Article(id=1160644752656392778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)02-0189-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730304000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1754648872769, onlineDateStr=2025-08-08, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1754648872769, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-08-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1754648872769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754648872769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148109990923072455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='133', pageEnd='279', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751660352687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246043500, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732380301148501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732380301148502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=189, endPage=195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1160644752874496588, articleId=1160644752656392778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Leaching Kinetics of Vanadium from High-Sulfur Petroleum Coke Gasification Fly Ash, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the secondary vanadium resources in high-sulfur petroleum coke gasification ash, vanadium was preenriched by oxidation roasting and then recovered by leaching with sulfuric acid. The leaching rule of vanadium from ash of oxidation roasting was investigated, the optimal leaching conditions were determined, and the leaching kinetics was discussed. The results show that under the conditions of temperature of 90 ℃, sulfuric acid concentration of 30%, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 8∶2 and reaction time of 3 h, vanadium leaching rate in ash can reach more than 72.5% and vanadium mass fraction in acid leaching residue is 1.91%. In the test temperature range, the vanadium leaching rate conforms to the mixing control of the unreacted shrinkage core model,and the apparent reaction activation energy is 22.97 kJ/mol.

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张立萍(1989—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固体废弃物中有价资源回收。

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张立萍(1989—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固体废弃物中有价资源回收。

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张立萍(1989—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固体废弃物中有价资源回收。

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Chemical composition of high sulfur petroleum coke gasification ash %

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C SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 NiO V2O5 SO3 CaO Na2O
74.5 9.1 4.5 1.7 0.2 1.8 5.6 1.1 1.1
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高硫石油焦气化灰渣的化学组成

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C SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 NiO V2O5 SO3 CaO Na2O
74.5 9.1 4.5 1.7 0.2 1.8 5.6 1.1 1.1
), ArticleFig(id=1174444105674408847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1160644752656392778, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Particle size distribution of roasting ash

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粒径/μm 占比/%
0~5 0.23
5~10 1.38
10~20 6.28
20~40 16.73
40~149 45.62
150~250 20.54
250~350 6.47
350~450 2.75
), ArticleFig(id=1174444105829598096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1160644752656392778, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

焙烧灰分粒径分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/μm 占比/%
0~5 0.23
5~10 1.38
10~20 6.28
20~40 16.73
40~149 45.62
150~250 20.54
250~350 6.47
350~450 2.75
), ArticleFig(id=1174444105917678481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1160644752656392778, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of comprehensive verification test

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序号 钒浸出率/% 酸浸渣率/% 酸浸渣中w(V2O5)/%
1 72.1 88.8 1.96
2 71.9 88.6 1.94
3 72.8 89.4 1.91
4 73.1 89.8 1.83
平均 72.5 89.2 1.91
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综合验证试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 钒浸出率/% 酸浸渣率/% 酸浸渣中w(V2O5)/%
1 72.1 88.8 1.96
2 71.9 88.6 1.94
3 72.8 89.4 1.91
4 73.1 89.8 1.83
平均 72.5 89.2 1.91
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高硫石油焦气化灰渣中钒的浸出动力学研究
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张立萍 1 , 李若昀 1 , 祝汉国 1 , 吕灵灵 1 , 徐斌 2 , 孙立鹏 2 , 吴聿 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(2): 189-195
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(2): 189-195
高硫石油焦气化灰渣中钒的浸出动力学研究
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张立萍1, 李若昀1, 祝汉国1, 吕灵灵1, 徐斌2, 孙立鹏2, 吴聿2
作者信息
  • 1 青岛惠城环保科技集团股份有限公司, 山东 青岛 266500
  • 2 广东东粤环保科技有限公司, 广东 揭阳 515200
  • 张立萍(1989—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固体废弃物中有价资源回收。

Leaching Kinetics of Vanadium from High-Sulfur Petroleum Coke Gasification Fly Ash
Liping ZHANG1, Ruoyun LI1, Hanguo ZHU1, Lingling LYU1, Bin XU2, Lipeng SUN2, Yu WU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Qingdao Huicheng Environmental Protection Technology Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266500, China
  • 2 Guangdong Dongyue Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Jieyang 515200, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.007
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针对高硫石油焦气化灰渣中的钒二次资源,先通过氧化焙烧方式对钒进行预富集,再用硫酸进行浸出回收。探究了氧化焙烧灰分中钒的浸出规律,确定了最佳浸出条件,并探讨了浸出动力学。结果表明:在温度90 ℃、硫酸浓度30%、液固体积质量比8∶2、反应时间3 h条件下,灰分中的钒浸出率可达72.5%以上,酸浸渣中钒质量分数为1.91%;在试验温度范围内,钒浸出速率符合未反应收缩核模型的混合控制模型,表观反应活化能为22.97 kJ/mol。
高硫石油焦气化灰渣  /  钒  /  浸出  /  动力学

In view of the secondary vanadium resources in high-sulfur petroleum coke gasification ash, vanadium was preenriched by oxidation roasting and then recovered by leaching with sulfuric acid. The leaching rule of vanadium from ash of oxidation roasting was investigated, the optimal leaching conditions were determined, and the leaching kinetics was discussed. The results show that under the conditions of temperature of 90 ℃, sulfuric acid concentration of 30%, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 8∶2 and reaction time of 3 h, vanadium leaching rate in ash can reach more than 72.5% and vanadium mass fraction in acid leaching residue is 1.91%. In the test temperature range, the vanadium leaching rate conforms to the mixing control of the unreacted shrinkage core model,and the apparent reaction activation energy is 22.97 kJ/mol.

high-sulfur petroleum coke gasification fly ash  /  vanadium  /  leaching  /  kinetics
张立萍, 李若昀, 祝汉国, 吕灵灵, 徐斌, 孙立鹏, 吴聿. 高硫石油焦气化灰渣中钒的浸出动力学研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (2) : 189 -195 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.007
Liping ZHANG, Ruoyun LI, Hanguo ZHU, Lingling LYU, Bin XU, Lipeng SUN, Yu WU. Leaching Kinetics of Vanadium from High-Sulfur Petroleum Coke Gasification Fly Ash[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (2) : 189 -195 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.007
当前,原油开采逐渐展现出重质化与劣质化的明显趋势,这一变化导致通过重质原油延迟焦化工艺处理所得的劣质石油焦产量快速增涨,尤其是高硫石油焦[1-2]。高硫石油焦中硫、碳质量分数较高,如不加以处理直接作为燃料燃烧会产生大量有害气体(SO2),对环境造成严重污染[3]。在全球碳达峰、碳中和的政策背景下,石油焦作为煤炭的替代燃料直接用于燃烧有违双碳目标。而气流床气化技术因具有燃料适用性强、碳转化率高、合成气品质高等优势,为实现石油焦规模化应用提供了一种可选择的方法。因此,石油焦气化对于缓解高硫石油焦污染问题具有重要意义。
高硫石油焦气化渣中,除主要含有碳元素外,还含有硅、钙、铁、钒、镍、镁、硫等的化合物成分。钒、镍等毒性重金属元素在灰渣中高度富集,使得石油焦气化渣被归类为危险废物;另外,钒被誉为金属的“维生素”和“工业味精”,广泛应用于冶金、化工、航空航天材料制造行业,是具有重要经济价值的金属资源。高硫石油焦气化渣灰分中的五氧化二钒质量分数可达5%,甚至更高,是一种有一定开发利用价值的二次资源,有助于缓解全球钒资源的供需矛盾。
目前,国内有关钒的回收研究主要集中在钒钛磁铁矿及其冶炼的含钒钢渣方面,对于其他类型的钒二次资源回收研究较少。常规湿法提钒工艺主要有焙烧、酸浸、碱浸等方法[4-7]。与石煤等含钒矿物不同,二次资源中的钒经过复杂且多样的工艺处理后,钒的含量及具赋存状态变得更为复杂[8-9]。因此,针对不同类型的含钒二次资源,从中浸出回收钒的方法适用性也存在较大差异。尤其对于高硫石油焦气化渣,在实现碳资源化利用同时,需经过1 000 ℃以上的高温处理,在此过程中,钒会与其他元素相互作用,使其形态发生变化[10-11]。经气化产生合成气后,灰渣中仍含有一定量的碳(50%~80%),从而导致气化渣中钒浓度较低,同时碳的存在会影响钒的浸出及回收效果[12]。目前,有关高硫石油焦气化灰渣中钒资源回收的理论及工艺技术研究尚显不足。因此,研究了采用酸浸方式从高硫石油焦气化灰渣中提取钒,系统探究了影响钒浸出效果的因素,剖析了钒浸出机制,并探讨了钒浸出动力学。
高硫石油焦气化灰渣:来自某炼化企业石油焦制氢装置,其化学组成见表1
试剂:98%的硫酸(化学纯,华富化工有限公司),压缩空气。
恒温管式炉(宜兴奥普瑞炉业有限公司),JJ-4A电动搅拌器(常州国华仪器有限公司),ML204T/02电子天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司),pHS-3C型pH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司),SHA水浴恒温振荡器(常州荣华仪器制造有限公司),ICP-OES(赛默飞世尔科技公司)。
首先将高硫石油焦气化灰渣填充于管式炉中,在650 ℃下进行氧化焙烧,得预富集含钒灰分。采用一定浓度的硫酸溶液对灰分进行浸出。采用单因素变量法,在搅拌速率为300 r/min条件下,考察液固体积质量比、硫酸浓度、浸出温度及时间4个因素对浸出的影响。在液固体积质量比为8∶2、硫酸浓度为30%条件下,探讨不同温度下浸出时间对灰分中钒的浸出动力学,对不同温度下钒的浸出行为进行动力学方程模拟计算,并根据Arrhenius方程进行曲线拟合,计算反应表观活化能。
采用HJ781消解法对浸出前、后固体进行消解,并采用ICP-OES测定消解液中钒浓度,计算灰分中钒浸出率r。计算公式如下:
r=(1-$\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{0}}$)×100%。
式中:m1—酸浸渣中钒质量,g;m0—氧化焙烧灰分中钒质量,g。
高硫石油焦气化灰渣的微观形貌如图1(a)所示。高硫石油焦气化灰渣矿物组成中,以玻璃相硅铝酸盐为主的非晶相含量远高于晶体含量,重金属含量相对较低,且会被碳包裹,说明碳对无机物颗粒存在一定包裹作用,从而导致金属浸出率受到影响。因此,首先应采用氧化焙烧方式脱除灰渣中的碳,实现灰渣中金属的预富集。经氧化焙烧后的灰分的微观形貌如图1(b)所示。焙烧后灰分成球形颗粒,表面凹凸不平。灰分粒度分布见表2。粒径集中在20~250 μm,灰分平均粒径为110 μm。
高硫石油焦气化灰渣的XRD图谱如图2(a)所示。可以看出:背景强度较高,表明其中含有一定比例非晶态碳形式的高度无序物质[13]。氧化焙烧灰分的XRD图谱如图2(b)所示,可以看出:衍射峰较强的主要晶相为石膏相、石英相及硅铝酸盐相;重金属由于含量低被包裹等原因未能表现出相应的晶相。进一步进行XRF分析,结果表明,氧化焙烧灰分中五氧化二钒质量分数为6.2%。
在液固体积质量比8∶2、浸出温度90 ℃、浸出时间3 h条件下,考察硫酸浓度对氧化焙烧灰分中钒浸出率的影响,结果如图3所示。
图3可知:硫酸浓度由10%增至30%,钒浸出率由25.2%升至72.5%;继续增大硫酸浓度,钒浸出率略有下降,变化不大。这主要是由于在硫酸浓度较低时,随硫酸浓度升高,硫酸对灰分颗粒的腐蚀能力增强,加速了钒的浸出;而随硫酸浓度进一步增大,溶液黏度随之增大,其中的金属离子从灰分颗粒表面向溶液本体的迁移及扩散速率降低,抑制了钒的浸出,导致钒浸出率呈下降趋势。综合考虑,优选硫酸浓度为30%。
在浸出温度90 ℃、硫酸浓度30%、浸出时间3 h条件下,考察液固体积质量比对氧化焙烧灰分中钒浸出率的影响,结果如图4所示。
图4可知:液固体积质量比由5∶5增至8∶2时,钒浸出率从50%逐渐升至72.5%。这是由于随液固体积质量比增大,体系中硫酸的量增加,其对灰分颗粒的破坏效果增强,有利于提高钒浸出率。液固体积质量比大于8∶2时,钒浸出率升高不明显,仅从72.5%升至73.8%。综合考虑,优选液固体积质量比为8∶2。
在浸出温度90 ℃、硫酸浓度30%、液固体积质量比8∶2条件下,考察反应时间对氧化焙烧灰分中钒浸出率的影响,结果如图5所示。可知,浸出时间从30 min延长至3 h,灰分中钒浸出率从52.8%增至72.5%;继续延长浸出时间,钒浸出率变化不大。这表明,反应3 h即可达到钒的浸出平衡,因此浸出时间选择3 h。
在硫酸浓度30%、液固体积质量比8∶2、反应时间3 h条件下,考察浸出温度对氧化焙烧灰分中钒浸出率的影响,结果如图6所示。
图6可知:浸出温度从50 ℃升至90 ℃时,钒浸出率从38.2%增至72.5%。温度越高,离子扩散速度越快,越有利于固液两相界面上浸出的钒扩散至溶液中,加速钒的浸出。因此,优选浸出温度为90 ℃。
综上,确定最佳反应条件下为:浸出温度90 ℃,硫酸浓度30%,液固体积质量比8∶2,浸出时间3 h。在此条件下进行4组综合验证试验,结果见表3。可以看出:钒平均浸出率为72.5%,平均酸浸渣率为89.2%,酸浸渣中V2O5质量分数为1.91%。
图7是酸浸渣的XRD图谱。可以看出,酸浸前、后渣物相组成主要为硫酸钙及硅铝酸盐相,进一步说明钒被包裹在硅铝酸盐晶相中,在酸浸过程中不能有效破坏硅铝酸盐结构,从而导致钒的浸出受到限制。
高硫石油焦气化灰渣中存在大量的硅、铝等元素,成分复杂,在脱碳氧化过程中,物质之间可能会发生反应或形成包裹。通过调节酸浸过程的硫酸用量、浸出时间及温度,可促进钒从复杂化合物中浸出进入溶液。根据湿法冶金理论模型,当浸出金属元素的化学反应过程中有部分物质无法浸出时,浸出过程属于灰分颗粒大小稳定不变的未反应缩核模型[14]。实际浸出过程需满足以下条件:1)硫酸浸出剂过量;2)灰分颗粒呈球形,对化学和传质阻力无各向异性,浸出前对氧化焙烧灰分进行预处理,过100~180目筛,颗粒粒径范围为80~150 μm;3)浸出反应过程为不可逆过程;4)浸出反应搅拌速度为300 r/min,在此搅拌强度下,浸出的钒可以迅速扩散到溶液体相中。
试验中氧化焙烧灰分中钒的酸浸过程是液-固界面非均相反应过程,反应速率受界面化学反应速率、扩散速率等控制,符合未反应收缩核模型[15],常用以下3个控制反应模型进行分析:
化学反应控制模型:
1-1-${r}^{\frac{1}{3}}$=k1t;
扩散过程控制模型:
1-$\frac{2}{3}$r-(1-r${)}^{\frac{2}{3}}$=k2t;
混合控制模型:
(1-r${)}^{-\frac{1}{3}}$-1+$\frac{1}{3}$ln(1-r)=k3t
式中:r—金属浸出率,%;k1—化学反应控制表观速率常数,min-1;k2—扩散过程控制表观速率常数,min-1;k3—混合控制表观速率常数,min-1;t—时间,min。
将液固体积质量比8∶2、硫酸浓度30%、搅拌速率300 r/min条件下浸出所得结果采用上述3个模型进行动力学分析,拟合结果如图8~10所示。
Arrhenius方程常用于描述速率常数与温度的关系,计算公式如下:
k=Aexp($\frac{-{E}_{a}}{RT}$),
为方便计算活化能,对等式两边取对数:
ln k=$\frac{-{E}_{a}}{RT}$+ln A
式中:k—反应速率常数,min-1;A—频率因子,min-1;Ea—表观活化能,kJ/mol;R—气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);T—热力学温度,K。
以-ln k对1/T作图,得到不同控制模型的Arrhenius曲线,如图11所示。可知:混合控制过程的拟合相关系数为0.994 8,高于其他2个控制模型,其线性相关性更佳,说明钒浸出反应速率符合未反应收缩核模型混合控制模型。由混合控制模型拟合曲线可知,曲线斜率为-2.763,由此求得反应的表观活化能Ea=22.97 kJ/mol。
通过对高硫石油焦气化灰渣中钒的硫酸浸出影响因素进行系统研究,并分析钒浸出动力学,明确了钒的浸出机制,为实现高硫石油焦气化灰渣中钒资源的浸出及回收的工业化提供了理论依据。主要研究结论如下:
1)高硫石油焦气化灰渣中碳含量高,主要以非晶态碳形式存在,重金属矿物含量低且易被碳包裹。氧化焙烧脱碳后实现了预富集,更有利于钒的浸出。
2)在硫酸浓度30%、反应温度90 ℃、液固体积质量比8∶2、反应时间3 h适宜条件下浸出氧化焙烧灰分,钒浸出率达72.5%,酸浸渣率为89.2%,酸浸渣中V2O5质量分数为1.91%。
3)动力学分析结果表明,钒的浸出动力学符合未反应收缩核模型的混合控制模型,表观活化能为22.97 kJ/mol。
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2025年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.007
  • 接收时间:2024-10-31
  • 首发时间:2025-08-08
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-31
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    1 青岛惠城环保科技集团股份有限公司, 山东 青岛 266500
    2 广东东粤环保科技有限公司, 广东 揭阳 515200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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