Article(id=1169295842641981526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)03-0327-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739635200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1756711453352, onlineDateStr=2025-09-01, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1756711453352, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1756711453352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711453352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1169295841580819245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='283', pageEnd='431', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1756711453097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711962360, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=327, endPage=333, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1169295842851696728, articleId=1169295842641981526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Recovery of Copper and Magnesium from Desulfurization Wastewater by Two-step Precipitation Process, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Magnesium desulphurization wastewater in copper smelting industry contains high concentration of heavy metal ions such as Cu2+ and Mg2+. The traditional "neutralization—flocculation" process has problems, such as high treatment costs, waste of heavy metal resources and great risk of environmental pollution. In view of the above problems, the two-step precipitation method of "sulfurization and impurity removal—sodium hydroxide precipitation" was studied to recover copper and magnesium from desulfurization wastewater. Firstly, Cu2+ was preferentially precipitated by precise placement of sodium hydrosulfide (1.1 times the theoretical amount) to form CuS. Secondly, sodium hydroxide is used to adjust pH and promote Mg2+ to produce magnesium hydroxide efficiently. The effects of pH, NaHS dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time and stirring speed on the recovery of copper and magnesium hydroxide were investigated. The results show that the recoveries of copper and magnesium hydroxide can reach over 95% under the optimal conditions. The process technology is feasible, not only reduces the discharge of heavy metals, but also the CuS formed can be used as raw materials for copper smelting production, and magnesium hydroxide can be reused in desulfurization system. A circular economy model of "pollutant treatment—resource regeneration—process closed loop" is constructed, which can provide technical reference for the recycling of wastewater in metallurgical industry.

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铜冶炼行业镁法脱硫工艺产生的废水中含高浓度的Cu2+、Mg2+等重金属离子,采用传统的“中和—絮凝”工艺存在处理成本高、重金属资源浪费、环境污染风险大等问题。针对上述问题,研究了采用“硫化除杂—氢氧化钠沉淀”两步沉淀法从脱硫废水中回收铜和镁。首先通过精准投放硫氢化钠(理论量1.1倍)优先沉淀Cu2+,形成CuS;其次,采用氢氧化钠调节pH,促进Mg2+高效生成氢氧化镁。考察了铜和氢氧化镁沉淀过程中的pH、NaHS加入量、反应温度、反应时间、搅拌速度对回收铜和氢氧化镁的影响。结果表明:在最佳工艺条件下,铜和氢氧化镁回收率均可达95%以上。该工艺技术方法可行,不但减少了重金属排放,所形成的CuS还可作为铜冶炼生产原料、氢氧化镁可回用于脱硫系统,构建了一种“污染物治理—资源再生—工艺闭环”的循环经济模式,可为冶金行业废水资源化提供技术参考。

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陈焕武(1985—),男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为化工环保工艺。E-mail:
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李金辉(1978—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为资源高效利用。

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李金辉(1978—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为资源高效利用。

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两步沉淀法从脱硫废水中回收铜和镁试验研究
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李金辉 , 陈焕武
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(3): 327-333
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(3): 327-333
两步沉淀法从脱硫废水中回收铜和镁试验研究
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李金辉, 陈焕武
作者信息
  • 江西理工大学 化学与化工学院,江西 赣州 340010
  • 李金辉(1978—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为资源高效利用。

通讯作者:

陈焕武(1985—),男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为化工环保工艺。E-mail:
Recovery of Copper and Magnesium from Desulfurization Wastewater by Two-step Precipitation Process
Jinhui LI, Huanwu CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 340010, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.006
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铜冶炼行业镁法脱硫工艺产生的废水中含高浓度的Cu2+、Mg2+等重金属离子,采用传统的“中和—絮凝”工艺存在处理成本高、重金属资源浪费、环境污染风险大等问题。针对上述问题,研究了采用“硫化除杂—氢氧化钠沉淀”两步沉淀法从脱硫废水中回收铜和镁。首先通过精准投放硫氢化钠(理论量1.1倍)优先沉淀Cu2+,形成CuS;其次,采用氢氧化钠调节pH,促进Mg2+高效生成氢氧化镁。考察了铜和氢氧化镁沉淀过程中的pH、NaHS加入量、反应温度、反应时间、搅拌速度对回收铜和氢氧化镁的影响。结果表明:在最佳工艺条件下,铜和氢氧化镁回收率均可达95%以上。该工艺技术方法可行,不但减少了重金属排放,所形成的CuS还可作为铜冶炼生产原料、氢氧化镁可回用于脱硫系统,构建了一种“污染物治理—资源再生—工艺闭环”的循环经济模式,可为冶金行业废水资源化提供技术参考。

脱硫  /  废水  /  铜  /  镁  /  回收  /  重金属  /  除杂  /  沉淀

Magnesium desulphurization wastewater in copper smelting industry contains high concentration of heavy metal ions such as Cu2+ and Mg2+. The traditional "neutralization—flocculation" process has problems, such as high treatment costs, waste of heavy metal resources and great risk of environmental pollution. In view of the above problems, the two-step precipitation method of "sulfurization and impurity removal—sodium hydroxide precipitation" was studied to recover copper and magnesium from desulfurization wastewater. Firstly, Cu2+ was preferentially precipitated by precise placement of sodium hydrosulfide (1.1 times the theoretical amount) to form CuS. Secondly, sodium hydroxide is used to adjust pH and promote Mg2+ to produce magnesium hydroxide efficiently. The effects of pH, NaHS dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time and stirring speed on the recovery of copper and magnesium hydroxide were investigated. The results show that the recoveries of copper and magnesium hydroxide can reach over 95% under the optimal conditions. The process technology is feasible, not only reduces the discharge of heavy metals, but also the CuS formed can be used as raw materials for copper smelting production, and magnesium hydroxide can be reused in desulfurization system. A circular economy model of "pollutant treatment—resource regeneration—process closed loop" is constructed, which can provide technical reference for the recycling of wastewater in metallurgical industry.

desulfurization  /  wastewater  /  copper  /  magnesium  /  recycle  /  heavy metals  /  impurity removal  /  precipitation
李金辉, 陈焕武. 两步沉淀法从脱硫废水中回收铜和镁试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (3) : 327 -333 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.006
Jinhui LI, Huanwu CHEN. Recovery of Copper and Magnesium from Desulfurization Wastewater by Two-step Precipitation Process[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (3) : 327 -333 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.006
铜冶炼行业镁法脱硫工艺产生的废水中,Cu2+和Mg2+等重金属离子浓度较高[1]。采用传统的“中和—絮凝”处理工艺虽能够初步净化这类废水,但存在废渣处理成本高、环境污染风险大及重金属资源浪费[2]等问题。目前,从高镁脱硫废水中回收镁的研究已有一些,如通过废水软化技术回收镁[3-4]、以镁盐为副产品进行回收[5-6]、利用脱硫尾液副产硫酸镁[7-8]等,但这些研究主要集中在镁的回收方面,而对于脱硫废水中铜等重金属的协同回收研究相对较少。
目前,针对冶炼行业中产生的含铜废水多采用硫化沉淀法回收铜[9],其优势在于能实现高效选择性沉淀回收金属,如将该法应用于高镁脱硫废水处理工艺中可优先去除重金属离子,特别是铜离子,从而为后续生产高纯镁系产品创造条件。这一思路不仅有助于解决传统处理工艺中存在的问题,还能实现废水中多种重金属资源的有效回收和利用,具有一定的实践意义。因此,试验研究了采用“硫化除杂—氢氧化钠沉淀”两步沉淀法从脱硫废水中回收铜和镁。首先通过硫氢化钠优先沉淀Cu2+形成CuS,再采用氢氧化钠调节pH促进Mg2+高效生成氢氧化镁。考察了铜离子和氢氧化镁沉淀过程中的pH、药剂量、反应温度和时间、搅拌速度对铜、镁回收率的影响。通过高效硫化除杂,回收CuS作为铜冶炼生产原料,减少重金属排放,同时使产出的氢氧化镁回用于脱硫系统,构建“污染物治理—资源再生—工艺闭环”的循环经济模式,达到脱硫废水资源化利用的目的,从而为脱硫废水综合利用提供技术参考。
试验原料:某铜冶炼厂镁法脱硫废水,Mg2+质量浓度22 032 mg/L,Cu2+质量浓度1 250 mg/L。
试验试剂:硫氢化钠、氢氧化钠、盐酸、硝酸等,均为分析纯,由国药化学试剂有限公司提供。
试验仪器:PHSJ-3F pH计、DF-101B磁力搅拌器,天津天马衡基仪器有限公司;ML204电子天平、DU-20G恒温水浴锅、Thermo Scientific离心机,上海精科天美科学仪器有限公司;SP-752紫外可见分光光度计,上海奥谱勒仪器有限公司;LJ-ICP7800电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-MS),山东蓝景电子科技有限公司等。
试验采用硫氢化钠硫化除杂、氢氧化钠沉淀制备高纯氢氧化镁的新工艺路线,其基本原理如下:
1)硫化除杂:向脱硫废水中加入硫氢化钠,使废水中的铜离子等重金属离子与硫离子反应生成难溶的硫化物沉淀。以铜离子为例,由于硫化铜的溶度积常数(Ksp(CuS)=6.3×10-36)非常小,能自发形成难溶性的硫化物沉淀,从而实现去除重金属杂质的目的。反应方程式如下:
NaHS+H2O$\rightleftharpoons$H2S+NaOH;
Cu2++S2-=CuS↓。
2)氢氧化钠沉淀镁:在硫化除杂后的废液中加入氢氧化钠,使镁离子与氢氧根离子反应生成氢氧化镁沉淀,其中氢氧化镁的溶度积常数(Ksp(Mg(OH)2)=1.8×10-11)相对较小,易沉淀。反应方程式如下:
MgSO4+2NaOH$\rightleftharpoons$Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
取一定量脱硫废水于烧杯中,在磁力搅拌下缓慢加入硫氢化钠溶液,调节反应体系pH、硫氢化钠加入量、反应温度、搅拌速度、反应时间等参数;反应一定时间后,离心分离,取上清液测定铜离子等重金属离子浓度。
将硫化除杂后的上清液转移至另一烧杯中,在磁力搅拌下缓慢加入氢氧化钠溶液,调节反应体系pH、氢氧化钠加入量、反应温度、搅拌速度、反应时间等参数,反应一定时间后,离心分离,取沉淀物用去离子水洗涤多次,然后在烘干,得到氢氧化镁产品。
在硫氢化钠加入量为理论量的1.1倍、反应温度25 ℃、搅拌速度400 r/min、反应时间20 min条件下,考察废水pH对铜离子去除率的影响,结果如图1所示。
图1可知,随pH升高,铜离子去除率呈先升高后降低趋势:pH为1.5~3时,铜离子去除率较低,这是因为在强酸性条件下,H2S的电离受到严重抑制,溶液中硫离子浓度极低,不利于铜离子与硫离子结合形成硫化铜沉淀;随pH逐渐升至6,铜离子去除率达95.1%,此时H2S电离程度增大,硫离子浓度增加,有效促进铜离子的沉淀反应;pH继续升至9时,铜离子去除率略反而有下降,这可能是由于过高的pH易导致溶液中其他离子的存在形式发生变化,对铜离子沉淀产生一定干扰。因此,试验确定最佳pH为6。
在pH=6、反应温度25 ℃、搅拌速度400 r/min、反应时间20 min条件下,考察硫氢化钠加入量(理论用量倍数)对铜离子去除率的影响,结果如图2所示。
图2可知,随硫氢化钠加入量增大,铜离子去除率先升高后趋于平稳:硫氢化钠加入量为理论用量的0.5倍时,铜离子去除率为41.3%,此时由于硫氢化钠用量不足,溶液中硫离子浓度较低,无法使铜离子完全沉淀;硫氢化钠加入量为理论用量的1.1倍时,铜离子去除率达95.1%,继续增加硫氢化钠加入量,铜离子去除率提升不明显。这是因为过量的硫氢化钠可能会引入其他杂质,如未反应的硫氢化钠或其水解产生的杂质,且会造成药剂浪费,同时过量的硫离子还可能使溶液中的砷、铅等其他金属离子形成硫化物沉淀。因此,试验确定硫氢化钠加入量为理论用量的1.1倍为最佳。
在pH=6、硫氢化钠加入量为理论量的1.1倍、搅拌速度400 r/min、反应时间20 min条件下,考察反应温度对铜离子去除率的影响,结果如图3所示。
图3可知,随反应温度升高,铜离子去除率先升高后略下降:反应温度升至25 ℃时,铜离子去除率达最大值,为95.1%,这是因为随温度升高,分子热运动加剧,反应速率加快,有利于铜离子与硫离子的碰撞结合,促进硫化铜沉淀的生成;随温度继续升高,铜离子去除率基本趋于稳定,降幅较小,这是因为温度过高,H2S气体的溶解度会降低,从溶液中逸出,导致溶液中硫离子浓度降低,从而影响铜离子的去除效果。因此,试验确定最佳反应温度为25 ℃。
在pH=6、硫氢化钠加入量为理论量的1.1倍、反应温度25 ℃、反应时间20 min条件下,考察搅拌速度对铜离子去除率的影响,结果如图4所示。
图4可知,随搅拌速度增大,铜离子去除率先升高后略下降:搅拌速度为400 r/min时,铜离子去除率达最大值,为95%,这是因为适当增大搅拌速度可使硫氢化钠溶液与废水充分混合,增加铜离子与硫离子接触概率,加快反应速率;随搅拌速度继续增大,铜离子去除率趋于稳定,略有下降,这是因为搅拌速度过快,可能会造成生成的硫化铜沉淀颗粒破碎,不利于沉淀的聚集和分离,从而影响去除效果。因此,试验确定最佳搅拌速度为400 r/min。
在pH=6、硫氢化钠加入量为理论量的1.1倍、反应温度25 ℃、搅拌速度400 r/min条件下,考察反应时间对铜离子去除率的影响,结果如图5所示。
图5可知,随反应时间延长,铜离子去除率先升高后趋于平稳:反应20 min时,铜离子去除率达最大值,为95.2%,这是因为反应初期,铜离子与硫离子浓度较高,反应速率较快,铜离子去除率提升明显;继续延长反应时间,铜离子去除率变化不大,这是因为随反应进行,溶液中铜离子浓度逐渐降低,反应速率减慢,反应基本达到平衡状态,铜离子去除率提升不明显。因此,试验确定最佳反应时间为20 min。
在氢氧化钠加入量为理论用量的1.15倍、反应温度40 ℃、搅拌速度400 r/min、反应时间30 min条件下,考察pH对氢氧化镁回收率的影响,结果如图6所示。
图6可知,随pH升高,氢氧化镁回收率呈先快速升高后略微下降趋势:pH升至9.5时,氢氧化镁回收率为67.2%,这是因为pH较低时,氢氧根离子浓度不足,无法使镁离子完全沉淀;pH升至11时,氢氧化镁回收率升至95.7%;pH进一步升高,氢氧化镁回收率略有下降。因此,试验确定最佳pH为11。
在pH=11、反应温度40 ℃、搅拌速度400 r/min、反应时间30 min条件下,考察氢氧化钠加入量(理论用量倍数)对氢氧化镁回收率的影响,结果如图7所示。可知,随氢氧化钠加入量增加,氢氧化镁回收率先升高后趋于稳定:氢氧化钠加入量为理论用量0.75 倍时,氢氧化镁回收率为74.6%,这是因为由于此时氢氧化钠用量不足,氢氧化镁沉淀不完全;氢氧化钠加入量为理论用量1.15倍时,氢氧化镁回收率升至96%,这是因为适量的氢氧化钠能保证镁离子与氢氧根离子充分反应生成氢氧化镁沉淀;继续增加氢氧化钠加入量,氢氧化镁回收率趋于稳定,变化不大。因此,试验确定氢氧化钠加入量为理论用量1.15倍为最佳。
在pH=11、氢氧化钠加入量为理论用量的1.15倍、搅拌速度400 r/min、反应时间30 min条件下,考察反应温度对氢氧化镁回收率的影响,结果如图8所示。
图8可知:随温度升高,氢氧化镁回收率呈先升高后略下降趋势:反应温度为10 ℃时,氢氧化镁回收率为83.6%,这是因为在较低温度下反应速度较慢,氢氧化镁沉淀不完全;反应温度升至40 ℃时,氢氧化镁回收率升至95.9%,这是因为适宜的温度有利于氢氧化镁晶体的生长和沉淀,能够使镁离子与氢氧根离子充分反应并形成较为规则的晶体结构;反应温度继续升高,镁回收率则略有下降,这是由于过高的温度会使氢氧化镁晶体发生团聚或其他结构变化。因此,试验确定最佳反应温度为40 ℃。
在pH=11、氢氧化钠加入量为理论用量1.15倍、反应温度40 ℃、反应时间30 min条件下,考察搅拌速度对氢氧化镁回收率的影响,结果如图9所示。
图9可知,随搅拌速度增加,氢氧化镁回收率先升高后下降:搅拌速度为50 r/min时,氢氧化镁回收率为35.2%,这是因为较低的搅拌速度不能使反应体系混合均匀,导致镁离子与氢氧根离子接触不充分,沉淀不完全;搅拌速度增至300 r/min时,氢氧化镁回收率升至95.6%,这是因为适宜的搅拌速度可确保反应体系混合均匀,有利于氢氧化镁晶体的生长和沉淀;搅拌速度继续增加,氢氧化镁回收率反而下降,这可能是由于过快的搅拌速度会破坏氢氧化镁晶体的生长环境,导致晶体结构不规则。因此,试验确定最佳搅拌速度为300 r/min。
在pH=11、氢氧化钠加入量为理论用量1.15倍、反应温度40 ℃和搅拌速度400 r/min,考察反应时间对氢氧化镁回收率的影响,结果如图10所示。可知,随反应时间延长,氢氧化镁回收率先升高后略微下降:反应时间为5 min 时,氢氧化镁回收率为66.3%,这是因为在较短的反应时间下氢氧化镁沉淀不完全;反应时间延长至30 min时,氢氧化镁回收率升至95.9%,这是因为适宜的反应时间可使镁离子与氢氧根离子充分反应并形成较为稳定的氢氧化镁沉淀;反应时间继续延长,氢氧化镁回收率略有下降,这可能是由于过长的反应时间会使氢氧化镁沉淀发生团聚或其他副反应。因此,试验确定最佳反应时间为30 min。
在去除重金属过程中可实现铜冶炼环集系统烟气中铜离子的资源回收,所得CuS可作为铜冶炼厂侧吹炉生产原料。按本试验方案,当铜离子质量浓度为1 250 mg/L、脱硫废水量为500 m3/d且铜离子回收率为95%时,按全年运行330天、金属铜售价70 000元/t计算可知,回收的金属铜价值约为1 371.56万元,扣除NaHS运行药剂成本(售价为3 000元/t)60.03万元,产生经济效益近1 300万元。
通过氢氧化钠可实现镁离子的回收,按本试验方案,当镁离子质量浓度为22 032 mg/L、脱硫废水量为500 m3/d且氢氧化镁回收率为95%时,可以大量生产高品质的副产品Mg(OH)2(售价为2 500元/t),每年通过回收镁可获得约2 069.1万元的经济效益,但需扣除药剂NaOH成本(售价为500元/t)约2 100万元。
综上可知,采用该工艺路线回收铜和镁产生的总经济效益约为1 270万元,铜离子回收量195.94 t、镁离子回收量3 453.52 t,同时减少中和渣产生量约9 100.43 t,具有良好的环境效益。
1)针对铜冶炼行业镁法脱硫废水中铜、镁离子浓度较高问题,利用溶积度常数不同,分阶段选择性回收其中的铜、镁离子,并采用“硫化除杂—氢氧化钠沉淀”两步沉淀法协同新工艺,可实现高效处理脱硫废水并实现资源化目标。在pH=6、NaHS加入量为理论量1.1倍、反应时间20 min、搅拌速度400 r/min、反应温度25 ℃最佳条件下,Cu2+去除率>95%;在pH=11、反应温度40℃、反应时间30 min、NaOH加入量为理论量1.15倍、搅拌速度300 r/min最佳条件下,Mg2+回收率>95%。
2)相较于传统的“中和—絮凝”废水工艺,“硫化除杂—氢氧化钠沉淀”两步沉淀法能实现镁、铜的协同回收,回收的CuS可作为冶炼熔炼生产的原材料,提取的氢氧化镁可回用于烟气脱硫系统,能实现金属离子的最大化回收利用,从而构建“污染物治理—资源再生—工艺闭环”的循环经济模式。
3)采用“硫化除杂—氢氧化钠沉淀”工艺从某铜冶炼厂镁法脱硫废水中回收铜、镁,按全年330天运行时间、每日产生500 m3脱硫废水计,可实现年经济效益1 270万元,同时减排铜离子204.19 t、镁离子3 453.52 t,减少中和渣固体废物9 100.43 t,可获得较好的经济效益和环境效益。
4)脱硫废水成分复杂,本试验仅探讨了铜的协同回收,对于其他重金属的协同去除机制(如As、Pb)未做探讨,接下来有必要进行深入研究,并逐步开展中试试验。
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.006
  • 接收时间:2025-02-16
  • 首发时间:2025-09-01
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-16
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    江西理工大学 化学与化工学院,江西 赣州 340010

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陈焕武(1985—),男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要研究方向为化工环保工艺。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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