88 b 1 D 1 - 0.45 D 2 D 1 - 0.23 l 1 D 1 1.91 h 2 D 1 - 0.51 D i D 1 - 1.43 P V N
从式(3)看出,系数C2C3C4C6C7均为负值,而C5为正值。这表明:桨叶直径增大,负压大幅降低,较小的桨叶直径更有利于产生较高的负压;宽度的增加会适度降低负压,影响相对较小;圆环内孔直径的增加也会轻微降低负压;弧长的增加会显著提高负压,表明弧长是产生负压的重要因素之一;桨叶离抽吸口的高度越大,负压越小;抽吸口直径对负压的影响较为显著,直径增大会显著降低负压。
2)功率准数拟合
将功率准数(Np)与桨叶直径、桨叶宽度、圆环内孔直径、桨叶弧长、桨叶离抽吸口高度和抽吸口直径相关联,关联式如下:
N p = C 1 D 1 T C 2 b 1 D 1 C 3 D 2 D 1 C 4 l 1 D 1 C 5 h 2 D 1 C 6 D i D 1 C 7
通过结果拟合可得到具体关联式(5),R2=0.97。
N p = 1.24 D 1 T - 0.42 b 1 D 1 0.6 D 2 D 1 0.1 l 1 D 1 - 1.49 h 2 D 1 0.35 D i D 1 0.87
从式(5)看出,系数C3C4C6C7均为正值,C2C5均为负值。这表明:随桨叶直径与槽直径比增大,功率准数会减小;随桨叶宽度增加,功率准数增加,较宽的桨叶会消耗更多功率;桨叶圆环内孔直径对功率准数的影响较弱;桨叶弧长会显著影响功率准数,随弧长增大,功率准数下降,功率需求大幅减小,这可能是因为弧长增大可以优化搅拌流体的路径,减少阻力;随桨叶距离抽吸口的高度增大,功率准数也会增加,较大的高度可能会导致流体在桨叶和抽吸口之间有更多的能量损耗;抽吸口直径对功率准数有较大的影响,抽吸口越大,搅拌器所需功率越大。
3)湍动能耗散率拟合
将桨叶区平均湍动能耗散率与桨叶直径、桨叶宽度、圆环内孔直径、桨叶弧长、桨叶离抽吸口高度和抽吸口直径、功率和密度相关联,关联式如下:
ε i = C 1 D 1 T C 2 b 1 D 1 C 3 D 2 D 1 C 4 l 1 D 1 C 5 h 2 D 1 C 6 D i D 1 C 7 P V ρ ,
式中,εi—桨叶区平均湍动能耗散率,m2/s3
通过结果拟合可得到具体关联式(7),R2=0.98。
ε i = 1.02 D 1 T - 2.32 b 1 D 1 - 0.6 D 2 D 1 - 0.13 l 1 D 1 - 0.79 h 2 D 1 - 0.12 D i D 1 - 0.37 P V ρ
从式(7)看出,系数C2C3C4C5C6C7均为负值,这表明:桨叶直径与槽的直径比越大,平均湍动能耗散率越低,这可能是因为较大的桨叶会增加液体流动的分散性,减少局部的能量集中;桨叶的几何形状对能量耗散有一定影响,较窄的桨叶和较短的弧长有助于提高能量耗散率;圆环内孔直径、桨叶离抽吸口高度和抽吸口直径对能量耗散率的影响相对较弱。
4)排量准数拟合
将排量准数(NQ)与桨叶直径、桨叶宽度、圆环内孔直径、桨叶弧长、桨叶离抽吸口高度和抽吸口直径相关联,关联式如下:
N Q = C 1 D 1 T C 2 b 1 D 1 C 3 D 2 D 1 C 4 l 1 D 1 C 5 h 2 D 1 C 6 D i D 1 C 7
通过结果拟合可得到具体关联式(9),R2=0.91。
N Q = 0.39 D 1 T - 0.6 8 b 1 D 1 0.35 D 2 D 1 0.3 l 1 D 1 - 1.13 h 2 D 1 0.18 D i D 1 0.69
从式(9)看出,系数C3C4C6C7均为正值,C2C5均为负值,这表明:桨叶直径与槽直径比越大,排量准数越低;桨叶越宽,排量准数越大;圆环内孔直径增大时,排量准数也有所增加;桨叶弧长是影响排量准数最显著的负相关因素,弧长的增加会大幅减少排量准数;桨叶与抽吸口的距离增加有利于排量准数提升,但影响不大,而较大的抽吸口直径可以显著提升排量准数。
采用试验和数值模拟方法,研究了半开式BWY、半开式BPY、闭式BWY和闭式BPY四种搅拌桨的流场、功率、排量及其产生的负压值,并对其进行因素分析,得出以下结论:
1)模拟计算结果与试验结果能够较好吻合,说明采用的计算流体力学模型及算法可以准确预测混合槽内流场状况。
2)较小的桨叶直径能产生更强的负压效果,但排量会受到限制,而增大直径则可以增大排量,但会降低搅拌的抽力;较小的圆环内孔直径能产生更强的负压效果,但排量会受到限制,可以适当的增大圆环内孔直径来增大排量,但同时也会降低搅拌的抽吸能力;较小的桨叶弧长和抽吸口直径能产生更强的负压效果,但排量也会受到限制,适当增大桨叶弧长则可以增大排量,但负压会降低;采用更小的桨叶离抽吸口高度和桨叶宽度可以获得更高的搅拌抽力。
3)根据因素分析所得计算结果再拟合得到的负压、功率准数、湍动能耗散率、排量准数的关联式,可为桨叶几何参数的设计提供重要参考。通过调整桨叶宽度、桨叶直径、桨叶弧长、桨叶离抽吸口高度、抽吸口直径和圆环内环直径,可有效控制功率消耗、桨叶抽吸效率和桨叶排量,优化搅拌器设计,从而实现实际应用过程的高效节能。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22078325)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22478397)
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.016
  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-09-01
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22078325)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22478397)
作者信息
    1 温州大学 机电工程学院,浙江 温州 325035
    2 浙江长城搅拌设备股份有限公司,浙江 温州 325019
    3 中国北方稀土(集团)高科技股份有限公司,内蒙古 包头 014060
    4 中国科学院过程工程研究所 中国科学院绿色过程与工程重点实验室,北京 100190

通讯作者:

谢明辉(1984—),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为多相流体混合与传质。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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