Article(id=1148110006177751759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)01-0118-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751660356325, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751660356325, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751660356325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751660356325, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148109987349520431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='131', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751660351836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246034872, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=118, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148110006379078365, articleId=1148110006177751759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Extraction of Lithium and Defluorination from Aluminum Electrolyte Waste Residue By Sulfuric Acid Leaching—Lime Precipitation Method, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The extraction of lithium and defluorination from lithium aluminum waste electrolyte by sulfuric acid leaching—lime precipitation was studied. The effects of various process parameters on the leaching rate and defluorination rate of lithium were investigated. The results show that under the optimal conditions of sulfuric acid concentration of 1.2 mol/L, leaching temperature of 95 ℃, leaching time of 20 min, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 4/1, pH=7, precipitation time of 1 h, precipitation temperature of 95 ℃, the comprehensive leaching rate of lithium is 85%, and the defluorination rate can reach 99.91%. The addition of calcium oxide can promote the conversion of fluoride ions in the solution to calcium fluoride precipitation, and CaF2 products with high crystallinity are obtained. The pH of the treated solution can meet the requirements for the preparation of lithium carbonate, and the separation and recovery of fluoride and lithium containing solution can be realized.

, correspAuthors=Qingsheng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yamin LI, Wei LI, Meijie LENG, Qingsheng LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148110013240959230, articleId=1148110006177751759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀法从铝电解质废渣中提锂除氟, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀联合法从含锂铝废电解质中提锂固氟,考察了各工艺参数对锂浸出率和除氟率的影响。结果表明:在硫酸浓度1.2 mol/L、酸浸温度95 ℃、酸浸时间20 min、液固体积质量比4/1、酸浸液pH=7、沉淀时间1 h、沉淀温度95 ℃的最佳工艺条件下,锂的综合浸出率为85%,溶液中氟离子去除率可达99.91%;氧化钙的加入能促进溶液中氟离子向氟化钙沉淀转化,得到具有较高结晶度的CaF2产品,处理后溶液pH符合制备碳酸锂要求,可实现氟化物和含锂溶液的分离回收。, correspAuthors=刘庆生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘庆生(1975—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为稀有金属资源高效开发及高值利用。E-mail:
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李雅民(1970—),男,大专,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀有金属冶炼。

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李雅民(1970—),男,大专,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀有金属冶炼。

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李雅民(1970—),男,大专,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀有金属冶炼。

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Organo-Fluorine Industry, 2004(3):27-36., articleTitle=Methods of treatment of wastewater containing fluorine, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174444241813127527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444241825710440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, companyId=1174444241813127527, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Ganzhou Chenguang Rare Earth New Material Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444241829904745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, companyId=1174444241813127527, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 赣州晨光稀土新材料有限公司, 江西 赣州 341000)]), 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label=Fig.1, caption=XRD pattern of aluminum electrolyte waste residue, figureFileSmall=sqtek0FCHdxTti2mrVDu2A==, figureFileBig=tYHuGrWJ+PcFmuRTLBVprw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444244082246034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=CN, label=图1, caption=铝电解质废渣的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=sqtek0FCHdxTti2mrVDu2A==, figureFileBig=tYHuGrWJ+PcFmuRTLBVprw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444244161937811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Leaching rate of Li (a) and XRD patterns of leaching residue (b) at different sulfuric acid concentrations, figureFileSmall=CISoWwEPwCVKRJ34xZLCyA==, figureFileBig=wMgit2yvfGq20OUOZVwKEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444244245823892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=CN, label=图2, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444245093073313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=XRD patterns of precipitated products at different pH, figureFileSmall=A3/GaIlIZBxBn237506mbA==, figureFileBig=EzOqhyE+O97nb89HvWueXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444245143404962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同pH下所得沉淀产物的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=A3/GaIlIZBxBn237506mbA==, figureFileBig=EzOqhyE+O97nb89HvWueXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444245227291043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main elements composition of aluminum electrolyte waste residue %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Na Al F O Ca K Li2O C
21.74 12.75 35.1 5.59 3.3 1.58 3.22 8.2
), ArticleFig(id=1174444245302788516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铝电解质废渣的主要元素组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Na Al F O Ca K Li2O C
21.74 12.75 35.1 5.59 3.3 1.58 3.22 8.2
), ArticleFig(id=1174444245449589157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Measurement results of F- concentration in solution and removal rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液中c(F-)/(mol·L-1) F-去除率/%
酸浸液 除氟滤液(pH=10)
2 557.25 5.11 99.8
), ArticleFig(id=1174444245588001190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110006177751759, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

溶液中F-浓度测定结果及其去除率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液中c(F-)/(mol·L-1) F-去除率/%
酸浸液 除氟滤液(pH=10)
2 557.25 5.11 99.8
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用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀法从铝电解质废渣中提锂除氟
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李雅民 1 , 李威 2 , 冷美杰 2 , 刘庆生 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(1): 118-124
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(1): 118-124
用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀法从铝电解质废渣中提锂除氟
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李雅民1, 李威2, 冷美杰2, 刘庆生2
作者信息
  • 1 赣州晨光稀土新材料有限公司, 江西 赣州 341000
  • 2 江西理工大学 冶金工程学院, 江西 赣州 341000
  • 李雅民(1970—),男,大专,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀有金属冶炼。

通讯作者:

刘庆生(1975—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为稀有金属资源高效开发及高值利用。E-mail:
Extraction of Lithium and Defluorination from Aluminum Electrolyte Waste Residue By Sulfuric Acid Leaching—Lime Precipitation Method
Yamin LI1, Wei LI2, Meijie LENG2, Qingsheng LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Ganzhou Chenguang Rare Earth New Material Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 2 School of Metallurgical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.016
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研究了用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀联合法从含锂铝废电解质中提锂固氟,考察了各工艺参数对锂浸出率和除氟率的影响。结果表明:在硫酸浓度1.2 mol/L、酸浸温度95 ℃、酸浸时间20 min、液固体积质量比4/1、酸浸液pH=7、沉淀时间1 h、沉淀温度95 ℃的最佳工艺条件下,锂的综合浸出率为85%,溶液中氟离子去除率可达99.91%;氧化钙的加入能促进溶液中氟离子向氟化钙沉淀转化,得到具有较高结晶度的CaF2产品,处理后溶液pH符合制备碳酸锂要求,可实现氟化物和含锂溶液的分离回收。
铝电解质废渣  /  硫酸  /  浸出  /  石灰  /  沉淀  /  锂  /  氟  /  分离

The extraction of lithium and defluorination from lithium aluminum waste electrolyte by sulfuric acid leaching—lime precipitation was studied. The effects of various process parameters on the leaching rate and defluorination rate of lithium were investigated. The results show that under the optimal conditions of sulfuric acid concentration of 1.2 mol/L, leaching temperature of 95 ℃, leaching time of 20 min, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 4/1, pH=7, precipitation time of 1 h, precipitation temperature of 95 ℃, the comprehensive leaching rate of lithium is 85%, and the defluorination rate can reach 99.91%. The addition of calcium oxide can promote the conversion of fluoride ions in the solution to calcium fluoride precipitation, and CaF2 products with high crystallinity are obtained. The pH of the treated solution can meet the requirements for the preparation of lithium carbonate, and the separation and recovery of fluoride and lithium containing solution can be realized.

aluminum electrolyte waste residue  /  sulfuric acid  /  leaching  /  lime  /  precipitation  /  lithium  /  fluorine  /  separation
李雅民, 李威, 冷美杰, 刘庆生. 用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀法从铝电解质废渣中提锂除氟. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (1) : 118 -124 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.016
Yamin LI, Wei LI, Meijie LENG, Qingsheng LIU. Extraction of Lithium and Defluorination from Aluminum Electrolyte Waste Residue By Sulfuric Acid Leaching—Lime Precipitation Method[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (1) : 118 -124 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.016
当前,我国铝冶炼工业主要采用Hall-Heroult法,该法以氧化铝为主要原料,并辅以冰晶石为溶剂[1]。据统计,2023年我国原铝产量达4 159.4万t,其中约47%的氧化铝原料来自国内铝土矿。但我国铝土矿品位较低,含有大量锂盐,在氧化铝生产过程中,这些锂盐会留在产品中,导致氧化铝中氧化锂含量明显增加。在铝电解过程中,氧化锂会与冰晶石反应生成氟化锂,随着电解槽使用年限延长,氟化锂在铝电解质中持续富集,质量分数达3%~7%[2-4]。当电解液中氟化锂含量过高时,电解液初始晶体温度会显著降低,氧化铝溶解度也随之下降[5],导致铝冶炼池底部沉降物显著增多,进而使电解工艺恶化,造成铝电解电流效率降低,能耗增加[6-8]。针对这些问题,目前电解铝生产企业主要采用的处理方法是定期从熔炼池中抽出含锂电解质,并替换为新的、低浓度锂盐电解质[9],被抽出的含锂废电解质一般作为固体废物处置。这些废铝电解质产量逐年增加,且其中含有大量Na3AlF6、NaF等氟化物,长期堆积会对环境和人类健康造成严重危害[10-12]。因此,开发高效的高锂铝电解质回收处理技术成为了破解此难题、促进行业绿色发展的关键。
试验研究了采用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀法从铝电解质废渣中提锂除氟,分别考察了硫酸浸出和石灰除氟过程中各工艺参数对锂浸出率、氟去除率和锂损失率的影响,以期为从含锂铝废电解质中提锂固氟提供一种可选择的方法。
试验用铝电解质废渣由江西赣州某电解铝厂提供,破碎并筛分至粒度<0.178 mm,干燥。用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析铝电解质废渣元素含量,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对其物相形态进行表征。采用马弗炉在高温空气气氛下(900 ℃,4 h)对铝电解质废渣进行灰化处理,然后折算碳元素在铝电解质废渣中的含量。通过酸溶法测定铝电解质废渣中Li含量,即先溶解一定质量铝电解质废渣,然后配制成溶液进行计算,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)分析测定。分析结果见表1图1
试剂:硫酸、硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、氧化钙、氢氧化钠,均为分析纯,购自国药化学试剂有限公司。
铝电解质废渣中氟化物最初物相组成为LiNa2AlF6、Na3AlF6、LiF等。在与高浓度硫酸反应后,原料中氟化物赋存形态发生转变,冰晶石、锂钠冰晶石等物质中的氟元素进入浸出液中,并以氟离子形式存在。铝电解质废渣的酸浸反应方程式如下:
2LiNa2AlF6+6H2SO4═══════Li2SO4+2Na2SO4+Al2$\left(S\right.{O}_{4}{)}_{3}$+12HF;
2Na3AlF6+6H2SO4═══════3Na2SO4+Al2$\left(S\right.{O}_{4}{)}_{3}$+12HF;
2LiF+H2SO4═══════2HF+Li2SO4;
Al2O3+3H2SO4═══════Al2$\left(S\right.{O}_{4}{)}_{3}$+3H2O。
酸浸过程中,铝电解质废渣中的氟化物与硫酸反应生成金属盐和氢氟酸。生成氢氟酸的部分原因是浓硫酸电离产生的H+可与氟化物中F-结合,形成弱酸HF分子,并使化学平衡向生成HF方向进行。
酸浸液中的氟采用石灰沉淀法处理,该法是工业中常用的处理含氟废水的手段,通过溶液中的F-和Ca2+生成低溶解度的CaF2沉淀而达到除氟的目的。首先用氢氧化钠溶液调节浸出液pH至中性,之后加入氧化钙,反应过程中生成的CaF2常温下极难溶于水,18 ℃时,其在100 mL水溶液中的溶解度仅为0.001 6 g,溶度积常数Ksp=3.95×10-11(25 ℃)。氧化钙加入溶液中会迅速反应成氢氧化钙,25 ℃时Ca(OH)2溶度积常数Ksp=4.7×10-6,LiF溶度积常数Ksp=1.84×10-3(25 ℃),因此,除氟时会发生如下反应:
2H++2F-+Ca(OH)2═══════CaF2↓+2H2O。
以机械研磨后的铝电解质废渣为原料,在聚四氟乙烯烧杯中进行酸浸试验,整个酸浸过程在数显恒温水浴锅中进行。反应结束后进行多次水洗过滤,将滤渣置于电热鼓风干燥箱中于80 ℃下干燥6 h并称重,测定滤渣中剩余锂含量。取一定质量滤渣放在电热板上加热,用不同分析纯酸溶液溶解并配制溶液,测定其中锂含量,计算锂浸出率。计算公式如下:
ηa=(1-$\frac{{m}_{a}{w}_{a}}{mw\left(Li\right)}$)×100%。
式中:ηa—酸浸液锂浸出率,%;m—原料质量,g;w(Li)—原料中锂质量分数,%;ma—酸浸滤渣质量,g;wa—酸浸滤渣中锂质量分数,%。
以酸浸液为原料,升温加热磁力搅拌,再加入一定浓度NaOH配制溶液调节pH,并在恒温下搅拌2 h;之后加入氧化钙除氟,过滤;二次滤渣置于干燥箱中于80 ℃下干燥6 h,称重并取部分二次滤渣溶解于酸溶液中,测定其中锂含量;除氟滤液中氟离子浓度通过氟离子选择电极(PF-2-01)进行测定,计算锂损失率和氟去除率。计算公式如下:
ηb=$\frac{{m}_{b}{w}_{b}}{mw\left(Li\right)}$×100%;
γ=(1-$\frac{\rho \left(F\right)V}{mw\left(F\right)}$)×100%。
式中:ηb—锂损失率,%;mb—二次滤渣质量,g;wb—二次滤渣中锂质量分数,%;γ—氟去除率,%;V(F)—除氟滤液体积,mL;ρ(F)—除氟滤液中氟离子质量浓度,g/mL;w(F)—原料中氟质量分数,%。
固定酸浸温度90 ℃、酸浸时间2 h、液固体积质量比5/1条件下,对铝电解质废渣进行酸浸试验,考察硫酸浓度对锂浸出率的影响,试验结果如图2(a)所示。可以看出,随硫酸浓度增大,锂浸出率不断升高直至稳定:硫酸浓度为0.4 mol/L时,锂浸出率仅为58%,原因是硫酸浓度较低时,铝电解质废渣中的锂不能得到充分浸出;硫酸浓度增至1.2 mol/L时,锂浸出率达95%;继续增大硫酸浓度,锂浸出率变化不大。因此,确定最佳硫酸浓度为1.2 mol/L。
图2(b)为不同硫酸浓度下所得浸出渣的XRD图谱。可以看出:在不同硫酸浓度下所得浸出产物的衍射峰基本一致,物相组成基本相同,主要为CaF2、Na3AlF6和Al2O3;出现CaF2相是因为其未参与反应,Na3AlF6和Al2O3相残留在渣中未反应。综合图2(a)可知,硫酸浓度对锂浸出率的影响较大,不同硫酸浓度下所得浸出渣中均未出现含锂化合物衍射峰,是由于较高硫酸浓度下含锂化合物被溶解进入溶液中,而较低硫酸浓度下含锂化合物中锂含量过低,难以检测到。
在酸浸时间2 h、液固体积质量比5/1和硫酸浓度1.2 mol/L条件下,对铝电解质废渣进行酸浸试验,考察酸浸温度对锂浸出率的影响,试验结果如图3(a)所示。可以看出,随酸浸温度升高,锂浸出率呈不断上升趋势:酸浸温度为50 ℃时,锂浸出率已达90%;升温至95 ℃时,锂浸出率达95%;继续升温至100 ℃时,锂浸出率趋于平稳,变化不大。综合考虑,确定最佳酸浸温度为95 ℃。
图3(b)为不同酸浸温度下所得浸出渣的XRD图谱。可以看出:在不同温度下所得浸出产物的衍射峰基本一致,物相组成也基本相同。综合图3(a)可知,酸浸温度对含锂化合物的溶解基本没有影响,锂浸出率变化不大。
在酸浸温度95 ℃、液固体积质量比5/1和硫酸浓度1.2 mol/L条件下,对铝电解质废渣进行酸浸试验,考察酸浸时间对锂浸出率的影响,试验结果如图4(a)所示。可以看出:随酸浸时间延长,锂浸出率保持在95%左右,即酸浸时间对铝电解质废渣中锂浸出率基本无影响。这是因为铝电解质废渣经过研磨筛选,原料内部结构较疏松,有利于酸浸液扩散,使化学反应速率加快,进而能将铝电解质中的锂快速浸出到溶液中。为避免延长酸浸时间增加工艺成本,因此,确定最佳酸浸时间为20 min。
图4(b)为不同酸浸时间下所得浸出渣的XRD图谱。可以看出:不同酸浸时间下所得浸出产物的衍射峰基本一致,物相组成也基本相同。综合图4(a)可知,酸浸时间对含锂化合物的溶解基本无影响,锂浸出率几乎没有变化。
在酸浸温度95 ℃、酸浸时间20 min和硫酸浓度1.2 mol/L条件下,对铝电解质废渣进行酸浸试验,考察液固体积质量比对锂浸出率的影响,试验结果如图5(b)所示。可以看出,随液固体积质量比增大,锂浸出率不断升高直至稳定:液固体积质量比从2/1升至4/1时,锂浸出率由72%迅速升至95%;液固体积质量比继续增大,锂浸出率基本保持平稳。这是由于液固体积质量比越小,黏度越大,不利于酸浸反应进行;而随液固体积质量比不断增大,溶液黏度逐渐减小,硫酸扩散速率也随之增大,更有利于酸浸反应进行,锂浸出率升高;但液固体积质量比大于4/1时,酸浸化学反应趋于平衡,此时锂浸出率基本保持不变。综合考虑,确定最佳液固体积质量比为4/1。
图5(b)为不同液固体积质量比下所得浸出渣的XRD图谱。可以看出:不同液固体积质量比下所得浸出渣的衍射峰基本一致,物相组成基本相同,主要为CaF2和Al2O3;相较于不同硫酸浓度、酸浸温度、酸浸时间下所得浸出渣的XRD图谱,Na3AlF6的峰消失,原因可能是在相同酸浓度条件下,随液固体积质量比增大,参与反应的酸的物质的量增大,将渣中剩余冰晶石和部分氧化铝溶解,使物相组成发生了改变。
氟化钙沉淀在pH>5条件下才能生成。因此,在沉淀温度90 ℃、沉淀时间2 h、氧化钙用量为理论用量1.1倍条件下,对含锂酸浸液进行中和除氟试验,考察酸浸液pH对氟离子去除率及锂损失率的影响,试验结果如图6所示。
图6看出:随酸浸液pH升高,氟离子去除率不断升高,pH>7时趋于稳定;pH>10时,氟离子去除率略有降低,此时溶液中氟离子浓度略有升高。这是由于酸浸液pH低于7时,部分F-仍以HF形式存在;酸浸液pH>10时,随pH升高,OH-浓度增大,当F-浓度低于OH-浓度时,OH-更易与Ca2+生成Ca(OH)2,使得溶液中残留氟离子含量增大。由图6还可看出,随pH升高,含锂酸浸液中锂损失率呈先降低后升高趋势:在pH=7时,锂损失率降至最低,为10%;pH升至12时,锂损失率达最高,为19%。这说明在适宜pH条件下,溶液中锂沉淀会减少,但随pH不断升高,部分钙离子生成氢氧化钙沉淀,同时溶液中的锂又形成LiF沉淀,导致锂损失率升高。为了提高氟离子去除率,同时降低锂损失率,确定最佳酸浸液pH为7。
在沉淀温度90 ℃、酸浸液pH=7、氧化钙除氟理论用量1.1倍条件下,对含锂酸浸液进行碱中和除氟试验,考察沉淀反应时间对氟离子去除率及锂损失率影响,试验结果如图7所示。
图7看出:随沉淀时间延长,含锂酸浸液中氟去除率不断升高,而锂损失率先快速降低后趋于稳定;沉淀20 min时,氟离子去除率为69%,锂损失率为20%;沉淀时间延长至60 min时,氟离子去除率升至99.53%,锂损失率降至10%左右。这是由于碱性条件下,溶液中的氟、锂离子会自发反应生成LiF沉淀,而氧化钙溶解需要一定时间,随沉淀时间延长,钙离子与氟离子不断生成CaF2,使溶液中氟离子浓度和锂损失率降低。可见延长沉淀时间有利于提高酸浸液中氟去除率,降低锂损失率。综合考虑,确定最佳沉淀时间为60 min。
在酸浸液pH=7、沉淀时间60 min、氧化钙用量为理论用量1.1倍条件下,对含锂酸浸液进行碱中和除氟试验,考察温度对氟离子去除率及锂损失率的影响,试验结果如图8所示。
图8看出:随沉淀温度升高,含锂酸浸液中氟去除率升高直至稳定,锂损失率不断降低;温度从50 ℃升至90 ℃,氟离子去除率由53.24%升至98.76%,而锂损失率由24.8%降至10.28%;继续升温至95 ℃,氟离子去除率为99.91%,锂损失率为10.23%,氟离子去除率和锂损失率均变化不大。这是因为在高温条件下,氧化钙溶解速率加快,生成氟化钙沉淀速率也加快,使得锂损失率降低。考虑到温度为95 ℃时,氟离子去除率仍有小幅度上升,锂损失率仍有小幅度下降,为了减少溶液中锂损失,同时提升除氟效果,确定最佳沉淀温度为95 ℃。
综上所述,铝电解质废渣采用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀法处理铝电解质废渣时,最佳工艺条件为:硫酸浓度1.2 mol/L,酸浸温度95 ℃,酸浸时间20 min,液固体积质量比4/1,酸浸液pH=7,沉淀时间1 h,沉淀温度95 ℃。在该条件下,酸浸液中锂浸出率为95%左右,除氟锂损失率为10%左右,经计算得出锂综合浸出率为85%,氟离子去除率为99.91%。
CaF2最佳沉淀pH范围为7.0~9.0[13]。用XRD分析不同pH条件下所得沉淀产物的物相组成,结果如图9所示。可以看出:不同pH下所得产物的物相相同,均为CaF2;且高pH条件下所得CaF2的衍射峰强度更强,这与1.2节中氧化钙除氟原理相吻合,说明锂离子在碱性环境中可稳定存在,不会大量生成LiF沉淀,可为后续制备碳酸锂提供稳定的前提条件。
试验采用上海雷磁仪器有限公司的PF-2-01型氟离子选择电极分别测定酸浸液和pH=10条件下所得除氟滤液中的氟离子浓度,并计算氯离子去除率,结果见表2
表2看出:用NaOH溶液调节pH后加入CaO沉淀除氟,除氟滤液中F-浓度降至5 mol/L左右,可达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)要求。说明酸性浸出铝电解质废渣可将大部分氟浸出到溶液中,再采用石灰沉淀法能够有效去除酸浸液中的氟,实现达标排放。
采用硫酸浸出—石灰沉淀法处理铝电解质废渣时,在硫酸浓度1.2 mol/L、酸浸温度95 ℃、酸浸时间20 min、液固体积质量比4/1、酸浸液pH=7、沉淀时间1 h、沉淀温度95 ℃的最佳工艺条件下,锂综合浸出率为85%,氟离子去除率可达99.91%。该法可有效去除溶液中F-,并得到具有较高结晶度的CaF2产品,处理后溶液pH符合制备碳酸锂要求,可实现氟化物和含锂溶液的分离回收。
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2025年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.016
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
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    1 赣州晨光稀土新材料有限公司, 江西 赣州 341000
    2 江西理工大学 冶金工程学院, 江西 赣州 341000

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刘庆生(1975—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为稀有金属资源高效开发及高值利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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