Article(id=1160646994100834532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)01-0059-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1754649407172, onlineDateStr=2025-08-08, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1754649407172, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-08-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1754649407172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754649407172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148109987349520431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='131', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751660351836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246034872, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1160646994297966822, articleId=1160646994100834532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Recovery of Valuable Metals from Lead Leaching Residue of Acid Mud, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lead leaching residue of acid mud contains a large number of complex and scattered precious metals, which has high recovery value. The leaching of selenium, bismuth, copper and mercury from lead leaching residue using a mixture of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid as the leaching agent and sodium chlorate as the oxidizing agent was studied. The effects of temperature, dosage of sodium chlorate, leaching time, liquid volume to solid mass ratio and hydrochloric acid concentration on the leaching rates of selenium, bismuth, copper and mercury were investigated. The results show that under the conditions of temperature of 40 ℃, dosage of sodium chlorate as 40% of raw material mass, leaching time of 1 h, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 4 mL/1 g, hydrochloric acid concentration of 1 mol/L and sulfuric acid concentration of 1.5 mol/L, the leaching rates of selenium, bismuth, copper and mercury are 98.78%, 98.13%, 99.38% and 99.42%, respectively. The method can achieve high efficiency leaching of selenium, bismuth, copper and mercury, and enrich the tin, lead and silver in the residue.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiong ZHANG, Shijin LUO, Kangjin HE, Linbo YANG, Chaorui XIANG, Wenbo LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1160647072928583943, articleId=1160646994100834532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=从酸泥浸铅渣中综合回收有价金属试验研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=酸泥浸铅渣中含有大量复杂稀散贵金属,具有极高的回收价值。研究了以盐酸+硫酸为浸出剂、氯酸钠为氧化剂从酸泥浸铅渣中同时浸出硒、铋、铜、汞,考察了温度、氯酸钠用量、浸出时间、液固体积质量比、盐酸浓度对硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率的影响。结果表明:在温度40 ℃、氯酸钠用量为原料质量的40%、浸出时间1 h、液固体积质量比4 mL/1 g、盐酸浓度1 mol/L、硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L条件下,硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率分别为98.78%、98.13%、99.38%、99.42%。该法可实现硒、铋、铜、汞的高效浸出,同时使留存于渣中的锡、铅、银得到较好富集。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
罗文波(1983—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
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张琼(1984—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、材料表面处理。

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张琼(1984—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、材料表面处理。

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张琼(1984—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、材料表面处理。

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Main chemical components of lead leaching residue of acid mud %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sn Se Pb Bi Cu Hg Ag*
28.34 21.72 5.75 5.91 9.44 3.91 3 419
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酸泥浸铅渣的主要化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sn Se Pb Bi Cu Hg Ag*
28.34 21.72 5.75 5.91 9.44 3.91 3 419
), ArticleFig(id=1174444203166806494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1160646994100834532, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main chemical components of leaching residue %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sn Se Pb Bi Cu Hg Ag*
43.88 0.36 10.05 0.17 0.034 0.003 4 5 748
), ArticleFig(id=1174444203330384351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1160646994100834532, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

浸出渣的主要化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sn Se Pb Bi Cu Hg Ag*
43.88 0.36 10.05 0.17 0.034 0.003 4 5 748
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从酸泥浸铅渣中综合回收有价金属试验研究
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张琼 , 罗世金 , 贺康锦 , 杨林波 , 向朝瑞 , 罗文波
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(1): 59-64
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(1): 59-64
从酸泥浸铅渣中综合回收有价金属试验研究
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张琼, 罗世金, 贺康锦, 杨林波, 向朝瑞, 罗文波
作者信息
  • 贵州理工学院 材料与能源工程学院, 贵州 贵阳 550003
  • 张琼(1984—),女,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金、材料表面处理。

通讯作者:

罗文波(1983—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
Comprehensive Recovery of Valuable Metals from Lead Leaching Residue of Acid Mud
Qiong ZHANG, Shijin LUO, Kangjin HE, Linbo YANG, Chaorui XIANG, Wenbo LUO
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Materials and Energy Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.009
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酸泥浸铅渣中含有大量复杂稀散贵金属,具有极高的回收价值。研究了以盐酸+硫酸为浸出剂、氯酸钠为氧化剂从酸泥浸铅渣中同时浸出硒、铋、铜、汞,考察了温度、氯酸钠用量、浸出时间、液固体积质量比、盐酸浓度对硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率的影响。结果表明:在温度40 ℃、氯酸钠用量为原料质量的40%、浸出时间1 h、液固体积质量比4 mL/1 g、盐酸浓度1 mol/L、硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L条件下,硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率分别为98.78%、98.13%、99.38%、99.42%。该法可实现硒、铋、铜、汞的高效浸出,同时使留存于渣中的锡、铅、银得到较好富集。
酸泥  /  铅  /  浸出渣  /  浸出  /  盐酸  /  氯酸钠  /  有价金属

Lead leaching residue of acid mud contains a large number of complex and scattered precious metals, which has high recovery value. The leaching of selenium, bismuth, copper and mercury from lead leaching residue using a mixture of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid as the leaching agent and sodium chlorate as the oxidizing agent was studied. The effects of temperature, dosage of sodium chlorate, leaching time, liquid volume to solid mass ratio and hydrochloric acid concentration on the leaching rates of selenium, bismuth, copper and mercury were investigated. The results show that under the conditions of temperature of 40 ℃, dosage of sodium chlorate as 40% of raw material mass, leaching time of 1 h, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 4 mL/1 g, hydrochloric acid concentration of 1 mol/L and sulfuric acid concentration of 1.5 mol/L, the leaching rates of selenium, bismuth, copper and mercury are 98.78%, 98.13%, 99.38% and 99.42%, respectively. The method can achieve high efficiency leaching of selenium, bismuth, copper and mercury, and enrich the tin, lead and silver in the residue.

acid mud  /  lead  /  leaching residue  /  leaching  /  hydrochloric acid  /  sodium chlorate  /  valuable metal
张琼, 罗世金, 贺康锦, 杨林波, 向朝瑞, 罗文波. 从酸泥浸铅渣中综合回收有价金属试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (1) : 59 -64 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.009
Qiong ZHANG, Shijin LUO, Kangjin HE, Linbo YANG, Chaorui XIANG, Wenbo LUO. Comprehensive Recovery of Valuable Metals from Lead Leaching Residue of Acid Mud[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (1) : 59 -64 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.009
在有色金属冶金工艺中,二氧化硫烟气经过喷淋降温处理后会产生微细烟尘,这些烟尘与输送过程中新生成的固体产物随着喷淋水一同进入沉淀池形成酸泥[1-3]。酸泥中的主要矿物为硫酸铅,此外还含有一定量硒、汞、铜、铋、锡、银等稀散贵金属,是一种宝贵的二次资源[4]。目前,从酸泥中提取高值金属硒、汞的工艺主要有火法和湿法两种[3]。火法工艺利用汞和硒的高温易挥发特性,在高温焙烧过程中优先挥发再冷凝富集,该法工艺简单,但硒、汞产品纯度不高,回收率偏低,环境污染大,能耗大[5-7];湿法工艺主要有氯酸钠/盐酸浸出、加压氧化浸出等,该工艺硒、汞浸出率相对较高,能耗低,但存在试剂价格昂贵、消耗量大等难题[2,8-10]。为解决湿法工艺试剂消耗量大的问题,同时也为了进一步富集稀散贵金属,可以考虑优先提取酸泥中的铅[11],浸铅渣再采用盐酸进一步浸出回收铋等稀散贵金属[8],实现酸泥有价金属的高效回收利用。
云南某铜冶炼厂的制酸污泥,因矿物被硫酸铅包裹[12],硒、汞含量偏低,导致浸出率偏低。为消除硫酸铅对硒、汞等矿物的包裹,提高物料活性,降低高值金属的回收难度,本课题组前期采用了碳酸钠转型—醋酸浸出工艺从酸泥中提取铅,使锡、硒、铋、铜、汞、银等得到有效富集。为减少试剂用量并降低能耗及生产成本,试验研究了采用盐酸+硫酸混酸为浸出剂、氯酸钠为氧化剂,进一步从酸泥浸铅渣中回收硒、汞、铋、铜、锡、铅、银。
酸泥浸铅渣:云南某铜冶炼厂的制酸污泥经过碳酸钠转型、醋酸浸出铅后的浸出渣,粒度44 μm占比达95%以上,非常细,无须磨矿处理,主要化学成分分析结果见表1,XRD物相分析结果如图1所示。
表1看出:酸泥浸铅渣主要含有锡、硒、铅、铋、铜、汞、银,各种金属含量都较高,具有一定回收价值。由图1看出:酸泥浸铅渣的主要物相为SnO2、Cu2Se、Se、PbSO4、Bi2O3,说明锡主要以二氧化锡矿物存在,铜主要以硒化铜矿物存在,铅主要以硫酸铅矿物存在,铋以氧化铋矿物存在,硒主要以硒化亚铜及单质硒形式存在;汞、银因含量较低未检出,根据相关文献可知,二者应分别以单质汞或硒化汞[13]、硒化银[14]形式存在。
试剂:盐酸、硫酸、氯酸钠,均为分析纯。
主要设备:HH-2型电热数显恒温水浴锅,天津赛得利斯实验分析仪器制造厂;DHG-9240A型电热恒温鼓风干燥箱,上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;SHB-ⅢA型循环水式多用真空泵,上海锡为科学仪器有限公司。
采用盐酸+硫酸混酸溶液为浸出剂时,因酸泥浸铅渣中硒及硒化物被氧化为亚硒酸的电位都较高,浸出时需加入氯酸钠等强氧化剂助浸,使硒、汞、铜、铋进入溶液[13,15]。加入硫酸的目的是防止原料中的硫酸铅转变为氯化铅,造成浸出渣中氯含量偏高,不利于后续锡冶炼。化学反应式为:
NaClO3+6HCl═══════NaCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O;
Cl2+H2O═══════HCl+HClO;
Cu2Se+4HClO═══════H2SeO3+2CuCl2+H2O;
Ag2Se+3HClO═══════H2SeO3+2AgCl↓+HCl;
HgSe+3HClO═══════H2SeO3+HgCl2+HCl;
Se+2HClO+H2O═══════H2SeO3+2HCl;
Bi2O3+6HCl═══════2BiCl3+3H2O。
原料中的二氧化锡、硫酸铅不参与反应,银离子与氯离子反应生成氯化银沉淀,因此锡、铅、银不浸出,留存于渣中得到富集[8]
取50 g酸泥浸铅渣及适量氯酸钠置于500 mL烧杯中,按照一定液固体积质量比加入盐酸+硫酸混酸溶液;将烧杯放入设定温度的恒温水浴锅中,开启搅拌并计时,反应结束后进行过滤;滤渣烘干后测定硒、铋、铜、汞、银、铅、锡质量分数,其中硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率计算公式如下:
xB=(1-$\frac{{m}_{B2}{w}_{B2}}{{m}_{B1}{w}_{B1}}$)×100%。
式中:xB—有价金属浸出率,%;mB1—酸泥浸铅渣质量,g;mB2—浸出渣质量,g;wB1—酸泥浸铅渣中有价金属质量分数,%;wB2—浸出渣中有价金属质量分数,%。
盐酸浓度1.0 mol/L,硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L,浸出时间3 h,液固体积质量比7 mL/1 g,氯酸钠用量为原料质量的45%,温度对硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率的影响试验结果如图2所示。
图2看出:随温度升高,酸泥浸铅渣中铜、汞浸出率变化不大,均可达97%以上,硒、铋浸出率是先升高后趋于稳定。这是因为酸泥经脱铅处理,消除了硫酸铅对矿物的包裹,使其活性大大增强,在较低反应温度下即可快速被浸出并达到反应平衡。其中,单质硒氧化为亚硒酸的氧化电位为0.74 V,硒化铜氧化为单质硒和二价铜的氧化电位为0.57 V,硒化汞氧化为单质硒和二价汞的氧化电位为0.67 V,硒化铜、硒化汞的氧化还原电位较单质硒更低,使得硒化铜、硒化汞优先被氧化浸出,铜、汞可以在更低温度(即室温)下达到反应平衡[16]。因此,试验确定适宜的温度为40 ℃,此时硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率分别为98.27%、97.02%、98.38%、99.65%。
温度40 ℃,盐酸浓度1.0 mol/L,硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L,浸出时间3 h,液固体积质量比7 mL/1 g,氯酸钠用量(相对原料质量)对硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率的影响试验结果如图3所示。
图3看出:随氯酸钠用量增加,铜、汞、铋、硒浸出率先升高后趋于稳定,其中铜、汞、铋浸出率随氯酸钠用量增大升高幅度不大,而硒幅度相对较大。这是因为硒化铜、硒化汞优先与氯酸钠发生反应浸出,因此,氯酸钠用量较低时,铜、汞浸出率也较高;而铋浸出率与溶液中氯离子浓度有关,氯酸钠用量越大,溶液中氯离子浓度越高,铋浸出率也越高;酸泥浸铅渣中有部分硒以单质硒形式存在,而单质硒活性较硒化物差,只有当硒化物反应完全后单质硒才开始反应,因此只有氯酸钠用量较大时,硒浸出率才能达到较高水平。因此,试验确定适宜的氯酸钠用量为原料质量的40%,此时硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率分别为98.55%、97.52%、99.32%、99.03%。
温度40 ℃,盐酸浓度1.0 mol/L,硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L,氯酸钠用量为原料质量的40%,液固体积质量比7 mL/1 g,浸出时间对硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率的影响试验结果如图4所示。
图4看出:随浸出时间延长,铜、汞浸出率变化不大,均在98%以上,硒、铋浸出率先升高后趋于稳定。这是因为硒化铜、硒化汞活性非常大,短时间内即可达到反应平衡;单质硒是在硒化铜、硒化汞反应完后继续反应,因此硒反应平衡时间较铜、汞长;铋氯化反应速率也较快,达到反应平衡的时间较短。因此,试验确定适宜的浸出时间为1 h,此时硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率分别为98.17%、97.87%、98.79%、99.51%。
温度40 ℃,盐酸浓度1.0 mol/L,硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L,氯酸钠用量为原料质量的40%,浸出时间1 h,液固体积质量比对硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率的影响试验结果如图5所示。
图5看出,随液固体积质量比增大,铜、汞浸出率缓慢下降,硒、铋浸出率缓慢升高后缓慢降低。这是因为随液固体积质量比增大,溶液中氯酸钠浓度降低,氯酸钠作为氧化剂参与反应,因此金属浸出率均缓慢下降;但随液固体积质量比减小,矿浆黏性增大,不利于反应进行,导致金属浸出率下降,且随氯酸钠浓度增大,反应过于剧烈,产生大量氯气而冒槽,易造成安全事故,因此,液固体积质量比不宜过低。综合考虑,试验确定适宜的液固体积质量比为4 mL/1 g,此时硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率分别为98.73%、98.13%、99.38%、99.42%。
温度40 ℃,液固体积质量比4 mL/1 g,硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L,氯酸钠用量为原料质量的40%,浸出时间1 h,盐酸浓度对硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率的影响试验结果如图6所示。
图6看出:盐酸浓度对硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率的影响较大,随盐酸浓度增大,铜、汞、铋、硒浸出率先升高后趋于稳定,其中铜、汞浸出率随盐酸浓度升高增幅不大,而硒、铋浸出率增幅相对较大。这是因为溶液总酸度随盐酸浓度增大而增大,使反应速率加快,有利于金属浸出率提升;此外,氯离子在溶液中起到络合剂作用,可降低反应的电极电位,使浸出更易进行;尤其是铋,其溶解需要溶液中有一定量氯离子存在,否则铋易水解沉淀,从而降低浸出率。因此,试验确定适宜的盐酸浓度为1.0 mol/L,此时硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率分别为98.78%、98.13%、99.38%、99.42%。
对上述适宜浸出条件下所得浸出渣进行化学成分及XRD物相分析,结果分别见表2图7
表2看出:浸出渣中主要含锡、铅、银,而硒、铜、铋、汞含量则非常低,说明硒、铜、铋、汞大部分被浸出到溶液中;与原料相比,锡、铅、银质量分数得到大幅提升,尤其是锡,其质量分数大于40%,提银后即可作为锡精矿返回锡冶炼流程。由图7看出:浸出渣的主要物相为SnO2和PbSO4,与图1对比可知,浸出后硒化物及氧化铋物相消失,间接说明金属硒、铜、铋、汞浸出效果较好。
采用盐酸+硫酸混酸与氯酸钠从酸泥浸铅渣中浸出有价金属时,硒、铋、铜、汞进入溶液,锡、铅、银则留存于渣中得到富集。在温度40 ℃、氯酸钠用量为原料质量的40%、浸出时间1 h、液固体积质量比4 mL/1 g、盐酸1 mol/L、硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L最优条件下,硒、铋、铜、汞浸出率分别为98.78%、98.13%、99.38%、99.42%。该法能实现硒、铋、铜、汞的高效浸出,同时渣中锡、铅、银品位也得到大幅提升,可作为锡精矿处理。
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2025年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.009
  • 接收时间:2024-08-30
  • 首发时间:2025-08-08
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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    贵州理工学院 材料与能源工程学院, 贵州 贵阳 550003

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罗文波(1983—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为湿法冶金。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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