Article(id=1169295845288583995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)03-0283-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732809600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1756711453982, onlineDateStr=2025-09-01, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1756711453982, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1756711453982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711453982, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1169295841580819245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='283', pageEnd='431', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1756711453097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711962360, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=283, endPage=293, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1169295845481521980, articleId=1169295845288583995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Enrichment of Rare Earth from Low Concentration Rare Earth Solution, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rare earth resources are easy to produce low concentration rare earth solution or very low concentration rare earth wastewater in the process of development and extraction, which causes problems such as enrichment difficulties, environmental pollution and resource waste. The sources and characteristics of common low concentration rare earth solutions are introduced, and the principles and research progress of enrichment and recovery technologies of low concentration rare earth solutions in recent years are reviewed, including precipitation, solvent extraction, membrane separation and adsorption separation. The advantages and disadvantages of various enrichment and recovery methods are analyzed, future direction for technological development are also outlined.

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稀土资源在开发和提取过程中易产生低浓度稀土溶液或极低浓度的稀土废水,从而造成富集困难、环境污染和资源浪费等问题。介绍了常见低浓度稀土溶液的来源及特点,综述了近年来低浓度稀土溶液的富集回收技术的原理和研究进展,包括沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、膜分离法和吸附分离法等,分析了各类富集回收方法的优缺点,并展望了未来技术发展方向。

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张魁芳(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:
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胡小洣(1993—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为钨与稀土冶金。

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胡小洣(1993—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为钨与稀土冶金。

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胡小洣(1993—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为钨与稀土冶金。

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Advantages and disadvantages and application of low concentration rare earth solution precipitation enrichment technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉淀富集技术 优点 缺点 应用情况
草酸沉淀法 反应迅速,沉淀结晶性能好,产品纯度高 稀土收率低,草酸有毒且价格略高 应用于稀土找矿工作
碳酸氢铵沉淀法 碳酸氢铵价格低廉,无毒性,沉淀后上清液可直接用于浸矿,能实现铵盐浸矿—沉淀循环 引入 NH 4 +会对环境造成影响,不利于环保 由于环保压力,在工业上逐渐被淘汰
复合钠盐沉淀法 复合钠盐用量少,沉淀效果好,稀土收率高 引入Na+,在后端冶炼废水蒸发结晶过程中,易析出钠盐,影响副产品质量 工业上应用较多
镁盐沉淀法 可实现镁盐浸矿—沉淀循环,提高试剂利用率 镁盐价贵,用量大,稀土收率不高 是稀土浸矿母液沉淀富集的发展方向
钙盐沉淀法 钙盐价格低廉,无环境污染问题 用量大,产品杂质含量高 处于实验室研究阶段
), ArticleFig(id=1172888145453527687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295845288583995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低浓度稀土溶液沉淀富集技术的优缺点及应用情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉淀富集技术 优点 缺点 应用情况
草酸沉淀法 反应迅速,沉淀结晶性能好,产品纯度高 稀土收率低,草酸有毒且价格略高 应用于稀土找矿工作
碳酸氢铵沉淀法 碳酸氢铵价格低廉,无毒性,沉淀后上清液可直接用于浸矿,能实现铵盐浸矿—沉淀循环 引入 NH 4 +会对环境造成影响,不利于环保 由于环保压力,在工业上逐渐被淘汰
复合钠盐沉淀法 复合钠盐用量少,沉淀效果好,稀土收率高 引入Na+,在后端冶炼废水蒸发结晶过程中,易析出钠盐,影响副产品质量 工业上应用较多
镁盐沉淀法 可实现镁盐浸矿—沉淀循环,提高试剂利用率 镁盐价贵,用量大,稀土收率不高 是稀土浸矿母液沉淀富集的发展方向
钙盐沉淀法 钙盐价格低廉,无环境污染问题 用量大,产品杂质含量高 处于实验室研究阶段
), ArticleFig(id=1172888145579356808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295845288583995, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification and characteristics of membrane separation technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜分离技术 孔径 原理及作用 应用工艺环节
微滤 0.1~10 μm 通过压力差进行筛分;可分离悬浮颗粒、细菌等较大的微粒 可用于稀土浸矿母液的预处理,去除浸矿母液中不溶性杂质,如泥土、石英砂等较大颗粒
超滤 1~100 nm 筛分;可分离大分子物质和胶体粒子 在处理稀土复杂溶液时,超滤可作为中间步骤去除溶液中的有机大分子污染物,或是萃取废水中的油
反渗透 只允许溶剂分子通过,而阻止溶质分子通过;可分离所有的离子和小分子 反渗透可将稀土离子截留在浓缩侧,从而实现稀土离子的富集
纳滤 1~10 nm 电荷作用和筛分;可分离小分子和多价离子 可通过调节操作压力、pH和膜的性能,对不同价态和半径的稀土离子进行初步分离富集
电渗析 通过直流电作用,带电粒子以电位差异选择性透过离子交换膜而分离 可用于高盐稀土溶液中分离稀土元素,实现对稀土离子的选择性富集和脱盐的双重目的
), ArticleFig(id=1172888145663242889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295845288583995, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

膜分离技术的分类及其特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜分离技术 孔径 原理及作用 应用工艺环节
微滤 0.1~10 μm 通过压力差进行筛分;可分离悬浮颗粒、细菌等较大的微粒 可用于稀土浸矿母液的预处理,去除浸矿母液中不溶性杂质,如泥土、石英砂等较大颗粒
超滤 1~100 nm 筛分;可分离大分子物质和胶体粒子 在处理稀土复杂溶液时,超滤可作为中间步骤去除溶液中的有机大分子污染物,或是萃取废水中的油
反渗透 只允许溶剂分子通过,而阻止溶质分子通过;可分离所有的离子和小分子 反渗透可将稀土离子截留在浓缩侧,从而实现稀土离子的富集
纳滤 1~10 nm 电荷作用和筛分;可分离小分子和多价离子 可通过调节操作压力、pH和膜的性能,对不同价态和半径的稀土离子进行初步分离富集
电渗析 通过直流电作用,带电粒子以电位差异选择性透过离子交换膜而分离 可用于高盐稀土溶液中分离稀土元素,实现对稀土离子的选择性富集和脱盐的双重目的
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从低浓度稀土溶液中富集稀土研究进展
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胡小洣 1, 2 , 刘书祯 1, 2 , 李莉 1, 2 , 张魁芳 1, 2
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2025,44(3): 283-293
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2025, 44(3): 283-293
从低浓度稀土溶液中富集稀土研究进展
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胡小洣1, 2, 刘书祯1, 2, 李莉1, 2, 张魁芳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 赣南科技学院 智能制造与材料工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 2 赣南科技学院 赣州市区域特色金属资源绿色提取及高质化利用重点实验室,江西 赣州 341000
  • 胡小洣(1993—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为钨与稀土冶金。

通讯作者:

张魁芳(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:
Research Progress on Enrichment of Rare Earth from Low Concentration Rare Earth Solution
Xiaomi HU1, 2, Shuzhen LIU1, 2, Li LI1, 2, Kuifang ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 2 Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Green Extraction and High Quality Utilization of Regional Characteristic Metal Resources, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.001
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稀土资源在开发和提取过程中易产生低浓度稀土溶液或极低浓度的稀土废水,从而造成富集困难、环境污染和资源浪费等问题。介绍了常见低浓度稀土溶液的来源及特点,综述了近年来低浓度稀土溶液的富集回收技术的原理和研究进展,包括沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、膜分离法和吸附分离法等,分析了各类富集回收方法的优缺点,并展望了未来技术发展方向。

稀土  /  富集  /  低浓度稀土溶液  /  沉淀  /  萃取  /  吸附

Rare earth resources are easy to produce low concentration rare earth solution or very low concentration rare earth wastewater in the process of development and extraction, which causes problems such as enrichment difficulties, environmental pollution and resource waste. The sources and characteristics of common low concentration rare earth solutions are introduced, and the principles and research progress of enrichment and recovery technologies of low concentration rare earth solutions in recent years are reviewed, including precipitation, solvent extraction, membrane separation and adsorption separation. The advantages and disadvantages of various enrichment and recovery methods are analyzed, future direction for technological development are also outlined.

rare earth  /  enrichment  /  low concentration rare earth solution  /  precipitation  /  extraction  /  adsorption
胡小洣, 刘书祯, 李莉, 张魁芳. 从低浓度稀土溶液中富集稀土研究进展. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (3) : 283 -293 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.001
Xiaomi HU, Shuzhen LIU, Li LI, Kuifang ZHANG. Research Progress on Enrichment of Rare Earth from Low Concentration Rare Earth Solution[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (3) : 283 -293 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.001
稀土元素具有优异的磁学、电学、光学等特殊的物理化学性能,已广泛应用于军事、冶金机械、石油化工、玻璃陶瓷、磁性材料、发光材料、催化剂和农业等多个领域[1]。稀土元素在地壳中含量并不匮乏,但分布极为不均,主要集中在中国、美国、印度、俄罗斯、南非、澳大利亚、加拿大、埃及等国家[2]。我国作为世界已知稀土资源储量最大的国家,主要类型有氟碳铈矿、独居石、磷钇矿、离子吸附型稀土矿、褐钇铌矿等。氟碳铈矿及独居石以轻稀土元素为主,中重稀土元素主要赋存于离子吸附型稀土矿,其中重稀土储量占世界已知储量的80%,是重要的战略资源[3-4]
目前,稀土资源的开发面临着一些挑战,如轻稀土矿伴生的放射性元素对环境影响较大,南方离子吸附型中重稀土矿赋存条件较差,我国主要矿区资源加速衰减,原有矿山资源大多枯竭等。为保护稀土资源,提高稀土利用率,促进稀土工业绿色健康可持续发展,富集和回收低浓度稀土溶液中的稀土是资源合理开发利用的拓展方向。
低浓度稀土溶液常指稀土质量浓度在0.000 5~5 g/L之间且主要来源于离子吸附型稀土矿的浸出液。这类稀土矿品位低,一般为0.03%~0.1%,矿床内多数稀土元素呈离子状吸附于矿物上,采用常规选矿方法无法富集稀土,其开采技术经历了池浸、堆浸到目前的地浸,相应地,浸矿剂分别为氯化钠、硫酸氢铵、硫酸镁[5]。地浸所得浸出液中的稀土质量浓度一般为0.5~2.5 g/L,杂质含量较高,包括Al3+、Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+及重金属离子[6]。这一类低浓度稀土溶液在富集稀土前需净化除杂,以保证富集物纯度。
离子吸附型稀土尾矿也是低浓度稀土溶液的重要来源之一。离子型稀土矿在地浸过程中,可有效浸出大部分稀土,但仍有部分稀土以离子态形式被氧化锰、氧化铁等胶体所吸附,或以羟基稀土离子被黏土吸附残存于尾矿中,不能有效浸出。据估算,离子吸附型稀土矿开采后的尾矿中仍有约3万t的稀土未被有效回收。经过长时间的雨水冲刷,残留在矿体中的稀土离子随雨水流出,形成含有低浓度稀土元素的废水[7]。这类废水量庞大,稀土质量浓度为0.05~0.1 g/L,甚至更低,稀土富集回收困难。
在低品位稀土资源的提取和加工过程中,也会产生大量极低浓度(×10-6级)的稀土溶液,如稀土分离厂废水、草酸沉淀上清液等。此外,稀土还伴生于稀有金属复合矿中,在主金属提取过程中也会产生低浓度稀土废水,需选择适宜方法加以富集回收,才能实现稀土资源的合理利用和可持续发展。
此外,日本学者Kato[8]2011年在太平洋深海盆地中发现了大规模富含稀土元素的沉积物;十几年后,又有研究人员研究了北太平洋西部和印度洋沃顿盆地深海泥浆中稀土的富集机制,其中稀土最高质量浓度可达3 000~8 000 mg/L[9-10];还有研究人员研究了用酸浸法提取深海泥浆中稀土元素,其酸浸液也是低浓度稀土溶液的来源之一,有望作为一种具有潜在经济价值的新型稀土资源[11-13]
目前,关于低浓度稀土溶液中稀土元素的富集方法已有较多研究,主要包括化学沉淀法、萃取法、膜分离法和吸附分离法等。
化学沉淀法在低浓度稀土溶液富集分离过程中占据极为重要的地位,根据沉淀剂不同,可分为草酸沉淀法、碳酸氢铵沉淀法、钠盐沉淀法和其他沉淀法。
在稀土元素提取和分离过程中,当草酸溶液被引入含稀土溶液中时,稀土离子会与草酸分子中羧基(—COOH)发生配位作用,形成稳定的配合物,并释放氢离子。随反应进行,这些配合物逐渐转化为难溶于水但微溶于酸的草酸稀土沉淀物RE2(C2O4)3·nH2O。其离子反应方程式为:
$\begin{array}{l} 2 \mathrm{RE}^{3+}+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}+n \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \\ \mathrm{RE}_{2}\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\right)_{3} \cdot n \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \downarrow+6 \mathrm{H}^{+} 。 \end{array}$
通过控制草酸沉淀反应条件,如草酸浓度、溶液pH、温度、反应时间等,可以进一步优化沉淀效果,提高稀土回收率。Ahmad等[14]研究了在复杂氯化物溶液体系中采用草酸沉淀法回收稀土。结果表明:当原料液稀土质量浓度为9.5 mg/L、铝质量浓度为93 mg/L、铁质量浓度为800 mg/L、草酸质量浓度为80 g/L时,通过添加试剂调节溶液pH为1.5~2,稀土沉淀率大于95%;反应完全仅需5 min,反应迅速;反应温度升高时,稀土回收率降低,说明稀土与草酸根离子之间的反应为放热反应;且降低溶液中的污染物(如Fe)浓度可提高稀土沉淀效率,减少草酸消耗,提升产品纯度。
草酸沉淀法,具有操作简单、沉淀杂质少、结晶性能好、纯度高等优点,20世纪70年代广泛应用于南方离子吸附型浸矿母液等低浓度稀土的分离富集。但草酸有毒且价格较高,草酸稀土的溶解度随酸度增大而增大,这一特性在沉淀过程中会导致稀土损失,降低稀土回收率;所得草酸稀土需焙烧转型为氧化稀土才能被无机酸分解,进而分离提纯单一稀土,且富集稀土后的废水中含有$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}$,若直接排放,不仅浪费草酸、盐酸和稀土资源,还会导致COD超标,污染环境[15-16]。因此,草酸沉淀法在稀土浸矿母液的富集中已很少应用。但由于草酸和稀土之间具有较强的亲和力,二者反应迅速,因此该法现被应用于稀土矿找矿。严志安等[17]在云南省盈江县新泡山及外围稀土矿找矿工作中,研究了用硫酸铵浸出矿石后再用草酸沉淀稀土,通过观察是否有悬浊液、絮状物、沉淀物生成,判断矿区有无稀土,并分析稀土品位。结果表明:该法找矿准确率为92.59%,与传统方法相比,具有操作简单、成本低、结果获取快、吻合度高等优点,可快速圈定矿化范围、控制钻孔深度,从而为下一步勘查找矿提供可靠的依据,并显著缩减工作周期及勘查成本。目前,该法已成功应用于盈江地区稀土找矿工作中,并取得了很好的找矿效果。
碳酸氢铵沉淀法是通过稀土离子与碳酸根离子反应生成稀土碳酸盐水合物沉淀,实现稀土的富集分离。其离子反应方程式为:
$\begin{array}{c} 2 \mathrm{RE}^{3+}+6 \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}=\mathrm{RE}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CO}_{3}\right)_{3} \downarrow+ \\ 3 \mathrm{CO}_{2} \uparrow+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} 。 \end{array}$
在20世纪80年代,碳酸氢铵取代了草酸从离子吸附型稀土浸矿母液中富集沉淀稀土,克服了草酸沉淀法回收稀土成本高、收率低、草酸毒性大、污染环境等弊端;但碳酸氢铵沉淀法所得碳酸稀土为含多水的絮状非晶型沉淀,这种沉淀颗粒细,体积大,难过滤,不易洗涤,质量不稳定,当时限制了该工艺的推广应用。
一些学者通过添加晶种的方式有效避免了用碳酸氢铵沉淀富集稀土过程中易生成无定型絮状沉淀现象,从而解决了过滤困难的问题。如吴茂法等[18]以硫酸铵浸出南方某风化淋积型稀土矿所得浸矿母液(稀土质量浓度为1.40 g/L)为原料,通过添加适量沉淀晶种和絮凝剂,同时滴加碳酸氢铵溶液,在搅拌时间30~45 min、终点pH=7.0、陈化时间16 h条件下,避免了非晶形碳酸稀土沉淀生成;喻庆华等[19]采用碳酸氢铵从硫酸铵浸矿母液中沉淀富集稀土,在沉淀温度20~40 ℃、[NH4HCO3]/[RE3+]=3.0、搅拌时间30 min、陈化时间9~10 h条件下,所得碳酸稀土体积小,颗粒大而均匀,呈空心圆柱状,颗粒尺寸为ϕ5 μm×10 μm;钱友军[20]将硫酸铵浸出寻乌稀土矿所得浸出液净化除铝后,采用碳酸氢铵沉淀富集稀土,同时加入适量的晶种或田菁胶,获得了晶型碳酸稀土。在稀土沉淀结晶过程中添加晶种可降低体系初始过饱和度(指溶液中溶质浓度超过其饱和溶解度的状态),晶种能提供额外的成核位置,减少新晶核形成,避免大量细小晶体迅速生成和聚结,通过控制成核过程,使得晶体沿着特定的晶面生长,从而获得更大的晶体。
此外,方夕辉等[21]和刘燕波[22]研究发现,在碳酸氢铵沉淀硫酸铵浸矿母液体系中,浸矿母液或碳酸氢铵溶液经磁化后再进行沉淀,可得到晶型良好的碳酸稀土。这是由于磁处理技术能使分子内聚力和分子势降低,促进晶核生成和晶体生长,使碳酸稀土由无定型絮状沉淀转变为晶形沉淀。由于磁处理设备投资和运行成本较高,工艺操作复杂,目前该法尚未实现工业化应用。
碳酸氢铵来源广泛,价格低廉,无毒,使用该物质沉淀稀土后,其上清液可直接用于浸矿,所得碳酸稀土可直接溶于无机酸,作为进一步分离提纯稀土的原料,省略了草酸稀土灼烧转化工序;但碳酸氢铵沉淀低浓度稀土溶液过程中,会产生大量氨氮废水和废气,必须采取适宜的废水处理和废气净化措施,以降低对矿区土壤和地下水的污染。21世纪初期,随着国家对工业生产中的环保要求日益严格,使得碳酸氢铵沉淀低浓度稀土工艺面临更大的环保压力,逐步在工业上被更加环保的技术所取代。
在采用草酸或碳酸氢铵对低浓度稀土溶液进行沉淀富集时,工作环境较差,稀土回收率较低,且会产生大量氨氮废水,易对环境造成一定污染。因此,一些学者提出用碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠沉淀法富集稀土。其离子反应方程式为:
$\begin{array}{c} 2 \mathrm{RE}^{3+}+3 \mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}=\mathrm{RE}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CO}_{3}\right)_{3} \downarrow ; \\ 2 \mathrm{RE}^{3+}+6 \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}=\mathrm{RE}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CO}_{3}\right)_{3} \downarrow+ \\ 3 \mathrm{CO}_{2} \uparrow+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} 。 \end{array}$
NaHCO3沉淀的稀土产品颗粒较大,沉降效果较好,但其用量大;Na2CO3沉淀的稀土产品颗粒较细,且为无定形沉淀,难以沉降和过滤。因此,一些学者又提出将Na2CO3、NaHCO3复合沉淀剂富集稀土。如冷美杰等[23]采用Na2CO3和NaHCO3复合沉淀剂富集稀土,获得了结晶度好、沉降性能佳、粒径分布大且均匀、杂质含量低的碳酸稀土产品;胡小洣等[24]以除铝后的铝盐浸出离子型稀土浸矿母液(质量浓度为2.16 g/L)为原料,采用0.7倍理论量的Na2CO3和NaHCO3复合沉淀剂富集稀土,在终点pH=6.72、反应时间为60 min和陈化时间为40 min条件下,稀土沉淀率为99.68%,减少了沉淀剂用量,同时提高了稀土回收率。还有一些学者采用钠盐和钙盐作为复合沉淀剂富集稀土,如孟祥龙[25]研究了低浓度硫酸稀土溶液的碳酸钠-氧化钙复合沉淀工艺,当碳酸钠添加量为0.7倍理论量、氧化钙添加量为0.4倍理论量时,稀土沉淀率大于95%,氧化稀土总量大于92%。
目前,钠盐复合沉淀法被广泛应用于工业离子吸附型稀土浸矿母液的沉淀富集。采用复合沉淀剂可改善单一沉淀剂难以沉降过滤、用量较大,或稀土回收率低及易造成环境污染等问题;但在后续酸溶、除杂、萃取分离单一稀土等过程产生的废水中因引入了钠离子,使得通过无害化蒸发结晶制取副产品氯化铵时易析出钠盐,影响副产品纯度[26]
随着稀土产业逐渐向绿色和环保方向发展,离子吸附型稀土矿已普遍采用镁盐浸矿,因此学者们提出了用镁盐沉淀法富集稀土,以期从源头消除氨氮污染,并实现镁盐的循环利用。如余宗鹤等[27-28]采用碳酸氢镁对稀土浸矿母液进行富集沉淀,含镁废水可再次用于沉淀制备碳酸稀土,实现镁盐沉淀—废水循环的无铵工艺,但碳酸氢镁易结晶,对沉淀操作技术要求较高;张臻悦等[29]和陈久昌等[30]采用氧化镁沉淀镁盐体系稀土浸出液,通过优化条件,稀土沉淀率为97%左右,但镁盐用量较大,使成本增加。
还有一些学者提出了钙盐沉淀法富集低浓度稀土溶液中稀土元素。如Luo X.P.等[31]以氧化钙作为沉淀剂,在优化条件下制得了晶体尺寸较大、外观好、晶面光滑、易过滤的沉淀物;赖安邦等[32]和赖富国[33]研究了用氧化钙沉淀—氢氧化钠搅洗工艺,通过富集镁盐从离子吸附型稀土矿所得浸矿母液中浸出稀土,该法通过增加搅洗工艺解决了沉淀产物杂质含量较高的问题,但存在工艺操作较复杂的缺点。低浓度稀土溶液沉淀富集技术的优缺点及应用情况见表1
溶剂萃取法是利用稀土元素和杂质离子之间与萃取剂配位能力的差异,通过多级萃取和反萃来实现稀土的富集分离。在水相中,稀土元素通常以离子态形式存在,而有机相中的萃取剂能与其形成稳定配合物。通过调节溶液的酸碱度、选择合适的萃取剂和反萃剂及控制温度等可以实现稀土离子在两相之间的转移。可用于低浓度稀土富集分离的萃取剂主要包括P204、P507和N1923(仲碳伯胺)。
P204和P507属于酸性萃取剂,在适宜的pH条件下,其中的磷氧键$\mathrm{P}=\mathrm{O}$与稀土离子可形成不溶于水相但溶于有机相的稳定配合物,使稀土离子从水相转移至有机相,再采用适宜的反萃剂,能实现稀土的富集分离。这2种萃取剂因具有选择性强、萃取率高、价格低廉等优点,广泛应用于高浓度混合稀土溶液分离单一稀土。
对于低浓度稀土溶液,若直接采用溶剂萃取法提取稀土,萃取剂用量较大。为提高富集率,需要增大萃取级数。在传统萃取设备中,萃取剂以小液滴形式存在,萃取剂和目标组分界面面积有限,会影响萃取效率。因此,肖传绪[34]提出了采用大相比萃取从低浓度稀土溶液中富集稀土,将小体积的萃取剂以稳定的“油泡”形式分散在萃取体系,以增大反应界面,强化萃取过程;试验以1×10-4的ErCl3溶液为原料、P507为萃取剂,通过自制大相比“油泡”萃取设备,使得稀土富集率达100倍;但该试验原料仅为稀土模拟溶液,并未考虑其他杂质离子对萃取效果的影响,而低浓度稀土溶液通常含有大量杂质离子,如Al3+、Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+等,都会直接被萃取,造成乳化现象,导致有机相损失,进而影响萃取效果,因此该法对低浓度稀土溶液的适用性还有待进一步确定。张宏源[35]研究P507对低浓度稀土溶液中稀土与杂质Al的萃取行为,结果表明,采用离心萃取可实现La3+、Nd2+、Y3+、Gd3+与杂质Al的有效分离。
此外,N1923萃取剂对Al、Fe、Th、U等杂质离子有较强的萃取分离能力,其中,对Al和Fe分离效果尤为明显。这一特性使得其在特殊条件下,能够最大限度地将稀土元素萃取进入有机相,而杂质离子则被留在水相中,从而实现稀土的富集与杂质的分离。如李翠翠[36]用N1923-煤油-异辛醇从离子吸附型稀土浸出液中直接萃取稀土,稀土回收率大于96%,而Al及其他低价金属离子则留在水相中,在除铝的同时实现了稀土的富集;王悦[37]以20%N1923+10%仲辛醇+70%煤油为有机相从离子吸附型稀土浸矿母液中萃取稀土,稀土萃取率大于99%,且在盐酸和硫酸体系中均实现了稀土的多级萃取和反萃,使低浓度稀土溶液富集20~60倍。
溶剂萃取法可实现低浓度稀土溶液的富集与分离,稀土浓度可由10-6级富集至十几g/L到几十g/L不等,但因浓度不够高,还不能直接用于分离单一稀土,需进一步采用其他富集方法提高浓度。因此,有研究人员提出了采用分步离心萃取法从稀土浸矿母液(质量浓度为0.2~0.5 g/L)中富集稀土:先采用1.0 mol/L非皂化P507以相比Vo/Va=1/12~1/15进行2~3级逆流萃取,中重稀土萃取率大于99%,部分轻稀土被萃取,负载有机相中稀土质量浓度为15 g/L左右,负载有机相以Vo/Va=15/1~18/1进行2级盐酸逆流反萃,反萃液中稀土质量浓度可达240 g/L左右;萃余液中的轻稀土再采用1.0 mol/L非皂化P204经2~3级逆流萃取和盐酸反萃富集,得到轻稀土反萃液,其质量浓度大于240 g/L,经两步离心萃取,可实现稀土的富集和稀土预分组,总回收率大于99%,富集液可直接用于分离单一稀土[38-39],具体流程如图1所示[39]。该工艺效果较好,但尚未能实现工业化应用。这是因为实际的离子型稀土浸矿母液成分复杂,其中的杂质会因矿源的不同而存在较大差异,从而影响萃取稳定性。此外,因萃取过程涉及2次离心萃取在大规模应用中,所需设备必须满足一系列严格的条件,如耐酸碱腐蚀能力强、处理量大,能确保大相比中的有机相和水相快速混合与分离,以及长期稳定运行等,这些都是在实现工业化时亟待解决的难题。
溶剂萃取法可实现稀土与大多数杂质的分离,也可以分离单一稀土元素,且分离效率较高,能实现连续大规模生产,易于进行自动化控制。但在富集低浓度稀土溶液时,需采用大相比萃取,会产生大量含油废水;同时,在萃取过程中,由于杂质离子的存在,易出现乳化现象,导致分相困难,造成有机相损失增大、稀土富集效果降低等问题;且大相比或离心萃取设备的相关问题也是阻碍其工业化应用的难点之一。因此,现阶段溶剂萃取法在低浓度稀土富集的工业化应用方面仍面临一定挑战。
膜分离法是基于溶液中各组分渗透微孔膜的差异性实现从多组分体系中分离和浓缩溶液溶质的方法[40]。因其具有分离过程无相变、分离效率高、无二次污染、节能及操作简单等特点得到广泛关注。在低浓度稀土溶液的分离富集领域,固态膜技术又分为微滤、超滤、反渗透、纳滤、电渗析等,其特征见表2
与传统的萃取法和沉淀法相比,膜分离技术适用于极低浓度的稀土浸矿尾液或稀土废水的处理,在分离过程中无需添加大量化学试剂,更符合环保要求,且选择性好,便于实现自动化控制和大规模生产。
陈斌等[41]采用注入清水的方式对某铵盐离子型稀土原地浸矿场进行淋洗,淋洗尾水pH为3.05~4.52,氨氮质量浓度≥125 mg/L,稀土质量浓度为6 mg/L;采用超滤+两级反渗透膜系统处理该淋洗尾水,膜运行压力为1.2~1.6 MPa,运行后产水中氨氮质量浓度<15 mg/L,稀土质量浓度<1.43 mg/L,浓水稀土平均质量浓度为313.4 mg/L,可直接并入浸矿母液进行稀土资源回收,能有效解决尾水的环保和资源回收问题。Kose Mutlu等[42]根据含低浓度稀土的燃煤发电厂粉煤灰渗滤液,配制了含6种稀土离子(Y3+,Nd3+,Dy3+,Er3+,Eu3+,Tb3+,质量浓度均为0.15 mg/L)的模拟渗滤液,并研究了纳滤工艺对稀土的富集效果。结果表明:在运行压力为 1.2 MPa、进料料液pH为3.5条件下,渗透通量为16.2 L/(m2·h),稀土截留率可达99.3%,浓缩率高达660倍。在实际工业过程中,膜材料易降解,同时易受胶体、有机小分子、无机粒子和微生物等污染,使得膜通量和渗透分离性能降低,影响膜的使用周期和寿命,一些高性能膜材料和膜组件成本较高,且单一的膜分离技术无法实现高纯度的稀土富集,需要与其他分离技术联合使用。
当前,一些研究人员致力于开发具有更高选择性、抗污染性和化学稳定性的膜材料,而液膜技术是其中的重要研究方向之一。液膜技术是膜技术与溶剂萃取过程相结合的一种新型分离技术,通过在两相液体间构建一层不互溶或半渗透的液体层,实现传质效率和选择性的大幅提升,从而强化分离效果[43]。液膜主要包括乳化液膜和支撑液膜等,在稀土分离和回收中已得到了广泛研究。
乳状液膜是由表面活性剂稳定的油包水或水包油型乳液,其中,内相是含有特定试剂的水溶液或有机溶液,而膜相是由表面活性剂、膜溶剂和添加剂构成的油相或水相。在处理低浓度稀土溶液时,乳状液膜将含有萃取剂(流动载体)的乳液分散在低浓度稀土溶液中,稀土离子通过膜相扩散到内相并与内相中的试剂发生反应或配合,再通过反萃或化学反应将稀土离子释放出来,而载体可以重新回到膜相继续进行离子的运输,以实现稀土的分离富集。如Zhang L.等[44]采用乳化液膜技术提取稀土质量浓度为100 mg/L的磷矿盐酸酸解液中的稀土,提取率可达93.53%。这是因为乳化液膜能以小液滴的形式分散在分离体系,具有较大的比表面积,传质效率高,选择性好,能在短时间完成稀土的富集分离。但乳化液膜易出现破裂、聚结、溶胀等现象,且稀土从内相中分离困难。
支撑液膜是将含载体的有机相稳定吸附在微孔支撑体内,料液中的待回收组分在液膜两侧发生界面配位化学反应,并在液膜内发生流动传输到解析相,实现元素的分离[45]。如张传成[46]选用P507/庚烷-ErCl3作为料液相、盐酸为反萃相,系统研究了中空纤维支撑液膜技术对浓度为0.025 mol/L Er3+的萃取效果,萃取率可达97.6%。与乳状液膜法相比,支撑液膜法避免了表面活性剂的使用,大大减少了有机相的溶解,同时省去了乳状液的制备及后续的破乳环节,易于操作和再生,但支撑液膜传质面积有限,处理效率和膜的渗透性较低。液膜技术在不断发展和完善中,未来可以通过开发新型的支撑材料、表面活性剂、流动载体和改进操作工艺等手段,进一步克服各自的缺点,提高在低浓度稀土溶液分离中的应用效果。
近年来,随着高分子技术的迅速发展,具有特殊功能基团的固相吸附材料在冶金分离领域的应用前景愈加广阔。这些功能基团通过在高分子载体表面的嫁接,充分发挥了功能基团对于特定金属离子间结合作用的高选择性、高效率性,又借助牢固的高分子聚合物骨架载体有效弥补了溶剂萃取和膜分离使用中存在的易降解、有机污染、易乳化等缺点,从而实现绿色与高效兼顾。目前,新型固相吸附分离法已成为低浓度金属分离富集中极具潜力的实用新型技术之一[47]
吸附分离法是采用多孔性固体吸附剂或离子交换树脂与流体混合物接触,使流体混合物中的一种或数种组分吸附于吸附剂表面,以实现组分的分离与富集。根据吸附剂表面与被吸作用力的不同,可将吸附分为物理吸附和化学吸附(选择性吸附)[48]。该法可直接从低浓度稀土溶液中富集稀土离子,在稀土溶液与吸附剂接触过程中,吸附剂中的功能基团会与稀土离子进行可逆的交换反应,当交换吸附负载的稀土离子遇到活性更强的淋洗剂时,重新进入水相,从而实现稀土的富集[49],其原理如图2所示。
常见的吸附剂包括无机吸附剂、有机吸附剂和新型复合吸附剂。其中,无机吸附剂包括活性炭和黏土矿物。活性炭易获取,价格便宜,且具有较大的比表面积和丰富的孔隙结构,可通过物理吸附作用对稀土元素进行吸附,但其吸附选择性相对较低,通过对其表面进行改性,如添加化学官能团等方式可提高对稀土元素的选择性吸附性能[50]。具有层状结构的黏土矿物是另一种吸附分离稀土的低成本介质。在自然界中,稀土元素会天然地吸附于部分黏土之上,由于黏土具有特殊的物理吸附特性,使得二者的分离相对较容易。在众多黏土中,蒙脱石、埃洛石、高岭石、伊利石在稀土富集分离方面适用性较好[51-54],但吸附容量和选择性仍有待进一步提高。
有机吸附剂主要包括离子交换树脂,其吸附过程是带有可交换阳离子或阴离子的不溶性固体与溶液中带有同种电荷离子之间的置换。低浓度稀土溶液经过树脂吸附和解吸可实现稀土的富集。如陈圆圆[55]和黄万抚等[56]采用HD325树脂富集回收稀土浸矿尾液中稀土,经吸附解吸,累积解吸液中稀土质量浓度为2.6~3.4 g/L,富集倍数为8~10倍,但HD325树脂对稀土的吸附容量较小,为提高解吸率而增大解吸剂用量,会导致解吸液中稀土浓度不高,富集倍数较低;柯兆华等[57]采用CL-P507树脂富集离子型稀土硫酸镁浸出液(质量浓度为0.18 g/L)中的稀土元素,解吸液中REO质量浓度最高为32.23 g/L,富集率为179倍;胡小洣[58]采用转型TP207树脂富集稀土,吸附量为0.18 g/g,再采用5%的稀HCl解吸,解吸率为99.45%,解吸液中稀土质量浓度高峰值为57.75 g/L。在CL-P507和TP207树脂吸附过程中,Al与稀土存在竞争吸附,无法实现Al的有效去除,会降低树脂的稀土交换容量。此外,还有一些学者研究了不同树脂对稀土离子的吸附行为及机制[59-65],但均未见相关的试用点及推广应用报道。由此可见,离子交换法可采用不同树脂实现从低浓度或极低浓度稀土溶液中富集稀土元素,该法富集效率高,再生效果好,可实现大规模工业化生产,但选择性和吸附容量不高,富集过程包括吸附和解吸等工序,操作相对复杂,周期较长。
此外,一些新型复合吸附剂也是目前的研究热点,这些材料结合了无机和有机材料的优点,如将无机纳米粒子负载在有机骨架上,或将有机功能基团嫁接到无机载体上,以发挥不同组分的协同效应,具有更高的吸附性能和选择性。如兰俊等[66-67]采用NaY分子筛吸附质量浓度为100 mg/L的稀土溶液,Gd3+、Y3+、La3+饱和吸附容量分别为71.3、69.8、67.0 mg/g,再采用盐酸对负载吸附剂进行解吸,解吸率大于96%;郭超逸[68]以氯氧化锆(ZrOCl2·8H2O)为锆源制备了无定型ZrP、晶型α-ZrP、氨基改性ZrP和磺酸基改性ZrP等吸附材料,并分别在配制的硝酸镧溶液(La3+质量浓度为0.2 g/L)中进行静态吸附试验,结果表明,吸附—解吸循环5次后,氨基改性ZrP完全丧失吸附能力,无定型ZrP、α-ZrP和磺酸基改性ZrP对稀土的吸附容量大幅降低;Wei X.Y.等[69]合成了一种对水溶液中稀土元素具有高效吸附性能的ALG@KLN复合材料,其对Gd3+、Y3+、Ho3+和Nd3+的饱和吸附容量分别为74.40、84.48、85.18和75.17 mg/g。这些新型复合吸附剂可实现对低浓度稀土溶液的富集和回收,但随使用次数增加可能会发生不可逆的结构变化或表面活性位点的损失,导致再生能力逐渐下降。如多次吸附—再生循环后,吸附剂表面可能会积累一些难以去除的杂质或发生部分结构的老化,从而使其对稀土元素的吸附和再生性能变差。
吸附分离法是一种具有广阔发展前景的技术,因具有环境友好、操作简单、处理量大、适应性强、易于工业化等优点在稀土分离领域占据了重要地位。目前,众多类型的吸附剂和不断涌现的新型吸附剂材料为分离稀土提供了更多的选择,可通过改变吸附剂孔隙大小、形状和分布,引入特定功能基团,或通过表面涂层、掺杂金属离子的方法提高其对稀土的吸附效率和选择性。但若要实现吸附分离法在稀土分离领域的全面推广和应用,还需克服诸多挑战,包括提高吸附剂在复杂环境下的稳定性和选择性,增大吸附剂的吸附容量,提升吸附剂循环再生能力等。随着相关研究的不断深入和技术的创新,吸附分离法有望成为低浓度稀土富集分离的主流技术,从而促进稀土资源的高效利用和可持续发展。
常见的低浓度稀土溶液有离子吸附型稀土矿浸出液、离子吸附型稀土尾矿浸出液、低品位稀土资源提取和加工过程中产生的极低浓度的稀土废液、深海泥浆浸出液等。随着对稀土产品需求增加和高品质稀土矿物储量下降,低浓度稀土高效提取技术开发研究是未来稀土行业可持续发展的必由之路。
目前,低浓度稀土溶液中稀土元素的富集方法主要有化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、膜分离法和吸附分离法。不同方法所适用的溶液体系成分要求和优缺点各异。总体看来,沉淀法操作简单,但存在适用浓度范围更高、沉淀不完全且沉淀剂消耗大等缺点;溶剂萃取法富集稀土具有选择性强、分离效率高、可实现连续大规模生产等优势,但在处理低浓度稀土溶液时易出现大相比萃取衍生出的有机相消耗大、含油废水污染严重等环保问题;膜分离法操作简单,分离效率高,但膜材料易降解,易受有机小分子、无机粒子、微生物等的污染,导致膜吸附性能和使用寿命降低。相比之下,功能基树脂吸附分离法可以充分结合萃取法和膜分离法的高选择、高效率和易操作的技术特点,并发挥出高分子材料的绿色环保优势,尤其适用于处理极低浓度的稀土溶液,因此开发具有特异性功能基的新型大容量吸附材料,保证良好的循环再生能力,仍是未来低浓度稀土溶液提取富集极具开发潜力的技术研究方向之一。
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.001
  • 接收时间:2024-11-29
  • 首发时间:2025-09-01
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-29
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074094)
赣鄱俊才支持计划·青年科技人才托举项目(2025QT15)
赣鄱英才支持计划·青年类创新领军人才项目(gpyc20240040)
江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ218517)
江西省重点研发计划项目(20202BBGL73116)
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    1 赣南科技学院 智能制造与材料工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
    2 赣南科技学院 赣州市区域特色金属资源绿色提取及高质化利用重点实验室,江西 赣州 341000

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张魁芳(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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