Article(id=1169295842054775598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)03-0334-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1756711453211, onlineDateStr=2025-09-01, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1756711453211, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1756711453211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711453211, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1169295841580819245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='283', pageEnd='431', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1756711453097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756711962360, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169297977647571042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1169295841580819245, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=334, endPage=341, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1169295842306433840, articleId=1169295842054775598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic Analysis of Separation of Vanadium and Gallium in V(Ⅴ)-Ga (Ⅲ)-H2O Acidic Solution system, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of the efficient separation and recovery of vanadium and gallium from acidic solution system, the physicochemical differences between V(Ⅴ) and Ga(Ⅲ) in the V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O system were systematically examined. Through metallurgical thermodynamic simulations, concentration predominance diagrams and species predominance diagrams were generated. Combined with alkali titration experiments and Raman spectroscopy analysis, the optimal lg[C]T-pH range for vanadium-gallium separation was determined. The results indicate that the ideal pH range is between 2 and 3. In the range, vanadium ions will form large-nucleus anions of vanadium polyoxometalates with a molar fraction of more than 90%, while gallium mainly exists in the form of small-nucleus cations, increasing the chemical state difference between vanadium and gallium in acidic solution system and effectively avoiding the formation of large-nucleus gallium hydroxide precipitates, which is conducive to the separation and recovery of vanadium and gallium in the enriched solution system.

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针对酸性溶液体系中钒、镓难以高效分离回收的问题,研究了V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系中钒、镓离子的物理化学性质差异,并利用冶金热力学计算公式模拟计算出了溶液浓度优势区域与组分优势区域,同时结合碱滴定试验和拉曼检测结果确定了钒、镓分离的适宜lg[C]T-pH范围。结果表明:优势pH范围在2~3之间,在此区间内,钒离子将产生摩尔分数>90%的钒同多酸根大核阴离子,同时镓主要以小核阳离子形式存在,加大了酸性溶液中钒、镓的化学状态差异性,同时有效避免了氢氧化镓的大核沉淀的形成,有利于富集溶液中钒、镓的分离回收。

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张伟光(1984 —),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、有色金属冶炼过程的环境保护。E-mail:
陈日凡(1980—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锡、锌、铟冶炼以及冶炼三废治理。E-mail:
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聂子杰(1999 —),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、有色金属冶炼。

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聂子杰(1999 —),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、有色金属冶炼。

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The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2014, 24(6):1656-1662., articleTitle=Thermodynamic analysis for separation of tungsten and vanadium in W(Ⅵ)-V(Ⅴ)-H2O system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172888134833549904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=29, issue=null, pageStart=425, pageEnd=429, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=41, authorNames=ZHANG J L, HU J T, ZHANG L F, journalName=Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J L, HU J T, ZHANG L F. Raman studies on species in single and mixed solutions of molybdate and vanadate[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics, 2016, 29:425-429., articleTitle=Raman studies on species in single and mixed solutions of molybdate and vanadate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172888134967767633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1966, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1087, pageEnd=1090, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=42, authorNames=GRIFFITH W P, WICKINS T D, journalName=Journal of the Chemical Society:A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRIFFITH W P, WICKINS T D. Raman studies on species in aqueous solutions:Part Ⅰ the vanadates[J]. Journal of the Chemical Society:A, 1966:1087-1090., articleTitle=Raman studies on species in aqueous solutions:Part Ⅰ the vanadates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172888135089402450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1979, volume=68, issue=1, pageStart=46, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=43, authorNames=KANNO H, HIRAISHI J, journalName=Chemical Physics Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KANNO H, HIRAISHI J. Drastic changes in the raman spectrum of aqueous gallium chloride solution from liquid state to glassy state[J]. Chemical Physics Letters, 1979, 68(1):46-48., articleTitle=Drastic changes in the raman spectrum of aqueous gallium chloride solution from liquid state to glassy state, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172888135173288531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1970, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=2812, pageEnd=2814, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=44, authorNames=TAYLOR M J, journalName=Journal of the Chemical Society:A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAYLOR M J. Raman spectra and structures in the gallium-chlorine system[J]. 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广西华锡集团股份有限公司,广西 柳州 545000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172888129536143890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of V(Ⅴ),Ga(Ⅲ) concentration predominance regions, figureFileSmall=a5E1W/R4SnoyfSqLjrg8Tg==, figureFileBig=rifhhuyTur5oiGLKb8aYGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888129653584403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=CN, label=图1, caption=V(Ⅴ)、Ga(Ⅲ)浓度优势区域对比, figureFileSmall=a5E1W/R4SnoyfSqLjrg8Tg==, figureFileBig=rifhhuyTur5oiGLKb8aYGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888129716498964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Vanadium component predominance diagram

a—[V]T=0.01 mol/L;b—[V]T=0.1 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=BLYO2QDuBeiRsSiz7Ap2wA==, figureFileBig=GAfA+hqGTW6c9ddZUAnUNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888129800385045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=CN, label=图2, caption=钒的组分优势区域图, figureFileSmall=BLYO2QDuBeiRsSiz7Ap2wA==, figureFileBig=GAfA+hqGTW6c9ddZUAnUNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888129867493910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Gallium component predominance diagram

a—[Ga]T=0.01 mol/L;b—[Ga]T=0.1 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=izBP4b8DFLMsaNn/jUxFPA==, figureFileBig=o2cf1e4vS9Z6Tj5R3Ep36w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888129984934423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=CN, label=图3, caption=镓的组分优势区域图, figureFileSmall=izBP4b8DFLMsaNn/jUxFPA==, figureFileBig=o2cf1e4vS9Z6Tj5R3Ep36w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888130081403416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Alkali titration test results of vanadium-containing solutions

a—[V]T=0.003 mol/L;b—[V]T=0.01 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=x+5kDE3qx7NWbOa6Ao77oA==, figureFileBig=fv3Xu4YQPxX7sgSMJzM9rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888130207232537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=CN, label=图4, caption=含钒溶液的碱滴定测试结果, figureFileSmall=x+5kDE3qx7NWbOa6Ao77oA==, figureFileBig=fv3Xu4YQPxX7sgSMJzM9rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888130261758490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Raman spectroscopy result for V(Ⅴ)-H2O system at pH=0.5, figureFileSmall=Y3dHHexDfCo3qMa0ZYQHZQ==, figureFileBig=goqIEfvY470ZCvPD3LfcPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888130324673051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=CN, label=图5, caption=pH=0.5时V(Ⅴ)-H2O体系溶液的拉曼检测结果, figureFileSmall=Y3dHHexDfCo3qMa0ZYQHZQ==, figureFileBig=goqIEfvY470ZCvPD3LfcPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888130387587612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Raman spectroscopy result for V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O system at pH=2.5, figureFileSmall=/caoHAlCF8H9o0QGjJk/1Q==, figureFileBig=fnpo2ks0GnU4VxWi8ZCSLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888130450502173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=CN, label=图6, caption=pH=2.5时V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系溶液的拉曼检测结果, figureFileSmall=/caoHAlCF8H9o0QGjJk/1Q==, figureFileBig=fnpo2ks0GnU4VxWi8ZCSLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172888130525999646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical reaction equations and associated equilibrium constants for V and Ga in dominant region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 反应方程式 lg Ka(298 K)
1 V2O5+2H+$\rightleftharpoons$2V+H2O -1.44
2 H2V10+4H+$\rightleftharpoons$5V2O5+3H2O 13.931
3 HV10+H+$\rightleftharpoons$H2V10 3.678
4 5V4+10H+$\rightleftharpoons$2HV10+4H2O 62.132
5 2HV2+2H+$\rightleftharpoons$V4+2H2O 16.177
6 2HV+H+$\rightleftharpoons$HV2+H2O 13.904
7 V+H+$\rightleftharpoons$HV 13.277
8 H2V+2H+$\rightleftharpoons$V+2H2O 7.086
9 HV+H+$\rightleftharpoons$H2V 8.057
10 H2V10+14H+$\rightleftharpoons$10V+8H2O 6.73
11 V10+H+$\rightleftharpoons$HV10 5.78
12 5V4+8H+$\rightleftharpoons$2V10+4H2O 50.57
13 2V+2H+$\rightleftharpoons$V2+4H2O 27.847
14 HV2+H2O+H+$\rightleftharpoons$2H2V 2.211
15 V2+H+$\rightleftharpoons$HV2 12.612
16 V2+H2O$\rightleftharpoons$2HV -1.292
17 Ga3++H2O$\rightleftharpoons$Ga(OH)2++H+ -2.835
18 Ga(OH)2++H2O$\rightleftharpoons$Ga+H+ -4.434
19 Ga+H2O$\rightleftharpoons$Ga(OH)3+H+ -0.1
20 Ga(OH)3$\rightleftharpoons$Ga+H++H2O -9.757
21 Ga(OH)2++2H2O$\rightleftharpoons$Ga(OH)3+2H+ -4.534
22 Ga3++3H2O $\rightleftharpoons$Ga(OH)3+3H+ -7.369
23 Ga$\rightleftharpoons$Ga+2H+ -9.856
), ArticleFig(id=1172888130605691423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1169295842054775598, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

V、Ga在优势区域发生的主要化学反应方程式及相关平衡常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 反应方程式 lg Ka(298 K)
1 V2O5+2H+$\rightleftharpoons$2V+H2O -1.44
2 H2V10+4H+$\rightleftharpoons$5V2O5+3H2O 13.931
3 HV10+H+$\rightleftharpoons$H2V10 3.678
4 5V4+10H+$\rightleftharpoons$2HV10+4H2O 62.132
5 2HV2+2H+$\rightleftharpoons$V4+2H2O 16.177
6 2HV+H+$\rightleftharpoons$HV2+H2O 13.904
7 V+H+$\rightleftharpoons$HV 13.277
8 H2V+2H+$\rightleftharpoons$V+2H2O 7.086
9 HV+H+$\rightleftharpoons$H2V 8.057
10 H2V10+14H+$\rightleftharpoons$10V+8H2O 6.73
11 V10+H+$\rightleftharpoons$HV10 5.78
12 5V4+8H+$\rightleftharpoons$2V10+4H2O 50.57
13 2V+2H+$\rightleftharpoons$V2+4H2O 27.847
14 HV2+H2O+H+$\rightleftharpoons$2H2V 2.211
15 V2+H+$\rightleftharpoons$HV2 12.612
16 V2+H2O$\rightleftharpoons$2HV -1.292
17 Ga3++H2O$\rightleftharpoons$Ga(OH)2++H+ -2.835
18 Ga(OH)2++H2O$\rightleftharpoons$Ga+H+ -4.434
19 Ga+H2O$\rightleftharpoons$Ga(OH)3+H+ -0.1
20 Ga(OH)3$\rightleftharpoons$Ga+H++H2O -9.757
21 Ga(OH)2++2H2O$\rightleftharpoons$Ga(OH)3+2H+ -4.534
22 Ga3++3H2O $\rightleftharpoons$Ga(OH)3+3H+ -7.369
23 Ga$\rightleftharpoons$Ga+2H+ -9.856
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V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O酸性溶液体系钒镓分离的热力学分析
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聂子杰 1, 2, 3 , 张伟光 1, 2, 3 , 李义兵 1, 2, 3 , 陈日凡 4 , 曹雪娇 1, 2, 3 , 陈杨 1, 2, 3 , 黄宇坤 5
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(3): 334-341
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(3): 334-341
V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O酸性溶液体系钒镓分离的热力学分析
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聂子杰1, 2, 3, 张伟光1, 2, 3 , 李义兵1, 2, 3, 陈日凡4 , 曹雪娇1, 2, 3, 陈杨1, 2, 3, 黄宇坤5
作者信息
  • 1 桂林理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,广西 桂林 541004
  • 2 桂林理工大学 有色金属与材料加工新技术教育部重点实验室,广西 桂林 541004
  • 3 桂林理工大学 有色金属矿床勘探和资源有效利用协同创新中心,广西 桂林 541004
  • 4 来宾华锡冶炼有限公司,广西 来宾 546100
  • 5 广西华锡集团股份有限公司,广西 柳州 545000
  • 聂子杰(1999 —),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、有色金属冶炼。

通讯作者:

张伟光(1984 —),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、有色金属冶炼过程的环境保护。E-mail:
陈日凡(1980—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锡、锌、铟冶炼以及冶炼三废治理。E-mail:
Thermodynamic Analysis of Separation of Vanadium and Gallium in V(Ⅴ)-Ga (Ⅲ)-H2O Acidic Solution system
Zijie NIE1, 2, 3, Weiguang ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Yibing LI1, 2, 3, Rifan CHEN4 , Xuejiao CAO1, 2, 3, Yang CHEN1, 2, 3, Yukun HUANG5
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of New Technology for Non Ferrous Metals and Materials Processing, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Nonferrous Metal Deposits and Efficient Utilization of Resources, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 4 Laibin Huaxi Smelting Co.,Ltd., Laibin 546100, China
  • 5 Guangxi Huaxi Group Co.,Ltd., Liuzhou 545000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.007
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针对酸性溶液体系中钒、镓难以高效分离回收的问题,研究了V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系中钒、镓离子的物理化学性质差异,并利用冶金热力学计算公式模拟计算出了溶液浓度优势区域与组分优势区域,同时结合碱滴定试验和拉曼检测结果确定了钒、镓分离的适宜lg[C]T-pH范围。结果表明:优势pH范围在2~3之间,在此区间内,钒离子将产生摩尔分数>90%的钒同多酸根大核阴离子,同时镓主要以小核阳离子形式存在,加大了酸性溶液中钒、镓的化学状态差异性,同时有效避免了氢氧化镓的大核沉淀的形成,有利于富集溶液中钒、镓的分离回收。

钒同多酸根  /  大核阴离子  /  区域优势图  /  钒  /  镓  /  分离

To address the issue of the efficient separation and recovery of vanadium and gallium from acidic solution system, the physicochemical differences between V(Ⅴ) and Ga(Ⅲ) in the V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O system were systematically examined. Through metallurgical thermodynamic simulations, concentration predominance diagrams and species predominance diagrams were generated. Combined with alkali titration experiments and Raman spectroscopy analysis, the optimal lg[C]T-pH range for vanadium-gallium separation was determined. The results indicate that the ideal pH range is between 2 and 3. In the range, vanadium ions will form large-nucleus anions of vanadium polyoxometalates with a molar fraction of more than 90%, while gallium mainly exists in the form of small-nucleus cations, increasing the chemical state difference between vanadium and gallium in acidic solution system and effectively avoiding the formation of large-nucleus gallium hydroxide precipitates, which is conducive to the separation and recovery of vanadium and gallium in the enriched solution system.

polynuclear vanadate anions  /  large-nucleus anions  /  predominance diagrams  /  vanadium  /  gallium  /  separation
聂子杰, 张伟光, 李义兵, 陈日凡, 曹雪娇, 陈杨, 黄宇坤. V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O酸性溶液体系钒镓分离的热力学分析. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (3) : 334 -341 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.007
Zijie NIE, Weiguang ZHANG, Yibing LI, Rifan CHEN, Xuejiao CAO, Yang CHEN, Yukun HUANG. Thermodynamic Analysis of Separation of Vanadium and Gallium in V(Ⅴ)-Ga (Ⅲ)-H2O Acidic Solution system[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (3) : 334 -341 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.007
钒、镓作为国家重要的战略稀贵金属,广泛应用于航空、化学工业、计算机、雷达、新型半导体材料和传感器等重要领域,但这2种金属的资源并不丰富,高品位的独立矿产资源短缺。其中,钒主要赋存于钒钛磁铁矿中,少量赋存在石煤、铝土矿、石油和页岩等资源中;镓作为一种典型的稀散金属,没有独立的矿床,主要以类质同象等形式赋存在铝土矿、铅锌矿中,通常作为副产物进行分离提取。随着钒、镓的应用领域不断扩大,市场需求量也随之攀升,预计2050年将增涨至目前的10倍左右[1]
目前,工业上提取钒、镓的主要来源是铝冶金和锌冶炼的副产物,尤其是一水硬铝石型铝土矿,其中富含钒、镓。随着铝土矿中铝硅比降低,矿耗持续增加,导致进入拜耳循环系统中的钒、镓逐步升高。在拜耳循环母液中,钒质量浓度一般达0.1~0.6 g/L[2-3],镓质量浓度通常为0.1~0.4 g/L[4-5],该过程中富集的钒、镓会对铝工业生产造成一系列不良影响。目前,从拜耳母液中分离回收钒的方法主要有结晶法、萃取法和离子交换法3种。其中,结晶法工艺流程成熟,设备投入低,但是存在分离难、能耗高、回收率受母液中钒浓度影响等缺点;萃取法因在分离钒前须对母液进行钙化沉淀前处理,会导致铝组分损失,同时引入新杂质,生产流程长,回收率较低;离子交换法目前在拜耳法生产中应用较少,主要是因为特殊树脂价格昂贵,成本较高[6-9]。因此,从源头治理及微量元素高价值化利用角度出发,研究从拜耳循环母液中高效分离回收钒、镓离子的方法具有重要意义[10-12]
基于钒、镓原料酸浸富集液的高附加值特性及来源多元化优势[13-16],针对高效分离回收钒、镓离子的工业化需求,采用热力学计算分析方法对V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O酸性溶液体系中钒、镓离子形态进行探讨,研究了2种离子之间物理化学性质差异明显的区间,从而为利用廉价原料构建更高效清洁的流程分离回收钒、镓提供理论依据,进而达到降低设备投入、减少杂质组分污染、避免对生产流程产生负面影响的目的。
试验用模拟溶液中钒、镓离子分别为V(Ⅴ)和Ga(Ⅲ)。
试验试剂:硫酸、偏钒酸钠、硝酸,分析纯,MACKLIN公司;氧化镓,MACKLIN公司;氢氧化钠、无水乙醇、盐酸,分析纯,天津市富宁精细化工有限公司。
试验设备:拉曼光谱仪,LabRAM HR Evolution,日本Horiba堀场株式会社;循环水真空泵,QM-3SP2,南京大学仪器厂;电热鼓风恒温干燥箱,DHG-9076A,上海精宏实验设备公司;电子分析天平,EL104,梅特勒托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;pH计,S2207,瑞士Mettler Toledo公司。
用偏钒酸钠和氧化镓配制2种不同浓度的V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系模拟溶液,分别对这2种模拟溶液及稀硫酸溶液进行碱滴定。
取100 mL待滴定溶液置于烧杯内,在室温条件下磁力搅拌;用最大量程为200 μL的移液枪取一定体积配制好的1 mol/L标准NaOH溶液,滴定至烧杯中,充分搅拌;待反应平衡后,测定溶液pH,记录所用NaOH标准溶液体积及相应溶液pH。试验过程中需保证溶液pH因溶液体积变化造成的误差小于1%[16]
为避免溶剂组分对拉曼检测结果产生影响,用偏钒酸钠、氧化镓和盐酸配制pH分别为0.5、2.5的V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系模拟溶液进行拉曼检测,[V]T=0.1 mol/L,[Ga]T=0.01 mol/L,调节pH过程中因溶液体积增加对组分浓度和pH造成的误差小于1%。
取待测溶液50 mL置于密封石英毛细管中,用523 nm拉曼激发波长的高功率激光器进行测试,检测波长在300~1 200 cm-1范围内,以0.65 cm-1分辨率激发拉曼光谱。由于钒离子在拉曼图谱中信号并不强烈,信噪比较小,因此需要适时适当增大激光功率并延长曝光时间[17-21]
试验用模拟溶液中的钒以正五价形式存在,镓以正三价形式存在,导致钒、镓之间无法发生氧化还原反应,且钒在溶液中的聚合状态主要与pH有关。为更直观地探讨不同浓度、pH条件下,溶液中钒、镓组分的离子形态变化,试验先通过热力学计算并绘制V(Ⅴ)-H2O和Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系的浓度优势区域图和组分优势区域图,为后续探讨成分更复杂的V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O模拟溶液体系提供基础的理论支撑。
基于V(Ⅴ)-H2O和Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系的化学平衡关系,计算lg[C]=-9~0、pH=-2~16范围内钒、镓离子形态的热力学转换方程,并根据计算结果绘制浓度优势区域图。V、Ga在浓度优势区域图中发生的主要化学反应方程式及平衡常数见表2[22-26]
浓度优势区域图的绘制的前提是确定特定条件下化学反应的标准吉布斯自由能变,这一热力学参数可通过范特霍夫等温方程求得[27-28],计算公式如下:
aA+hH+$\rightleftharpoons$bB;
Δ G o T P = - R T l n   K a = - R T l n B b A a [ H + ] h;
Δ G o T P - 2.303 R T = l g   K a = b l g [ B ] - a l g [ A ] + h × p H
式中:A、B—反应物、生成物;abh—配平系数; Δ G o T P—吉布斯自由能变,kJ/mol,;R—气体常数,J/(mol·K);T—热力学温度,K;Ka—反应平衡常数。
当物质A和B之间的转变过程趋于平衡时,其浓度相同,即lg[A]=lg[B]。综合计算分析上述公式,可得到以lg[C]T为纵坐标(C代表A或B)、pH为横坐标、h/(b-a)为斜率的V(Ⅴ)、Ga(Ⅲ)浓度优势区域图(图1)。
图1中的黑色粗直线部分为钒离子在水溶液中的优势区域分布,随溶液中钒浓度和pH升高,单核 VO 2 +优势区域减少,而阴影区域的钒同多酸根大核阴离子优势区域会增大,其中主要包含H2V10 O 28 4 -、HV10 O 28 5 -、V10 O 28 6 -等形式的钒离子;随pH进一步升高,钒同多酸根减少,并再次形成单核钒阴离子。图1中红色粗虚线部分为镓离子在水溶液中的优势区域分布,随溶液中镓浓度和pH升高,Ga3+离子优势区域逐渐缩小,并出现少量Ga(OH)2+ Ga(OH) 2 +等镓阳离子优势区域,同时亮红色区域Ga(OH)3沉淀的优势区域增大,当进一步升高pH时,会出现镓的碱性阴离子优势区域。
钒、镓分离优势区域如图1中阴影区域所示,在此lg[C]T-pH区间内钒、镓离子溶液化学性质差异明显,即钒主要以钒同多酸根大核阴离子形式存在,同时镓主要以单核阳离子形式存在,且未产生Ga(OH)3大分子沉淀物,这一特性优化了钒离子在树脂孔隙中的离子交换性能,并减少了镓离子对吸附过程的潜在干扰,可见此区间有利于分离钒、镓,能实现多途径、高效率分离钒、镓的目的。
分析pH=0~7酸性条件下钒、镓离子在溶液中的分布及摩尔分数,对钒、镓离子形态组分进行计算,并根据结果绘制组分优势区域图。溶液中V(Ⅴ)和Ga(Ⅲ)总浓度计算公式如下[29-30]:
$\begin{array}{c} a \mathrm{~A}+h \mathrm{H}^{+} \rightleftharpoons b \mathrm{~B} ; \\ \Delta G_{T, P}^{o}=-R T \ln K_{\mathrm{a}}=-R T \ln \frac{[\mathrm{~B}]^{b}}{[\mathrm{~A}]^{a}\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]^{h}} ; \\ {[\mathrm{V}]=\left[\mathrm{VO}_{2}^{+}\right]+2\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{~V}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{-}\right]+10\left[\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~V}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{4-}\right]+} \\ {\left[\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{VO}_{4}^{-}\right]+10\left[\mathrm{HV}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{5-}\right]+10\left[\mathrm{~V}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{6-}\right]+4\left[\mathrm{~V}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{12}^{4-}\right]+} \\ 2\left[\mathrm{HV}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{3-}\right]+\left[\mathrm{HVO}_{4}^{2-}\right]+2\left[\mathrm{~V}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{4-}\right]+\left[\mathrm{VO}_{4}^{3-}\right] ; \\ {[\mathrm{Ga}]_{\mathrm{T}}=\left[\mathrm{Ga}^{3+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{Ga}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}^{+}\right]+} \\ {\left[\mathrm{Ga}(\mathrm{OH})^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{Ga}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}^{-}\right] 。} \end{array}$
不同浓度条件下,V(Ⅴ)-H2O、Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O酸性溶液体系的组分优势区域图分别如图23所示。在[V]T=0.01 mol/L条件下,钒同多酸根从pH=2时开始出现,V(Ⅴ)在水溶液中存在多种形式,该结果与图1相吻合。
图2(a)可知:在pH<2时,含钒水溶液中仅有 VO 2 +;随pH升高,溶液中V(Ⅴ)的存在形式变得复杂,出现$\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~V}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{4-}、 \mathrm{HV}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{5-}、 \mathrm{V}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{6-}$等钒同多酸根大核阴离子,且其对应的摩尔分数均先增大后减小。由图2(b)看出:当钒总浓度升高,溶液中$\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~V}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{4-}、 \mathrm{HV}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{5-}、 \mathrm{V}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{28}^{6-}、\mathrm{V}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{12}^{4-}$等组分摩尔分数均增大,但$\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~V}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}$和$\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{VO}_{4}^{-}$组分摩尔分数减小;同时, VO 2 +的组分优势区域和钒同多酸根开始出现的位置均向右偏移。
图3可知:镓离子在水溶液中的存在形式较简单,主要为Ga3+、Ga(OH)2+ Ga(OH) 2 + Ga(OH) 4 -,且在不同浓度条件下,各组分摩尔分数和pH均未发生明显变化。
碱液滴定试验和拉曼检测可验证上述浓度优势区域图和组分优势区域图的热力学分析结果,对于指导实际钒、镓分离工艺具有普遍适用性。
用NaOH标准溶液分别对纯硫酸溶液、不同[V]T浓度的含钒模拟溶液进行滴定测试,结果如图4所示。可以看出:含钒模拟溶液需消耗更多NaOH标准溶液才能得到与稀硫酸溶液相同的pH;随[V]T增大,含钒溶液和稀硫酸的滴定分离pH点会向左移动,并大幅增加含钒溶液滴定的NaOH标准溶液消耗量。这是因为:pH<2时,含钒溶液中的V(Ⅴ)主要以 VO 2 +形式存在(图2),滴定过程中不会消耗OH-,因此与稀硫酸滴定结果相同;pH>2时,V(Ⅴ)在水溶液中发生聚合反应,钒会形成大量钒同多酸根,且随pH进一步增大,钒同多酸根会产生多种离子形式,如H3V10 O 28 3 -、H2V10 O 28 4 -和HV10 O 28 5 -(图2),导致在滴定过程中,NaOH不仅会与硫酸溶液中的H+反应,还会与生成的钒同多酸根反应,从而使含钒溶液额外消耗更多NaOH标准溶液;此外,当含钒溶液中[V]T增大时,滴定差异点向左移动也与浓度优势区域图(图2)中[V]T增加,钒同多酸根出现的pH点向左移动的结论相吻合,并且溶液中H2V10 O 28 4 -和HV10 O 28 5 -等组分摩尔分数均会增大(图3),使得滴定含钒溶液消耗的NaOH标准溶液进一步增加。
除此之外,试验还发现:[V]T=0.003 mol/L时,滴定分离pH点,即钒同多酸根阴离子形成的pH点,比钒浓度优势区域图的结果滞后0.1~0.2;[V]T=0.01mol/L时,滴定分离pH点出现比钒浓度优势区域图的结果提前约0.1;在pH=3时,溶液中会出现悬浊物并变得浑浊,推测此时镓形成了Ga(OH)3沉淀,这一结果比镓浓度优势区域图的分析结果提前约0.5。
通过滴定试验验证钒同多酸根生成的同时,试验还对pH=0.5、2.5的V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系溶液分别进行拉曼检测分析,以此对比溶液中V(Ⅴ)和Ga(Ⅲ)形态变化情况,验证是否有钒同多酸根存在。之后对测试结果进行高斯分峰和洛伦兹分峰处理,结果如图56所示。
图5可知:在930 cm-1处出现了拉曼峰,说明溶液主要组分为$\mathrm{VO}_{2}^{+}$[31],这与图12的热力学计算结果相吻合;除此之外,分别在416、502 cm-1出现了拉曼峰,说明V(Ⅴ)-H2O体系中存在Ga3+离子[32]
图6可知:930 cm-1处的波峰较图5发生拉伸偏移,在981和1 001 cm-1出现了新的最强拉曼波峰,说明溶液的主要组分为H2V10 O 28 4 -、HV10 O 28 5 -和V10 O 28 6 -等钒同多酸根阴离子;此外,在595 和835 cm-1处出现了2个新的波峰,可表述为$\left(\mathrm{VO}_{3}\right)_{\mathrm{m}}^{n-}$[33],说明优势区域中也存在其他形式的离子,与组分优势区域图的结论吻合。由图6还可知:镓的特征峰拉伸偏移至313和530 cm-1处,证明在pH=2.5的溶液中,镓仍然以Ga3+形式存在,并未检测出以其他存在形式的镓离子[34],这与组分优势区域图的分析结果略有差异。
综上可知:V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系溶液的lg[C]T-pH处于合适范围时,钒离子会形成钒同多酸根大核阴离子,镓仅以Ga3+的单核阳离子形式存在,不会产生Ga(OH)3大颗粒悬浊物,溶液整体均呈现透明澄清状态,无沉淀现象发生,同时钒、镓离子之间不会互相产生影响。这一结果与前述2种优势区域图热力学分析结果相吻合,因此,热力学分析得到的钒、镓之间溶液化学性质差异明显的lg[C]T-pH区间可用于指导钒、镓的分离回收。
采用热力学计算分析方法计算并绘制溶液浓度优势区域图与组分优势区域图,研究探讨了V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O酸性溶液体系中钒、镓离子形态,以便得到合理的lg[C]T-pH范围,进一步分离钒、镓,结论如下:
1)V(Ⅴ)在溶液中的存在形式复杂多变,除了常见的 VO 2 +, HVO 4 2 - VO 4 3 -等单核形式,还存在多种钒同多酸根大核阴离子,如H3V10 O 28 3 -,H2V10 O 28 4 -和V10 O 28 6 -,钒同多酸根的摩尔分数与[V]T呈现正相关关系。
2)Ga(Ⅲ)在溶液中的存在形式较为单一,以单核的Ga3+,Ga(OH)2+和$\mathrm{Ga}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}^{+}$形式存在,但在lg[C]T-pH较大时会产生$\mathrm{Ga}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}^{-}$大分子沉淀物,同时,各组分的摩尔分数与[Ga]T之间没有关系。
3)碱滴定试验和拉曼激光检测结果与优势区域图的分析结果基本相符合,且镓对钒同多酸根阴离子的形成没有影响。因此在V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系的酸性溶液中,存在1个富集钒同多酸根大核阴离子和单核镓阳离子的、溶液化学性质差异明显的lg[C]T-pH范围。
4)热力学计算对V(Ⅴ)-Ga(Ⅲ)-H2O体系酸性溶液的分析结果整体而言是准确的,钒、镓之间存在1个溶液化学性质差异明显的lg[C]T-pH范围,这一结果对钒、镓高效分离回收具有指导价值,如利用离子的体积差异或阴阳离子在离子交换过程中的性能差异,优先在树脂上完成对钒的吸附。
当前研究体系仍有待进一步深入探讨,在热力学计算数据方面,部分离子态转换的热力学参数体系尚未系统建立;针对实际工业拜耳法溶液体系中离子形态的分析亦有待进一步开展。上述局限的突破或将为构建更精确的溶液化学模型提供关键支撑,是后续重点攻关方向之一。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204358)
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  • 广西科技计划项目(2023GXNSFBA026140)
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.007
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-09-01
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204358)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52464045)
广西科技计划项目(2023GXNSFBA026140)
广西科技计划项目(重大专项)(桂科 AA23023033)
广西创新驱动发展专项资金项目(AA22068080)
安徽省低碳冶金与固废资源化重点实验室(安徽工业大学)开放基金项目(SKF24-01)
中国博士后面上基金项目(2024MD763942)
作者信息
    1 桂林理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,广西 桂林 541004
    2 桂林理工大学 有色金属与材料加工新技术教育部重点实验室,广西 桂林 541004
    3 桂林理工大学 有色金属矿床勘探和资源有效利用协同创新中心,广西 桂林 541004
    4 来宾华锡冶炼有限公司,广西 来宾 546100
    5 广西华锡集团股份有限公司,广西 柳州 545000

通讯作者:

张伟光(1984 —),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、有色金属冶炼过程的环境保护。E-mail:
陈日凡(1980—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锡、锌、铟冶炼以及冶炼三废治理。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sfyj/CN/10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.03.007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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