Article(id=1169295844374225716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)03-0388-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733846400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1756711453765, onlineDateStr=2025-09-01, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1756711453765, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1756711453765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711453765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1169295841580819245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='283', pageEnd='431', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1756711453097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711962360, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=388, endPage=397, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1169295844558775094, articleId=1169295844374225716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Preventing Emulsification During Process of Rare Earth Solvent Extraction with Span 80-P507 System, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Solvent extraction is one of the main methods for rare earth separation and purification, but emulsification often occurs in industrial production due to improper control of process conditions. In order to solve the problem, the extraction of rare earth with the surfactant Span 80 as the regulator, P507 as the extractant and kerosene as the diluent was studied. The effects of aqueous pH, stirring speed and water-oil phase ratio on the extraction rate of Er3+ and the mass concentration of oil in the raffinate were investigated, and the process parameters were optimized by response surface method. The optimization results show that under the optimal conditions of aqueous pH=3.5, stirring speed of 130 r/min and water-oil phase ratio of 4∶1 for 5 min, the extraction rate of Er3+ can reach 95.42%, and the oil concentration in the raffinate is only 1.68 mg/L. The predicted value is in good agreement with the experimental results. The addition of Span 80 can effectively prevent emulsification, and the regulation effect is obvious.

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溶剂萃取法是稀土分离提纯的主要方法之一,但在工业生产过程中常因工艺条件控制不当而发生乳化现象。为了解决这一难题,研究了以表面活性剂Span 80为调控剂、P507为萃取剂、煤油为稀释剂萃取稀土,考察了水相pH、搅拌速度和水油相比对Er3+萃取率和萃余液中油质量浓度的影响,并采用响应面法对工艺参数进行了优化。优化结果表明;在水相pH=3.5、搅拌速度130 r/min、水油相比4∶1优化条件下萃取5 min,Er3+萃取率可达95.42%,萃余液中油质量浓度仅为1.68 mg/L,预测值与试验结果吻合度较高;加入Span 80能有效防止乳化现象发生,调控作用明显。

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刘杰(1980—),女,博士研究生,教授,主要研究方向为重金属污染废水处理与资源化。E-mail:
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张秋露(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为重金属污染废水处理与资源化。

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张秋露(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为重金属污染废水处理与资源化。

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张秋露(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为重金属污染废水处理与资源化。

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language=CN, label=图10, caption=搅拌速度与相比(VAVO)对萃余液中油质量浓度影响的响应曲面(a)和等高线(b), figureFileSmall=h610NuhtEkZnh2JIZVq8ig==, figureFileBig=COFatHihT2ad6LbrXHZ/hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172893468197270504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295844374225716, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test factors and levels of response surface method

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水平 因素
x1 x2 x3
水相pH 搅拌速度/(r·min-1) 相比(VAVO)
低(-1) 2.5 130 3.5∶1
中(0) 3.0 140 4∶1
高(+1) 3.5 150 4.5∶1
), ArticleFig(id=1172893468264379369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295844374225716, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
x1 x2 x3
水相pH 搅拌速度/(r·min-1) 相比(VAVO)
低(-1) 2.5 130 3.5∶1
中(0) 3.0 140 4∶1
高(+1) 3.5 150 4.5∶1
), ArticleFig(id=1172893468344071146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295844374225716, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental results of response surface method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 x1 x2 x3 E/% ρ/(mg·L-1)
1 3.0 140 4∶1 82.2 4.70
2 2.5 150 4∶1 88.1 5.51
3 3.0 130 3.5∶1 86.8 0.15
4 3.0 140 4∶1 81.1 1.19
5 3.0 140 4∶1 79.5 1.39
6 3.5 130 4∶1 94.9 2.22
7 3.5 150 4∶1 97.4 22.12
8 3.0 140 4∶1 85.2 0.79
9 3.0 150 4.5∶1 89.8 8.87
10 3.5 140 3.5∶1 98.3 18.36
11 2.5 140 4.5∶1 74.1 3.26
12 3.5 140 4.5∶1 95.1 2.56
13 3.0 130 4.5∶1 76.3 2.80
14 2.5 140 3.5∶1 82.6 2.0
15 3.0 150 3.5∶1 90.8 19.25
16 3.0 140 4∶1 83.8 4.10
17 2.5 130 4∶1 73.4 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1172893468406985707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295844374225716, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面优化试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 x1 x2 x3 E/% ρ/(mg·L-1)
1 3.0 140 4∶1 82.2 4.70
2 2.5 150 4∶1 88.1 5.51
3 3.0 130 3.5∶1 86.8 0.15
4 3.0 140 4∶1 81.1 1.19
5 3.0 140 4∶1 79.5 1.39
6 3.5 130 4∶1 94.9 2.22
7 3.5 150 4∶1 97.4 22.12
8 3.0 140 4∶1 85.2 0.79
9 3.0 150 4.5∶1 89.8 8.87
10 3.5 140 3.5∶1 98.3 18.36
11 2.5 140 4.5∶1 74.1 3.26
12 3.5 140 4.5∶1 95.1 2.56
13 3.0 130 4.5∶1 76.3 2.80
14 2.5 140 3.5∶1 82.6 2.0
15 3.0 150 3.5∶1 90.8 19.25
16 3.0 140 4∶1 83.8 4.10
17 2.5 130 4∶1 73.4 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1172893468595729388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295844374225716, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of variance analysis and significance test for response surface regression model of Er3+ extraction rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 956.73 9 106.3 30.22 < 0.000 1 **
x1 570.19 1 570.19 162.1 < 0.000 1 **
x2 151.28 1 151.28 43.01 0.000 3 **
x3 68.34 1 68.34 19.43 0.003 1 **
x1x2 37.72 1 37.72 10.72 0.013 6 *
x1x3 6.95 1 6.95 1.97 0.202 7
x2x3 22.97 1 22.97 6.53 0.037 8 *
x 1 2 61.85 1 61.85 17.58 0.004 1 **
x 2 2 21.49 1 21.49 6.11 0.042 7 *
x 3 2 7.5 1 7.5 2.13 0.187 7
残差 24.62 7 3.52
失拟项 4.57 3 1.52 0.304 0.822 3
纯误差 20.05 4 5.01
总和 981.35 16
), ArticleFig(id=1172893468671226861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295844374225716, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Er3+萃取率的响应面回归模型的方差分析及显著性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 956.73 9 106.3 30.22 < 0.000 1 **
x1 570.19 1 570.19 162.1 < 0.000 1 **
x2 151.28 1 151.28 43.01 0.000 3 **
x3 68.34 1 68.34 19.43 0.003 1 **
x1x2 37.72 1 37.72 10.72 0.013 6 *
x1x3 6.95 1 6.95 1.97 0.202 7
x2x3 22.97 1 22.97 6.53 0.037 8 *
x 1 2 61.85 1 61.85 17.58 0.004 1 **
x 2 2 21.49 1 21.49 6.11 0.042 7 *
x 3 2 7.5 1 7.5 2.13 0.187 7
残差 24.62 7 3.52
失拟项 4.57 3 1.52 0.304 0.822 3
纯误差 20.05 4 5.01
总和 981.35 16
), ArticleFig(id=1172893468742530030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295844374225716, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of variance analysis and significance test of response surface regression model of oil mass concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 781.53 9 86.84 30.09 < 0.000 1 **
x1 147.73 1 147.73 51.19 0.000 2 **
x2 318.28 1 318.28 110.28 < 0.000 1 **
x3 61.92 1 61.92 21.45 0.002 4 **
x1x2 52.65 1 52.65 18.24 0.003 7 **
x1x3 72.77 1 72.77 25.21 0.001 5 **
x2x3 42.42 1 42.42 14.7 0.006 4 **
x 1 2 15.46 1 15.46 5.35 0.053 9
x 2 2 41.52 1 41.52 14.38 0.00 68 **
x 3 2 20.28 1 20.28 7.03 0.032 9 *
残差 20.2 7 2.89
失拟项 6.95 3 2.32 0.699 4 0.599 6
纯误差 13.25 4 3.31
总和 801.73 16
), ArticleFig(id=1172893468818027503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295844374225716, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

油质量浓度的响应面回归模型方差分析及显著性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 781.53 9 86.84 30.09 < 0.000 1 **
x1 147.73 1 147.73 51.19 0.000 2 **
x2 318.28 1 318.28 110.28 < 0.000 1 **
x3 61.92 1 61.92 21.45 0.002 4 **
x1x2 52.65 1 52.65 18.24 0.003 7 **
x1x3 72.77 1 72.77 25.21 0.001 5 **
x2x3 42.42 1 42.42 14.7 0.006 4 **
x 1 2 15.46 1 15.46 5.35 0.053 9
x 2 2 41.52 1 41.52 14.38 0.00 68 **
x 3 2 20.28 1 20.28 7.03 0.032 9 *
残差 20.2 7 2.89
失拟项 6.95 3 2.32 0.699 4 0.599 6
纯误差 13.25 4 3.31
总和 801.73 16
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Span 80-P507体系萃取稀土防止乳化试验研究
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张秋露 , 刘杰 , 王志荣 , 薛志潇 , 李倩婷 , 高丽 , 张家起
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(3): 388-397
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(3): 388-397
Span 80-P507体系萃取稀土防止乳化试验研究
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张秋露, 刘杰 , 王志荣, 薛志潇, 李倩婷, 高丽, 张家起
作者信息
  • 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院,山东 青岛 266520
  • 张秋露(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为重金属污染废水处理与资源化。

通讯作者:

刘杰(1980—),女,博士研究生,教授,主要研究方向为重金属污染废水处理与资源化。E-mail:
Preventing Emulsification During Process of Rare Earth Solvent Extraction with Span 80-P507 System
Qiulu ZHANG, Jie LIU , Zhirong WANG, Zhixiao XUE, Qianting LI, Li GAO, Jiaqi ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.013
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溶剂萃取法是稀土分离提纯的主要方法之一,但在工业生产过程中常因工艺条件控制不当而发生乳化现象。为了解决这一难题,研究了以表面活性剂Span 80为调控剂、P507为萃取剂、煤油为稀释剂萃取稀土,考察了水相pH、搅拌速度和水油相比对Er3+萃取率和萃余液中油质量浓度的影响,并采用响应面法对工艺参数进行了优化。优化结果表明;在水相pH=3.5、搅拌速度130 r/min、水油相比4∶1优化条件下萃取5 min,Er3+萃取率可达95.42%,萃余液中油质量浓度仅为1.68 mg/L,预测值与试验结果吻合度较高;加入Span 80能有效防止乳化现象发生,调控作用明显。

P507  /  Span 80  /  稀土  /  溶剂萃取  /  乳化  /  响应面法

Solvent extraction is one of the main methods for rare earth separation and purification, but emulsification often occurs in industrial production due to improper control of process conditions. In order to solve the problem, the extraction of rare earth with the surfactant Span 80 as the regulator, P507 as the extractant and kerosene as the diluent was studied. The effects of aqueous pH, stirring speed and water-oil phase ratio on the extraction rate of Er3+ and the mass concentration of oil in the raffinate were investigated, and the process parameters were optimized by response surface method. The optimization results show that under the optimal conditions of aqueous pH=3.5, stirring speed of 130 r/min and water-oil phase ratio of 4∶1 for 5 min, the extraction rate of Er3+ can reach 95.42%, and the oil concentration in the raffinate is only 1.68 mg/L. The predicted value is in good agreement with the experimental results. The addition of Span 80 can effectively prevent emulsification, and the regulation effect is obvious.

P507  /  Span 80  /  rare earth  /  solvent extraction  /  emulsification  /  response surface method
张秋露, 刘杰, 王志荣, 薛志潇, 李倩婷, 高丽, 张家起. Span 80-P507体系萃取稀土防止乳化试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (3) : 388 -397 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.013
Qiulu ZHANG, Jie LIU, Zhirong WANG, Zhixiao XUE, Qianting LI, Li GAO, Jiaqi ZHANG. Preventing Emulsification During Process of Rare Earth Solvent Extraction with Span 80-P507 System[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (3) : 388 -397 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.013
稀土元素因具有独特的理化性质而成为高新技术发展不可或缺的战略资源之一[1-2]。溶剂萃取法是稀土元素分离富集的主流方法,但该法在实际应用过程中,常因工艺条件控制不当而发生乳化现象,甚至产生第三相[3-4]。发生乳化会对正常的萃取过程产生影响,并导致萃取剂过度损耗和稀土元素损失,造成资源浪费,同时还会产生大量含油废水,污染环境[5]。因此,开发高效的抗乳化方法具有重要意义[6]
Span 80(失水山梨糖醇油酸酯)是一种常用的非离子型表面活性剂,具有极高的界面活性和界面吸附能力,常用于萃取过程中以提高有机相稳定性[7]。相关研究表明,Span 80的浓度变化对乳液性能影响显著。如Span 80浓度由1%增至3%时,乳液液滴直径会变小,使得乳液破损率由20%降至10%,从而显著提升液膜稳定性[8]。在液膜配方中引入混合表面活性剂(如Span 80和Tween 80联合使用)时,不仅能有效提高苯酚萃取率,还可防止液膜发生乳化和溶胀,进一步增强液膜的稳定性和实用性[9]。在较低环境温度下,通过增大Span 80浓度,能显著提升液膜强度,从而提高乳液体系稳定性[10]。可见,Span 80表面活性剂在增强界面稳定性和减少萃取剂损失方面具有一定优势。本课题组在前期研究中发现,在P507萃取有机相中加入Span 80后有助于增强油滴的界面稳定性,进而防止乳化和有机相损失[11-13]
试验研究了以Span 80为调控剂、P507为萃取剂、煤油为稀释剂萃取稀土,考察了水相pH、搅拌速度和水油相比变化对Er3+萃取率和萃余液中油质量浓度的影响,并通过响应面法优化了工艺参数,以获得最大的Er3+萃取率和最小油质量浓度,从而为溶剂萃取法萃取稀土提供一种有效防止乳化现象发生的可选择方案。
P507(>95%),化学纯,购于上海莱雅仕化工有限公司;Span 80(C24H44O6),化学纯,购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司;磺化煤油,作为稀释剂,购自科瑞达化工公司;氧化铒(Er2O3),分析纯,购于赣州顺源稀土材料有限公司。浓盐酸(HCl)、无水氯化铝和氯化镁,均购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司。水为实验室生产的纯水。
料液的配制:取一定量氧化铒粉末,用浓盐酸溶解后在电炉上加热煮沸排酸,形成糊状后用去离子水定容并调pH=3;加入纯水配制成质量浓度为500 mg/L的稀土料液,备用。
萃取有机相的配制:在盛有一定量煤油的烧杯中加入一定量P507,混匀稀释至一定浓度;再取一定量10 mol/L NaOH溶液滴加到配制好的P507+煤油溶液中,缓慢搅拌进行皂化,皂化度10%;最后取一定量配制好的Span 80+煤油溶液,滴加至皂化后的P507+煤油溶液中,搅拌均匀后得到P507+Span 80+煤油溶液,作为萃取有机相。
以P507+煤油作为有机相萃取稀土过程中易发生乳化现象,导致有机相损失,甚至使萃取过程无法连续进行。因此,试验将表面活性剂Span 80作为调控剂,添加到P507+煤油中,利用其强大的界面吸附能力增强界面稳定性,防止乳化现象发生。
在室温下,将10 mL有机相和20 mL水相(500 mg/L稀土料液,pH=3)置于烧杯中,用搅拌器在搅拌速度为140 r/min条件下萃取40 min;分别在萃取不同时间(0、5、10、15、20、25、30、40 min)时取0.2 mL萃余液,离心后测定其中Er3+质量浓度,计算Er3+萃取率;萃余液在转速为4 500 r/min的离心机中离心6 min,取样测定油质量浓度。Er3+萃取率E、萃余液中油质量浓度ρ计算公式如下:
E = ρ 0 - ρ t ρ 0 × 100 %
式中:E—Er3+萃取率,%;ρt—萃余液中Er3+质量浓度,mg/L;ρ0—水相中Er3+初始质量浓度,mg/L。
ρ = X A 2930 + Y A 2960 + A 3030 - A 2930 F Z
式中:c—油分浓度;A2930A2960A3030—不同波长下的吸光度;XYZF—校正系数。
FE28型pH计(梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司),HZK-JA1000型电子天平(福州华志科学仪器有限公司),六联磁力搅拌器(群安仪器实验有限公司),Sorvall ST8R型台式高速离心机(赛默飞世尔科技公司),KLBG-125型红外分光测油仪(吉光科技有限责任公司),ICP-7200型电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(赛默飞世尔科技公司)。
在萃取过程中,萃取剂P507与稀土离子发生阳离子交换反应,因此,水相pH对稀土离子萃取行为有重要影响[14-15]。试验中,以皂化度10%的16.5%P507+1%Span 80+82.5%煤油作为有机相,在水相中Er3+质量浓度为500 mg/L、相比(VAVO)为4∶1、搅拌速度为140 r/min条件下,考察水相pH对Er3+萃取率和萃余液中油质量浓度的影响,试验结果如图1所示。
图1(a)可知:在不同水相pH条件下,随萃取时间延长,Er3+萃取率均呈先快速升高后趋于平稳趋势;萃取15 min内,Er3+萃取率升高幅度较大;萃取30 min后,Er3+萃取率均达99%左右,之后逐渐趋于平衡。这一研究结果与未加入Span 80时的Er3+萃取率基本相同[11]。相同萃取时间下,pH越低,Er3+萃取率也越低。这是因为萃取剂中的钠离子或氢离子会与稀土离子发生阳离子交换反应,随萃取反应进行,萃取剂中氢离子浓度升高,pH降低,此时H+会与Er3+形成竞争关系,不利于Er3+萃取反应进行,导致萃取率下降。相关研究表明,随溶液pH升高,稀土离子与酸性萃取剂P507之间的配合配位能力呈逐渐增强趋势[16],可见,溶液pH越高,越有利于稀土离子萃取率提升。
图1(b)可知:水相pH为2时,萃余液中油质量浓度为1.87 mg/L;随水相pH升高,油质量浓度升高,直至水相pH升至5时,油质量浓度升至35.16 mg/L;油质量浓度与萃余液pH呈正相关关系;这是因为随水相pH升高,水油界面张力降低,稳定性下降,有机相失稳乳化,越来越多有机分子溶解到水相中,使得萃余液中油质量浓度升高[15]。有机相中未添加Span 80且水相pH为3时,萃余液中油质量浓度为27.7 mg/L[11]。可见,添加Span 80可提高界面稳定性,有效防止乳化和萃取剂损耗。为保证后续试验获得较高的Er3+萃取率和较低的油质量浓度,选择适宜的水相pH为3。
萃取过程中,搅拌速度对萃取传质速率具有重要影响[17]。以皂化度10%的16.5%P507+1%Span 80+82.5%煤油作为有机相,在水相中Er3+质量浓度500mg/L、pH为3、相比(VAVO)为4∶1条件下,考察搅拌速度对Er3+萃取率及萃余液中油质量浓度的影响,试验结果如图2所示。
图2(a)可知:在不同的搅拌速度下,随萃取时间延长,Er3+萃取率均呈先快速升高后缓慢趋于平衡趋势;相同萃取时间下,随搅拌速度增大,萃取率逐渐升高;当搅拌速度大于140 r/min时,萃取15 min即可达到萃取平衡,Er3+萃取率达99 %以上。这是因为搅拌速度越大,油滴分散越均匀,与水相接触面积越大,有利于Er3+的萃取。
图2(b)可知:搅拌速度为100~140 r/min时,萃余液中油质量浓度介于3.86~4.38 mg/L之间;搅拌速度增至160 r/min时,油质量浓度迅速增至93.92 mg/L;搅拌速度继续增大,有机相乳化加剧,分离困难,萃余液油质量浓度大幅增加。这是因为搅拌速度过大,有机相易形成细密分散的液珠,加剧乳化。在搅拌速度为140 r/min条件下,有机相中未添加Span 80时,Er3+萃取率为99.4 %,萃余液中油质量浓度为38.76 mg/L,可见,添加Span 80 可在不影响最终Er3+萃取率的前提下,有效防止乳化并减小萃取剂损耗。因此,后续试验选择搅拌速度为140 r/min。
水相与有机相的相比对稀土萃取过程具有重要影响。以皂化度10%的16.5%P507+1% Span 80+82.5%煤油为有机相,在水相中Er3+质量浓度为500 mg/L、pH为3、搅拌速度140 r/min条件下,考察相比(VAVO)对Er3+萃取率及萃余液中油质量浓度的影响,试验结果如图3所示。
图3(a)可知:不同的相比条件下,随萃取时间延长,Er3+萃取率均呈先快速升高后趋于平缓趋势;萃取15 min时,Er3+萃取率均可达99 %左右;相同萃取时间下,VAVO≤2∶1时,Er3+萃取率随相比较小而升高;而萃取5 min后,VAVO=4∶1时的Er3+萃取率高于VAVO=2∶1时的Er3+萃取率。这是因为相比越小,参与反应的有机相体积增大,萃取过程中会有更多的萃取剂分子到达水油界面,并与水相中的Er3+结合,这种变化增强了传质过程的推动力,从而使Er3+萃取率升高;当VAVO=4∶1时,由于有机萃取剂形成的油膜层变得较薄,在磁力搅拌下,能够有效促进界面更新,而界面更新速度的加快可进一步促进萃取剂分子与水相中Er3+离子的有效接触和结合,从而显著提高Er3+萃取率。
图3(b)可知,随相比增大,萃余液中油质量浓度呈逐渐降低趋势:VAVO=2∶3时,萃余液油质量浓度为31.21 mg/L;VAVO增至4∶1时,萃余液油质量浓度降至2.40 mg/L。VAVO=4∶1、有机相中未添加Span 80时,萃余液中油质量浓度为16.89 mg/L,可见,添加Span 80可在保持较高Er3+萃取率前提下,节约萃取剂,使萃余液中油质量浓度大幅降低。因此,后续试验中选择相比(VAVO)为4∶1。
响应面法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)是一种结合了试验设计与数理统计的优化算法,其实质是通过合理的试验设计方法,探究设计变量、优化目标和约束之间的近似函数关系,即响应面模型[18-19]。运用响应面法不仅可以减少试验次数,还能够优化工艺参数,分析不同工艺参数对响应值的影响,这有助于对于理解工艺参数与优化目标之间的关系。试验借助RSM中的Box-Behnken Design法优化有关工艺参数以获得最大Er3+萃取率和最小油质量浓度。分别以萃取5 min时水相中的Er3+萃取率、萃取15 min后萃余液中油质量浓度作为响应值,进行响应面试验设计。结合单因素试验结果,选择关键影响工艺参数为水相pH=3、搅拌速度140 r/min、相比VAVO=4∶1,并根据这3个过程变量,设计3因素3水平优化试验,因素水平见表1
采用Box-Behnken Design法,以萃取5 min时Er3+萃取率与萃取15 min后萃余液中油质量分数作为响应值进行响应面优化。优化结果为:萃取剂P507浓度0.6 mol/L、表面活性剂Span 80摩尔分数6.18%(相对于P507)、皂化度10.07%[20]。在此条件下,即以皂化度10.07%的19.8%P507+1.2%Span 80+79%煤油为有机相进行响应面优化试验,结果见表2
采用Design-Expert 13软件对表2中Er3+萃取率(E)试验结果进行方差分析得到的二次多项式回归方程如下:
$\begin{array}{r} E=82.35+8.44 x_{1}-4.35 x_{2}-2.92 x_{3}-3.07 x_{1} x_{2}+ \\ 1.32 x_{1} x_{2}+2.40 x_{2} x_{3}+3.83 x_{1}^{2}-2.26 x_{2}^{2}-1.33 x_{3}^{2} 。\end{array}$
由此可得,各工艺参数对Er3+萃取率的影响顺序为:水相pH>搅拌速度>水油相比(VAVO)。
Er3+萃取率的预测值与实际值的对比结果如图4所示。可知,对角线附近的点簇显示过程变量的预测值与实际值之间具有高度的依赖性和相关性。
通过对回归模型进行方差分析可检验模型的显著性和适应度。因此,试验采用Design-Expert 13软件对E的响应面回归模型进行方差分析及显著性检验,结果见表3
表3可知:P<0.000 1,说明模型具有极强的显著性;失拟项不显著(P=0.822 3>0.05),表明模型的拟合程度优良;由P值可知,x1x2x3 x 1 2对Er3+萃取率的影响均为极显著(P<0.01),x1x2x2x3 x 2 2对影响均显著(0.01<P<0.05),x1x3 x 3 2的影响均不显著(P>0.05);由F值可知,3个因素对Er3+萃取率的影响顺序为:x1>x2>x3,即水相pH>搅拌速度>相比(VAVO)。
表3计算得出:标准偏差为1.88,平均值为85.84,变异系数为2.18,相关系数R2=0.974 9,调整后R2=0.942 7,预测R2=0.893 5。R2高达0.974 9,表明实际值与预测值之间存在紧密的相关性,说明该模型适用于评价各因素对Er3+萃取率的影响;调整后R2和预测R2的方差差距预计在0.2范围内,比率为17.784 6,表明该模型精确度较高。通过方差分析可知,Er3+萃取率只有2个显著的相互作用,即水相pH与搅拌速度、搅拌速度与相比(VAVO)之间的相互作用。
用Design Expert 13软件绘制三维曲面图能直观反映各因素对Er3+萃取率的影响,同时可分析不同因素间的交互作用。水相pH与搅拌速度、搅拌速度与相比(VAVO)对Er3+萃取率影响的响应曲面与等高线如图56所示。图面颜色越红,说明结果越显著,即Er3+萃取率越高。
图5可知:Er3+萃取率随水相pH降低而逐渐降低,而随搅拌速度增大逐渐升高,这与单因素试验结果相吻合;当pH介于3.3~3.5、搅拌速度介于145~150 r/min时,红色加深,证明Er3+萃取率较高;当pH为3.5、搅拌速度为150 r/min时,Er3+萃取率为97.37%。
图6可知:随搅拌速度增大,Er3+萃取率逐渐升高,而随相比增大,Er3+萃取率逐渐下降,这一结论与单因素试验结果相吻合。当相比(VAVO)介于3.5∶1~3.7∶1之间、搅拌速度介于145~150时,黄色加深,证明Er3+萃取率较高。当VAVO=3.5∶1、搅拌速度为150 r/min时,Er3+萃取率为90.83%。
采用Design-Expert 13软件对表2中萃余液中油质量浓度(ρ)试验结果进行方差分析得到的二次多项式回归方程如下:
$\begin{array}{l} \rho=2.44+4.30 x_{1}+6.31 x_{2}-2.78 x_{3}+3.63 x_{1} x_{2}- \\ 4.27 x_{1} x_{3}-3.26 x_{2} x_{3}+1.92 x_{1}^{2}+3.14 x_{2}^{2}+2.19 x_{3}^{2}。\end{array}$
萃余液中油质量浓度的预测值与实际值的对比结果如图7所示。可知,对角线附近的点簇显示过程变量的预测响应值与实际响应值之间具有高度的依赖性和相关性。ρ的响应面回归模型进行方差分析及显著性检验,结果见表4
表4可知:P<0.000 1,说明模型具有极强的显著性;失拟项不显著(P=0.599 6>0.05),表明模型的拟合程度优良;由P值可得,x1x2x3x1x2x2x3x1x3 x 2 2对萃余液中油质量分数的影响均极显著(P<0.01), x 3 2影响显著(0.01<P<0.05), x 1 2影响不显著(P>0.05)。由F值可知,3个因素对油质量浓度的影响顺序为:x2>x1>x3,即搅拌速度>水相pH>相比(VAVO)。
表4计算得出:标准偏差为1.70,平均值为5.85,变异系数为29.06,相关系数R2=0.974 8,调整后R2=0.942 4,预测R2=0.835 4。R2高达0.974 8,表明实际值与预测值之间存在紧密的相关性;调整后R2和预测R2的方差差距预计在0.2范围内,比率为16.277 7,表明该模型精确度较高。通过方差分析可知,油质量分数有3个显著的相互作用,分别为水相pH与搅拌速度、水相pH与相比(VAVO)、搅拌速度与相比(VAVO)之间的相互作用。
水相pH与搅拌速度、水相pH与相比(VAVO)、搅拌速度与相比(VAVO)对萃余液中油质量分数影响的响应曲面与等高线如图8~10所示。图面蓝色越深,说明结果越显著,即油质量浓度越低。
图8可知:萃余液油质量浓度随水相pH升高、搅拌速度增大均呈升高趋势,这与单因素试验结果相吻合;搅拌速度介于130~135 r/min、水相pH介于2.5~2.7时,蓝色加深,证明油质量浓度较低。
图9可知:随相比(VAVO)增大,搅拌过程中有机相与水相的接触面积增加,导致溶解损失增大,造成萃余液油质量浓度升高;随水相pH升高,萃余液中油质量浓度升高,这与单因素试验结果相吻合;VAVO介于3.5∶1~3.7∶1、水相pH介于2.5~2.7时,蓝色加深,证明萃余液中油质量浓度较低。
图10可知:萃余液油质量浓度随搅拌速度增大而升高,而随相比(VAVO)增大而下降;搅拌速度和相比(VAVO)的交互作用会影响萃取剂在水油两相中的分布情况,以及萃取剂和水相中Er3+的接触概率;搅拌速度介于130~135 r/min、VAVO介于3.5∶1~3.7∶1、水相pH为2.5时,蓝色加深,证明萃余液中油质量浓度降低。
综上,确定最终的优化工艺参数为:水相pH=3.5,搅拌速度130 r/min,相比VAVO=4∶1。该工艺条件下,萃取5 min时,Er3+萃取率可达95.42%,萃余液中油质量浓度为1.68 mg/L,预测值与试验结果较吻合。
采用Span 80-P507体系可高效萃取稀土Er3+,通过单因素试验和响应面法确定优化试验条件为:水相pH=3.5,搅拌速度130 r/min,水油相比VAVO=4∶1。在该优化条件下萃取5 min,Er3+萃取率可达95.42 %,萃余液中油质量浓度为1.68 mg/L。通过Design-Expert 13软件所得Er3+萃取率和萃余液中油质量浓度的回归模型的预测值与试验值的吻合度均较高,表明Span 80的加入能有效防止乳化现象发生,调控作用明显。该法可为溶剂萃取法提取稀土提供了一种有效防止乳化的可选择方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52174336)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2021MB051)
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.013
  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 首发时间:2025-09-01
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52174336)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2021MB051)
作者信息
    青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院,山东 青岛 266520

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刘杰(1980—),女,博士研究生,教授,主要研究方向为重金属污染废水处理与资源化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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