Article(id=1169295846664315714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)03-0353-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729699200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1756711454310, onlineDateStr=2025-09-01, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1756711454310, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1756711454310, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711454310, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1169295841580819245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='283', pageEnd='431', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1756711453097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711962360, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=353, endPage=360, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1169295846895002435, articleId=1169295846664315714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Preparation of Calcium Fluoride by Transformation of Fluorine-containing Slag, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of resource utilization of fluoride-containing waste residues generated during the treatment of fluoride-containing wastewater from semiconductor manufacturing enterprises, a chemical transformation method is employed to convert fluoride residues into calcium fluoride, thereby achieving resource utilization of these residues. The transformation effects of different agents, including ammonium fluoride, hydrofluoric acid-ammonium fluoride, and acetic acid-ammonium fluoride were studied, focusing on the effects of the type of transformation agent, solution pH and fluoride concentration on the calcium fluoride content in the transformed residue. The results indicate that transformation rate is the highest for converting fluoride residues into calcium fluoride using acetic acid-ammonium fluoride as the transformation agent yields. Under conditions of liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 10 mL/1 g, acetic acid dosage of n(CH3COOH)/[2×n(CaCO3)]=1.2, ammonium fluoride dosage of n(NH4F)/[2×n(Ca)+4×n(Al)+6×n(Si)-n(F-)fluoride residue)]=1.1, stirring time of 1 h and solution pH between 3.5 and 4.0, the calcium fluoride content can reach 88.72%, with transformation rate of 38.11%. The stepwise transformation using acetic acid-ammonium fluoride can eliminate the inhibiting effect of calcium fluoride formed on the surface of calcium carbonate on the further acid dissolution of the inner layer of CaCO3, thereby increasing the content of CaF2 and the transformation rate of the fluoride-containing residues. It can provide a technical reference for the resource utilization ot fluorine-containing slag.

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针对半导体生产企业治理含氟废水过程中产生的含氟渣资源化利用问题,采用氟化物化学转型法使含氟渣转变为氟化钙,从而实现含氟渣的资源化利用。研究了氟化铵、氢氟酸-氟化铵、乙酸、乙酸-氟化铵等不同转型剂的转型效果,重点考察了转型剂种类、溶液pH、溶液氟浓度等对转型渣中氟化钙含量的影响。结果表明:采用乙酸-氟化铵转型剂将含氟渣转型为氟化钙的转型率最高;在液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g、乙酸用量为n(CH3COOH)/[2×n(CaCO3)]=1.2和氟化铵用量为$n\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{~F}\right) /\left[2 \times n(\mathrm{Ca})+4 \times n(\mathrm{Al})+6 \times n(\mathrm{Si})-n\left(\mathrm{~F}^{-}\right)_{\text {含氟渣 }}\right]=1.1$、搅拌时间1 h、溶液pH=3.5~4.0条件下,氟化钙质量分数为88.72%,氟化钙转型率为38.11%。通过乙酸-氟化铵分步转型,能够消除CaCO3表层生成的CaF2对内层CaCO3进一步酸解的抑制作用,提高CaF2含量和含氟渣的转型率,可为含氟渣的资源化利用提供技术参考。

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王耀宁(1975—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为材料加工。E-mail:
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马红周(1973—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二次资源利用。

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马红周(1973—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二次资源利用。

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马红周(1973—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二次资源利用。

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Journal of Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 2018, 37(5):80-84., articleTitle=Optimization of the technological conditions for the treatment of high fluoride wastewater by the chemical precipitation method, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172888149152907606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888149161296215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, companyId=1172888149152907606, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888149165490520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, companyId=1172888149152907606, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院,陕西 西安 710055)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172888149232599385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888149240987994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, companyId=1172888149232599385, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shaanxi Nonferrous Mining and Metallurgical Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172888149249376603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, companyId=1172888149232599385, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 陕西有色矿冶科技有限公司,陕西 西安 710077)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172888152646762894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Main phase of fluorine-containing slag, figureFileSmall=fpcg1p5AzysgKs43iclnZA==, figureFileBig=IJintpNmKw63o05/CXNrqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888152722260367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=图1, caption=含氟渣的主要物相, figureFileSmall=fpcg1p5AzysgKs43iclnZA==, figureFileBig=IJintpNmKw63o05/CXNrqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888152818729360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Presence states and stable regions of different elements in fluorine-containing slag

a—Ca;b—F;c—Al;d—Si。

, figureFileSmall=CGmH6x9ZYYqMECITeErpJg==, figureFileBig=y27SKoOXRnMqKZCtW9bthQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888152999084433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=图2, caption=含氟渣中不同元素的存在状态及稳定存在区, figureFileSmall=CGmH6x9ZYYqMECITeErpJg==, figureFileBig=y27SKoOXRnMqKZCtW9bthQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888153061998994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Influence of NH4F dosage on transformation effect, figureFileSmall=+p/bpkUpaenCMgETa+4bGA==, figureFileBig=1uByvgaSNC3fkke8jZi8ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888153179439507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=图3, caption=NH4F用量对转型效果的影响, figureFileSmall=+p/bpkUpaenCMgETa+4bGA==, figureFileBig=1uByvgaSNC3fkke8jZi8ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888153275908500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Influence of hydrofluoric acid-ammonium fluoride dosage on transformation effect, figureFileSmall=RG4lyakNAoLgGikesgaiQQ==, figureFileBig=LIHGdH8+31Log0UJ9c3pQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888153355600277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=图4, caption=氢氟酸-氟化铵用量对转型效果的影响, figureFileSmall=RG4lyakNAoLgGikesgaiQQ==, figureFileBig=LIHGdH8+31Log0UJ9c3pQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888153611452822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Influence of acetic acid dosage on transformation effect, figureFileSmall=/SfoevqdSNwD9rG+sie2FQ==, figureFileBig=9KON1t6ha3Wt0peXG8oCcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888153720504727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=图5, caption=乙酸对转型效果的影响, figureFileSmall=/SfoevqdSNwD9rG+sie2FQ==, figureFileBig=9KON1t6ha3Wt0peXG8oCcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888153875693976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Influence of acetoacetate and ammonium fluoride on the transformation effect, figureFileSmall=6Nl4AQFEpd8glNqvYbC5dA==, figureFileBig=VNe4L+OZYwHtEXTQcq1dJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888154022494617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=图6, caption=乙酸-氟化铵用量对转型效果的影响, figureFileSmall=6Nl4AQFEpd8glNqvYbC5dA==, figureFileBig=VNe4L+OZYwHtEXTQcq1dJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888154156712346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Reaction state of CaCO3 under different transformation conditions, figureFileSmall=D5+K59MvBXTBmmN+M9atJw==, figureFileBig=puZvy3btwv/4aGT2LZqKXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888154265764251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同转型条件下CaCO3的反应行为

a—氢氟酸-氟化铵转型;b—乙酸-氟化铵转型。

, figureFileSmall=D5+K59MvBXTBmmN+M9atJw==, figureFileBig=puZvy3btwv/4aGT2LZqKXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888154353844636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Main phase of acetic acid-ammonium fluoride transformation slag, figureFileSmall=xpKO8fmPhZnqJ7MABS9y9g==, figureFileBig=k8hxgIIelT1Rj9dzkpyCZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888154458702237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=图8, caption=乙酸-氟化铵转型渣的主要物相, figureFileSmall=xpKO8fmPhZnqJ7MABS9y9g==, figureFileBig=k8hxgIIelT1Rj9dzkpyCZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888154517422494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main components of fluorine-containing slag %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
F Al Si Ca
20.80 2.44 5.55 52.78
), ArticleFig(id=1172888154588725663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

含氟渣的主要化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
F Al Si Ca
20.80 2.44 5.55 52.78
), ArticleFig(id=1172888154643251616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295846664315714, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Molar amounts of main elements in fluorine-containing slag mmol

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ca F Al Si
263.88 219.01 18.08 39.64
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含氟渣中主要元素的物质的量

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Ca F Al Si
263.88 219.01 18.08 39.64
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含氟渣转型制备氟化钙试验研究
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马红周 1 , 党煜博 1 , 王耀宁 1 , 曾劲阳 1 , 王帅敏 1 , 关明华 1 , 张兴 1 , 李浩 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(3): 353-360
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(3): 353-360
含氟渣转型制备氟化钙试验研究
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马红周1, 党煜博1, 王耀宁1 , 曾劲阳1, 王帅敏1, 关明华1, 张兴1, 李浩2
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 陕西有色矿冶科技有限公司,陕西 西安 710077
  • 马红周(1973—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二次资源利用。

通讯作者:

王耀宁(1975—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为材料加工。E-mail:
Preparation of Calcium Fluoride by Transformation of Fluorine-containing Slag
Hongzhou MA1, Yubo DANG1, Yaoning WANG1 , Jinyang ZENG1, Shuaimin WANG1, Minghua GUAN1, Xing ZHANG1, Hao LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
  • 2 Shaanxi Nonferrous Mining and Metallurgical Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710077, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.009
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针对半导体生产企业治理含氟废水过程中产生的含氟渣资源化利用问题,采用氟化物化学转型法使含氟渣转变为氟化钙,从而实现含氟渣的资源化利用。研究了氟化铵、氢氟酸-氟化铵、乙酸、乙酸-氟化铵等不同转型剂的转型效果,重点考察了转型剂种类、溶液pH、溶液氟浓度等对转型渣中氟化钙含量的影响。结果表明:采用乙酸-氟化铵转型剂将含氟渣转型为氟化钙的转型率最高;在液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g、乙酸用量为n(CH3COOH)/[2×n(CaCO3)]=1.2和氟化铵用量为$n\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{~F}\right) /\left[2 \times n(\mathrm{Ca})+4 \times n(\mathrm{Al})+6 \times n(\mathrm{Si})-n\left(\mathrm{~F}^{-}\right)_{\text {含氟渣 }}\right]=1.1$、搅拌时间1 h、溶液pH=3.5~4.0条件下,氟化钙质量分数为88.72%,氟化钙转型率为38.11%。通过乙酸-氟化铵分步转型,能够消除CaCO3表层生成的CaF2对内层CaCO3进一步酸解的抑制作用,提高CaF2含量和含氟渣的转型率,可为含氟渣的资源化利用提供技术参考。

氟化钙  /  含氟渣  /  转型  /  乙酸  /  氟化铵

To address the issue of resource utilization of fluoride-containing waste residues generated during the treatment of fluoride-containing wastewater from semiconductor manufacturing enterprises, a chemical transformation method is employed to convert fluoride residues into calcium fluoride, thereby achieving resource utilization of these residues. The transformation effects of different agents, including ammonium fluoride, hydrofluoric acid-ammonium fluoride, and acetic acid-ammonium fluoride were studied, focusing on the effects of the type of transformation agent, solution pH and fluoride concentration on the calcium fluoride content in the transformed residue. The results indicate that transformation rate is the highest for converting fluoride residues into calcium fluoride using acetic acid-ammonium fluoride as the transformation agent yields. Under conditions of liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 10 mL/1 g, acetic acid dosage of n(CH3COOH)/[2×n(CaCO3)]=1.2, ammonium fluoride dosage of n(NH4F)/[2×n(Ca)+4×n(Al)+6×n(Si)-n(F-)fluoride residue)]=1.1, stirring time of 1 h and solution pH between 3.5 and 4.0, the calcium fluoride content can reach 88.72%, with transformation rate of 38.11%. The stepwise transformation using acetic acid-ammonium fluoride can eliminate the inhibiting effect of calcium fluoride formed on the surface of calcium carbonate on the further acid dissolution of the inner layer of CaCO3, thereby increasing the content of CaF2 and the transformation rate of the fluoride-containing residues. It can provide a technical reference for the resource utilization ot fluorine-containing slag.

calcium fluoride  /  fluorine-containing slag  /  transformation  /  acetic acid  /  ammonium fluoride
马红周, 党煜博, 王耀宁, 曾劲阳, 王帅敏, 关明华, 张兴, 李浩. 含氟渣转型制备氟化钙试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (3) : 353 -360 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.009
Hongzhou MA, Yubo DANG, Yaoning WANG, Jinyang ZENG, Shuaimin WANG, Minghua GUAN, Xing ZHANG, Hao LI. Preparation of Calcium Fluoride by Transformation of Fluorine-containing Slag[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (3) : 353 -360 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.009
在半导体集成电路生产过程中,因使用HF清洗和刻蚀器件会产生大量含氟废水。针对此类含氟废水除氟,目前普遍采用钙盐絮凝沉淀法将其中的氟转化为较为稳定的CaF2沉淀。该沉淀物也称作含氟渣[1-2],属于2024国家危险废物名录(修订稿)的危险固体废弃物(代码为HW49)。目前,对于含氟渣的处理方法主要是填埋,该法可能因氟渗入土壤及地下水,造成二次污染。含氟渣中CaF2含量较高,而CaF2在冶金、陶瓷等多个行业有广泛应用,且需求量较大,如能将其有效回收并作为冶金或陶瓷等行业的生产原料,不仅能实现CaF2的资源化利用,还能有效减少含氟渣的排放量。因此,回收含氟渣中的CaF2逐渐成为推动其资源化利用的研究方向之一。
含氟渣中除含有CaF2外,还含有CaCO3、Al(OH)3及SiO2[3-5]。目前,从含氟渣中回收CaF2的方法主要有两类:一是从渣中分离出CaF2,如酸洗解聚—浮选提纯;二是溶解去除渣中其他杂质,使CaF2留在渣中,如盐化—酸化—氟化—碱化法、碳酸钠转化—盐酸酸化法等。酸洗解聚—浮选提纯工艺是先用盐酸破除含氟渣中的聚团,使渣中颗粒物充分分散,再浮选分离出渣中的CaF2,CaF2品位为75.67%~76.93%,回收率为80.88%~84.79%[6]。盐化—酸化—氟化—碱化法是用NaCl分解渣中硫酸钙、HCl溶解氧化钙,再用HF溶解SiO2,之后用Na2CO3溶解Na2SiF6,除杂后渣中CaF2质量分数可达81%,CaF2回收率为72.53%[7]。碳酸钠转化—盐酸酸化法是用碳酸钠将含氟渣中的硫酸钙转化为易溶于盐酸的CaCO3,而后用盐酸溶解CaCO3、Ca(OH)2等,将CaF2含量提高至80%左右[8]。以上方法均能较大幅提升CaF2含量,但渣中以CaCO3、Ca(OH)2等形式存在的钙未能得到有效利用,此类含钙物料仍需进一步处理。如能将渣中CaCO3和Ca(OH)2也转变为CaF2,不仅可以提高渣中钙利用率,还能减少含氟渣中杂质。向含氟渣中加入氟化物可使CaCO3、Ca(OH)2等转化为CaF2,提升CaF2含量,使SiO2和Al(OH)3相对含量降低,采用此法可缩短处理流程,减少二次污染物排放。因此,试验研究了用含氟试剂对含氟渣进行一步转型,将渣中CaCO3等钙盐转变为CaF2。从理论上探讨了含氟渣中Ca、F、Al、Si等主要组分分别在NH4F、HF-NH4F、乙酸及乙酸-氟化铵溶液体系中的相转变规律,并考察了不同含氟转型剂对钙盐的转型效果,以期为含氟渣的资源化利用提供理论和技术参考。
含氟渣:某光伏企业产生的含氟废水经化学沉淀—絮凝沉淀法处理后生成的含氟污泥,再经干燥研磨至粒度小于75 μm占95%,化学成分见表1。可知,含氟渣中Ca、F质量分数分别为52.78%和20.80%,Al和Si含量相对较少。光伏企业产生的含氟废水中Si主要以 SiF 6 2 -形式存在[9],因此,为使F-充分沉淀,需加入过量钙盐沉淀剂,使其与F-结合生成CaF2。钙盐的过量加入使溶液pH升高,至溶液呈碱性时,部分 SiF 6 2 -会与OH-结合生成SiO2,存在于含氟渣中。含氟渣中Al的存在主要是因为加入了聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂,Al3+与OH-结合生成Al(OH)3胶体而促进沉淀所致[10]
对含氟渣中样品的CaF2采用EDTA滴定法(GB/T 5195.1—2017)进行定量分析可知,渣中CaF2质量分数为42.70%。用XRD测定含氟渣中钙的主要物相,结果如图1所示。可知,含氟渣中Ca的主要物相为CaF2和CaCO3
试验试剂:HF,分析纯,天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;NH4F,分析纯,天津市天力化学试剂有限公司;乙酸,分析纯,天津市富宇精细化工有限公司。
主要试验仪器:多功能搅拌器,HJ-5型,常州国华电器有限公司;pH计,FE85型,梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司。
含氟渣中钙的主要物相为CaCO3,试验选用的含氟试剂NH4F、HF及乙酸溶解渣中CaCO3。在转型过程中CaCO3、Al(OH)3、SiO2与氟化物可能发生的反应如下:
CaCO3+2HF=CaF2+H2O+CO2↑;
CaCO3+2NH4F=CaF2+(NH4)2CO3;
2CH3COOH+CaCO3=Ca(CH3COO)2+H2O+CO2↑;
Ca(CH3COO)2+2NH4F=CaF2+2CH3COONH4;
$\mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}+4 \mathrm{~F}^{-}+3 \mathrm{H}^{+}=\mathrm{AlF}_{4}^{-}+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ ;
$\mathrm{SiO}_{2}+6 \mathrm{~F}^{-}+4 \mathrm{H}^{+}=\mathrm{SiF}_{6}^{2-}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ 。
取20 g干燥磨细后的含氟渣样品放入烧杯中,加入一定量的水和转型剂,在常温条件下进行搅拌转型,控制搅拌速度为350 r/min;反应一定时间后用pH计测定溶液pH,之后进行固液分离;所得固体用水充分洗涤,然后在100 ℃下干燥称重,分析主要物相及其中CaF2含量,计算CaF2转型率η。计算公式如下:
$\eta=\frac{\frac{m w}{M(\mathrm{CaF} 2)}-n\left(\mathrm{CaF}_{2}\right)}{n(\mathrm{Ca})-n\left(\mathrm{CaF}_{2}\right)} \times 100 \% $。
式中:m—转型后产物质量,g;w—产物中CaF2质量分数,%;M(CaF2)—相对分子质量;n(CaF2)—原料中CaF2物质的量,mol;n(Ca)—原料中Ca物质的量,mol。
含氟渣中钙主要以CaCO3和CaF2形式存在,要获得纯度较高的CaF2产品,需向渣中加入氟离子使CaCO3充分转化为CaF2,在转型过程中尽可能去除渣中Si、Al等杂质。用Equilibrium Diagrams软件计算有氟离子参与转型时,Ca、F、Si、Al 4种元素在固、液相中的存在形式及数量。计算条件为:常压、温度25 ℃、含氟渣加入量20 g,使Ca全部转化为CaF2留在渣中、Si和Al分别以 SiF 6 2 - AlF 4 -形式进入溶液中,20 g含氟渣中Ca、F、Si、Al物质的量见表2
根据式(8)计算得出,20 g含氟渣中CaCO3充分转化为CaF2所需理论F-物质的量为618.92 mmol,转型剂NH4F用量K1计算公式见式(9)。
$\begin{array}{c} n\left(\mathrm{~F}^{-}\right)_{\text {理论 }}=2 \times n(\mathrm{Ca})+4 \times n(\mathrm{Al})+ \\ 6 \times n(\mathrm{Si})-n\left(\mathrm{~F}^{-}\right)_{\text {含氟渣 }}, \end{array}$
$K_{1}=\frac{n\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{~F}\right)}{n\left(\mathrm{~F}^{-}\right)_{\text {理论}}} 。$
K1=1.1时,各元素的总物质的量为[F-]T=837.93mmol、[Si(OH)4]T=39.64 mmol、[Ca2+]T=263.88 mmol、[Al3+]T=18.08 mmol,计算各元素的存在状态及稳定存在区,结果如图2所示。可以看出:当溶液pH在2.0以上时,CaF2能稳定存在于固相中;当pH在-2.0~8.0之间时,Al以Al3+、AlF2+ AlF 2 + AlF 4 - AlF 5 2 -等形式进入溶液中,少量Al以AlF3形式存在于固相中;当pH在2.0左右时,溶液中以AlF3形式存在的量最多,约占75%;当pH在-1.0~4.0之间时,Si与溶液中F-结合以 SiF 6 2 -进入溶液中。
综上所述,当溶液pH在2.0~4.0之间时,CaF2能稳定存在,同时Al和Si能部分或全部以离子形式存在于溶液中。因此,当溶液pH在2.0~4.0范围内,pH越接近4.0时,固相中的AlF3含量越少。
为使含氟渣中CaCO3充分转化为CaF2进入渣中、Si和Al分别以 SiF 6 2 - AlF 4 -的形式进入溶液中,选择NH4F用量K1=1.1~1.5。在液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g、搅拌时间1 h条件下,考察NH4F用量对转型效果的影响,结果如图3所示。
图3可知:随NH4F用量增加,产物质量几乎不变,产物中CaF2质量分数及CaF2转型率均增大,CaF2质量分数最高为68.8%,转型率最高为33.8%。K1=1.1~1.5时,转型溶液初始pH在4.3~4.4之间,随NH4F用量增加,转型终点溶液pH从6.9降至6.1。这说明NH4F用量增加可促进CaCO3溶解,溶解所产生的Ca2+与F-反应,使钙转型为CaF2。由图2(c)、(d)可知,当pH为6.0~7.0时,Al主要以 AlF 4 - AlF 5 2 -形式进入溶液中,少量AlF3留在转型渣中。结合图2(d),在此pH范围内,Si不能与溶液中F-发生反应,仍以SiO2的形式留在转型渣中。
CaCO3溶度积(Ksp=4.8×10-9)大于CaF2溶度积(Ksp=3.9×10-11),因此CaCO3会与溶液中F-反应生成稳定性更强的CaF2。在转型过程中,含氟渣颗粒表层的CaCO3与溶液中F-生成的CaF2会覆盖在含氟渣颗粒外表面,阻碍内层CaCO3继续与F-发生反应,导致转型不充分,因此NH4F转型渣中仍含有CaCO3、AlF3及SiO2等杂质,从而导致转型渣中CaF2含量相对较低。为使含氟渣中Al、Si等元素充分转入溶液中,同时也使CaCO3充分转型为CaF2,需降低转型过程溶液pH。为不引入其他元素杂质,故选择HF作为转型溶液pH的调节剂。由于K1=1.1~1.5时,产物质量几乎不变,产物中CaF2质量分数和CaF2转型率增幅都较小,综合考虑选择NH4F用量K1=1.1进行NH4F-HF转型试验。
含氟渣与水混合搅拌调浆,之后加入HF,搅拌反应1 h后再加入NH4F搅拌1 h。由于Si比Al需要更多的氟才能转变为离子状态进入溶液,因此以NH4F转型试验滤渣中杂质全部为SiO2为基准,计算反应完全时所需HF理论量,HF与SiO2的反应见式(10),HF用量K2的计算式见式(11)。为使反应充分进行,选择K2=1.1~1.5、K1=1.1,在液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g条件下考察氢氟酸-氟化铵用量对转型效果的影响,结果如图4所示。
4HF+SiO2=H2SiF4+2H2O,
$K_{2}=\frac{n(\mathrm{HF})}{4 \times n\left(\mathrm{SiO}_{2}\right)}$。
图4可知:随HF用量增加,产物中CaF2质量分数基本保持不变,产物质量和CaF2转型率均增大,产物中CaF2质量分数最高为80.2%,CaF2转型率最高为44.6%;相比仅用NH4F溶液转型,HF-NH4F转型所得转型渣中CaF2含量更高。在K1=1.1条件下,加入K2=1.1~1.5的HF,溶液起始pH在1.4~1.5之间,转型终点溶液pH在1.8~2.0之间,转型终点溶液pH有所升高,说明转型液中H+与含氟渣中的CaCO3发生反应,溶液H+消耗导致pH升高;但与NH4F转型体系相比,NH4F-HF作转型剂时,转型终点溶液pH大幅降低,加入HF能够提供更多的氟离子,有助于CaF2的转型,同时pH降低,能够使NH4F转型后渣中的SiO2和AlF3进入溶液,以此提高产物中CaF2含量。
结合图2(a)可知,HF-NH4F溶液在pH为1.8~2.0的强酸性条件下,含氟渣表面部分CaF2会解离为Ca2+和F-,CaF2层被破坏,从而使颗粒内层更多CaCO3暴露并与溶液中HF发生反应。结合图2(c)、(d)可知,HF-NH4F溶液在pH为1.8~2.0时,Al主要以 AlF 2 + AlF 4 -形式存在于溶液中,同时会有少量Al以AlF3固体形式存在;Si以 SiF 6 2 -形式进入溶液中。同时含氟渣中Al(OH)3、SiO2均与HF发生反应进入溶液,使转型渣中Al、Si含量降低,从而使NH4F-HF转型产物中CaF2质量分数相比NH4F转型产物中CaF2质量分数有所升高。
乙酸作为一种一元弱酸,在溶液中会部分解离产生H+,使溶液保持弱酸性,避免含氟渣转型时造成CaF2分解。另外乙酸能与CaCO3反应生成可溶于水的乙酸钙,增加CaCO3溶解量,因此选择乙酸作为溶液pH调节剂。乙酸与CaCO3的反应见式(3),乙酸用量K3计算见式(12)。选择K3=1.1~1.5,在液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g、搅拌时间1 h条件下,考察乙酸用量对转型效果的影响,结果如图5所示。
$K_{3}=\frac{n\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}\right)}{2 \times n\left(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\right)} $。
图5可知:随乙酸用量增加,产物质量先降低后趋于稳定,产物中CaF2质量分数及CaF2转型率先增大后趋于稳定,CaF2质量分数最高为63.1%,CaF2转型率最高为25.9%;这是因为K3=1.1时,乙酸还未完全溶解含氟渣中CaCO3,产物质量较高,产物中CaF2质量分数较低;当K3≥1.2时,CaCO3完全被乙酸溶解,使得产物质量、产物中CaF2质量分数及CaF2转型率趋于稳定。K3=1.1~1.5的转型溶液初始pH在2.2~2.3之间,转型终点溶液pH在3.6~4.5之间,转型过程中溶液pH均有升高,说明含氟渣中CaCO3被乙酸溶解进入溶液中,使得溶液pH升高。而当CaCO3溶解完全后,随乙酸用量增加,过量乙酸会使溶液pH继续降低。结合图2可知,转型终点溶液pH在3.5~4.0时,含氟渣中的钙全部转化为CaF2,Si和Al以 SiF 6 2 - AlF 4 - AlF 5 2 -形式存在,同时转型后渣中AlF3含量较少,说明转型效果较好。因此,选择K3=1.2为乙酸转型的较优条件。
含氟渣与水混合搅拌调浆,向混合矿浆中加入乙酸搅拌1 h,搅拌结束后再向矿浆中加入NH4F搅拌1h。选择乙酸用量K3=1.2,NH4F用量K1=1.1~1.5,在液固体积质量比为10 mL/1 g条件下,考察乙酸-氟化铵用量对转型效果的影响,结果如图6所示。
图6可知:在K3=1.2条件下,随NH4F用量增加,产物质量、产物中CaF2质量分数及CaF2转型率几乎不变,CaF2质量分数最高为88.72%,CaF2转型率为38.11%。在乙酸用量K3=1.2条件下,加入K1=1.1~1.5的NH4F,转型溶液初始pH在2.1~2.2之间,而转型终点溶液pH在3.6~4.0之间,说明转型过程中溶液pH均有所升高。结合图2(c)可知,在溶液pH=4.0时,Al元素大部分以 AlF 4 -形式存在于溶液中,少量以AlF3形式存在于滤渣中。结合图2(d)可知,Si元素以 SiF 6 2 -形式存在于溶液中,少量以SiO2形式存在于滤渣中。乙酸在水溶液中部分离解产出的H+能够满足含氟渣中的CaCO3溶解所需酸用量,同时不会因溶液pH过低引起CaF2分解。因此,以乙酸-氟化铵作为含氟渣转型剂较为合适。
对比氟化铵、氢氟酸-氟化铵、乙酸及乙酸-氟化铵等不同转型条件下的试验结果可知,乙酸-氟化铵转型产物中CaF2质量分数和CaF2转型率最大。一方面,以乙酸作为pH调节剂,可避免HF离解产生的F-与原料中CaCO3反应生成CaF2,降低转型后渣中CaF2含量;另一方面,氢氟酸-氟化铵转型终点溶液pH为1.8~2.0,乙酸-氟化铵转型终点溶液pH为3.5~4.0;结合图2可知,当转型结束时,溶液pH为3.5~4.0,含氟渣中的Si和Al进入溶液中,AlF3含量较低,因此该pH条件更适合CaF2转型。
CaF2晶胞结构属于立方密堆积结构,其晶胞大小为5.463 05×5.463 05×5.463 05Å,远小于CaF2原料粒度(75 μm)。在转型溶液溶解的同时,CaCO3周围开始有CaF2晶体形成,晶体在溶液中受静电作用附着在CaCO3表面,且附着面积随反应进行不断增大,CaF2大颗粒会覆盖在CaCO3表面[11-12],如图7(a)所示,进而阻碍CaCO3继续分解,内层的CaCO3则与溶液中的H+隔绝,形成一种CaF2包裹CaCO3的结构。
在乙酸-氟化铵转型过程中,乙酸在溶液中部分离解,可避免溶液pH过低导致CaF2分解。具体转型过程如图7(b)所示。CaCO3与乙酸部分电解所产生的H+反应生成CO2气体和Ca2+,Ca2+和CH3COO-以离子形式存在于溶液中;乙酸反应结束后,再向溶液中加入一定量NH4F,NH4F分解产生的F-与溶液中的Ca2+结合形成CaF2,其中部分F-与原料中的Al(OH)3和SiO2反应生成 AlF 4 - SiF 6 2 -。乙酸-氟化铵转型终点溶液pH在3.5~4.0,反应过程无须调节溶液pH。通过乙酸-氟化铵转型处理后的物相如图8所示。可以看出,处理后的产物以CaF2为主,这说明含氟渣中的CaCO3全部转型成CaF2
在计算含氟渣中Ca、F、Si、Al等元素在转型过程中的理论稳定区的基础上,分别用氟化铵、氢氟酸-氟化铵、乙酸及乙酸-氟化铵溶液对含氟渣进行了转型研究,结论如下:
1)在乙酸用量n(CH3COOH)/[2×n(CaCO3)]=1.2和NH4F用量n(NH4F)/[2×n(Ca)+4×n(Al)+6×n(Si)-n(F-)含氟渣]=1.1条件下,乙酸-氟化铵溶液对含氟渣一步转型可获得CaF2质量分数为88.72%的萤石粉,CaF2转型率为38.11%,CaF2含量能达到FF-85萤石矿粉的质量要求(YB/T 5217—2019),可实现含氟渣的短流程资源化利用。
2)通过乙酸-氟化铵分步转型能够消除CaCO3表层生成的CaF2对内层CaCO3进一步酸解的抑制作用,提高CaF2含量和含氟渣转型率。
3)本研究仅以含氟渣中钙的资源化利用为重点,对4种转型剂的转型效果进行了研究,渣中其他元素的资源化有待进一步研究。
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.009
  • 接收时间:2024-10-24
  • 首发时间:2025-09-01
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-24
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    1 西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2 陕西有色矿冶科技有限公司,陕西 西安 710077

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王耀宁(1975—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为材料加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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