Article(id=1148110005343085199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)01-0100-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718035200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751660356126, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751660356126, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751660356126, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751660356126, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148109987349520431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='131', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751660351836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246034872, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148110005632492198, articleId=1148110005343085199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Preparation of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 Composite Photocatalyst and Its Catalytic Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ), columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 composite photocatalyst was prepared by hydrothermal method, and its properties and mechanism for Cr(Ⅵ) reduction were studied under visible light. The results show that g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 is a petaloid structure composed of nanosheets with larger surface area than the single g-C3N4 and Bi2WO6, which can provide more active sites for photocatalytic reaction. The adsorption efficiency of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 for Cr(Ⅵ) is 43.2% under 40 min dark condition, and the adsorption behavior is consistent with the quasi-second-order kinetic model. After 100 min of visible light irradiation, the photocatalytic reduction rate of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 for Cr(Ⅵ) is 81.3%, and the photocatalytic reduction process is consistent with the quasi-first-order kinetic model. After the combination of g-C3N4 and Bi2WO6, forms a Z-scheme heterojunction, which broadens the light absorption range and promots the separation of photogenerated electron-hole, thus showing excellent visible light catalytic activity.

, correspAuthors=Jincheng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuxin QIN, Yuxin ZHA, Xinyu HE, Xiaozhou SHI, Lin CHEN, Guozhuang CHEN, Yue MA, Bingrui MA, Jincheng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148110013773635885, articleId=1148110005343085199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂的制备及其催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)试验研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了采用水热法制备g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂,并探究了其在可见光下催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的性能及机制。结果表明:g-C3N4/Bi2WO6为纳米片堆积成的花瓣状结构,比表面积比g-C3N4和Bi2WO6更大,可为光催化反应提供更多活性位点;在40 min黑暗条件下,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率为43.2%,其吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型;可见光照射100 min后,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原率为81.3%,其光催化还原过程符合准一级动力学模型;g-C3N4与Bi2WO6复合后形成了Z型异质结,拓宽了其光吸收范围,促进了光生电子-空穴的分离,从而显示出优异的可见光催化活性。, correspAuthors=李金成, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李金成(1969—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为水质深度处理和水处理新型高级氧化技术。E-mail:lijch-1@163.com。
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秦玉馨(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废水处理。

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秦玉馨(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废水处理。

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秦玉馨(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废水处理。

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Separation and Purification Technology, 2022, 283.DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120161., articleTitle=Efficient photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(Ⅵ) by Zr4+ doped and polyaniline coupled SnS2 nanoflakes, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175092800388477161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175092800396865770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, companyId=1175092800388477161, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175092800401060075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, companyId=1175092800388477161, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院, 山东 青岛 266520)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175092800455586028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175092800459780333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, companyId=1175092800455586028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Dezhou Zhanquan Water Supply Engineering Design Co., Ltd., Dezhou 253000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175092800468168942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, companyId=1175092800455586028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 德州市湛泉给水工程设计有限公司, 山东 德州 253000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175092800526889199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175092800535277808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, companyId=1175092800526889199, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Qingdao Yinhuang Jiqing Water Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175092800543666418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, companyId=1175092800526889199, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 青岛引黄济青水务集团有限公司, 山东 青岛 266000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175092804045910319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=SEM and TEM analysis results of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6, figureFileSmall=EOiN+7eYvm74iJazHdNqpw==, figureFileBig=7tsvBhp9m/Vi+Qsaf0j3AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092804217876784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=CN, label=图1, caption=g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的SEM和TEM分析结果

a、b—Bi2WO6、g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的SEM照片;c、d—g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的TEM、HRTEM分析结果;e、f—Bi2WO6、g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的EDS分析结果;g~k—g-C3N4/Bi2WO6中C、Bi、W、N、O的元素映射照片。

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a—不同光催化剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原性能对比;b—g-C3N4/Bi2WO6还原Cr(Ⅵ)的循环光催化还原性能;c—g-C3N4/Bi2WO6使用前、后的XRD图谱。

, figureFileSmall=D21aBqpEG7StKA/YKdwe4Q==, figureFileBig=A9fD4Wuvr21qydP4Yr5/5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092805534888249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Quasi-first-order kinetics(a),quasi-second-order kinetics(b),internal diffusion kinetics(c), quasi-first-order kinetics of photocatalytic reduction(d) fitting curve of Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption by different photocatalysts, figureFileSmall=N6rmUHGLDOB30RXwAOh+Hw==, figureFileBig=DOwEwPzGH37oZIY26i4vVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092805664911674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同光催化剂吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的准一级动力学(a)、准二级动力学(b)、内扩散(c)和光催化还原准一级动力学(d)拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=N6rmUHGLDOB30RXwAOh+Hw==, figureFileBig=DOwEwPzGH37oZIY26i4vVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092805736214843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra(a) and transient photocurrent response(b) of g-C3N4,Bi2WO6 and g-C3N4/Bi2WO6, figureFileSmall=DqYGy4fdshFS4xQDdrhslQ==, figureFileBig=EV1gnJOTzi0XHz40C0EWwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092805803323708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=CN, label=图7, caption=g-C3N4、Bi2WO6和g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的紫外-可见漫反射光谱(a)和瞬态光电流响应(b), figureFileSmall=DqYGy4fdshFS4xQDdrhslQ==, figureFileBig=EV1gnJOTzi0XHz40C0EWwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092805895598397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Test results of free radical capture, figureFileSmall=2F976P+eVVwGK//J6QsmLg==, figureFileBig=d/mllnnW3YHukGyMmotnxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092805992067390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=CN, label=图8, caption=自由基捕获试验结果, figureFileSmall=2F976P+eVVwGK//J6QsmLg==, figureFileBig=d/mllnnW3YHukGyMmotnxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092806054981951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) by g-C3N4/Bi2WO6, figureFileSmall=mw3NEGSDom9yaaW+XC4K4A==, figureFileBig=vS3W1VT+1tWk/OlvO+Ap1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092806185005376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=CN, label=图9, caption=g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原机制, figureFileSmall=mw3NEGSDom9yaaW+XC4K4A==, figureFileBig=vS3W1VT+1tWk/OlvO+Ap1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092806256308545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effects of different factors on photocatalytic reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) by g-C3N4/Bi2WO6, figureFileSmall=UBvYQvambuiaLAYByaGgnQ==, figureFileBig=FOe/1/bCRSkjntMxer1iUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092806315028802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同因素对g-C3N4/Bi2WO6光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

a—g-C3N4/Bi2WO6投加量;b—溶液pH;c—溶液中的无机离子。

, figureFileSmall=UBvYQvambuiaLAYByaGgnQ==, figureFileBig=FOe/1/bCRSkjntMxer1iUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092806407303491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Specific surface area,pore size,pore volume and maximum pore size of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 比表面积/(m2·g-1) 孔径/nm 孔容积/(cm3· g-1) 最可几孔径/nm
g-C3N4 10.22 17.22 0.09 3.36
Bi2WO6 16.45 28.41 0.24 44.76
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 78.86 8.23 0.35 4.84
), ArticleFig(id=1175092806466023748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品的比表面积、孔径、孔体积和最可几孔径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 比表面积/(m2·g-1) 孔径/nm 孔容积/(cm3· g-1) 最可几孔径/nm
g-C3N4 10.22 17.22 0.09 3.36
Bi2WO6 16.45 28.41 0.24 44.76
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 78.86 8.23 0.35 4.84
), ArticleFig(id=1175092806549909829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Kinetic model parameters of Cr(Ⅵ)adsorption by g-C3N4、Bi2WO4 and g-C3N4/Bi2WO4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型 内扩散模型
qe,理论/
(mg·g-1)
k1/
min-1
R2 qe,理论/
(mg·g-1)
k2/
(g·mg-1·min-1)
R2 kd1/
min-1
kd2/
min1
${R}_{1}^{2}$ ${R}_{2}^{2}$
g-C3N4 4.67 0.086 0.991 2 6.08 0.013 0.990 2 0.97 0.28 0.989 3 0.995 7
Bi2WO6 7.32 0.153 0.992 1 8.62 0.020 0.994 6 1.51 0.27 0.978 7 0.973 4
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 20.00 0.267 0.948 1 22.25 0.017 0.984 1 2.49 0.40 0.987 7 0.999 9
), ArticleFig(id=1175092806658961734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148110005343085199, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

g-C3N4、Bi2WO4和g-C3N4/Bi2WO4吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型 内扩散模型
qe,理论/
(mg·g-1)
k1/
min-1
R2 qe,理论/
(mg·g-1)
k2/
(g·mg-1·min-1)
R2 kd1/
min-1
kd2/
min1
${R}_{1}^{2}$ ${R}_{2}^{2}$
g-C3N4 4.67 0.086 0.991 2 6.08 0.013 0.990 2 0.97 0.28 0.989 3 0.995 7
Bi2WO6 7.32 0.153 0.992 1 8.62 0.020 0.994 6 1.51 0.27 0.978 7 0.973 4
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 20.00 0.267 0.948 1 22.25 0.017 0.984 1 2.49 0.40 0.987 7 0.999 9
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g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂的制备及其催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)试验研究
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秦玉馨 1 , 查雨心 1 , 何新雨 1 , 史小舟 2 , 陈琳 3 , 陈国壮 1 , 马越 1 , 马丙瑞 1 , 李金成 1
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(1): 100-110
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(1): 100-110
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂的制备及其催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)试验研究
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秦玉馨1, 查雨心1, 何新雨1, 史小舟2, 陈琳3, 陈国壮1, 马越1, 马丙瑞1, 李金成1
作者信息
  • 1 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院, 山东 青岛 266520
  • 2 德州市湛泉给水工程设计有限公司, 山东 德州 253000
  • 3 青岛引黄济青水务集团有限公司, 山东 青岛 266000
  • 秦玉馨(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废水处理。

通讯作者:

李金成(1969—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为水质深度处理和水处理新型高级氧化技术。E-mail:lijch-1@163.com。
Preparation of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 Composite Photocatalyst and Its Catalytic Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)
Yuxin QIN1, Yuxin ZHA1, Xinyu HE1, Xiaozhou SHI2, Lin CHEN3, Guozhuang CHEN1, Yue MA1, Bingrui MA1, Jincheng LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
  • 2 Dezhou Zhanquan Water Supply Engineering Design Co., Ltd., Dezhou 253000, China
  • 3 Qingdao Yinhuang Jiqing Water Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.014
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研究了采用水热法制备g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂,并探究了其在可见光下催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的性能及机制。结果表明:g-C3N4/Bi2WO6为纳米片堆积成的花瓣状结构,比表面积比g-C3N4和Bi2WO6更大,可为光催化反应提供更多活性位点;在40 min黑暗条件下,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率为43.2%,其吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型;可见光照射100 min后,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原率为81.3%,其光催化还原过程符合准一级动力学模型;g-C3N4与Bi2WO6复合后形成了Z型异质结,拓宽了其光吸收范围,促进了光生电子-空穴的分离,从而显示出优异的可见光催化活性。
复合光催化剂  /  还原  /  g-C3N4/Bi2WO6  /  制备  /  Cr(Ⅵ)  /  Z型异质结  /  水热法

The g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 composite photocatalyst was prepared by hydrothermal method, and its properties and mechanism for Cr(Ⅵ) reduction were studied under visible light. The results show that g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 is a petaloid structure composed of nanosheets with larger surface area than the single g-C3N4 and Bi2WO6, which can provide more active sites for photocatalytic reaction. The adsorption efficiency of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 for Cr(Ⅵ) is 43.2% under 40 min dark condition, and the adsorption behavior is consistent with the quasi-second-order kinetic model. After 100 min of visible light irradiation, the photocatalytic reduction rate of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 for Cr(Ⅵ) is 81.3%, and the photocatalytic reduction process is consistent with the quasi-first-order kinetic model. After the combination of g-C3N4 and Bi2WO6, forms a Z-scheme heterojunction, which broadens the light absorption range and promots the separation of photogenerated electron-hole, thus showing excellent visible light catalytic activity.

composite photocatalyst  /  reduction  /  g-C3N4/Bi2WO6  /  preparation  /  Cr(Ⅵ)  /  Z-scheme heterojunction  /  hydrothermal method
秦玉馨, 查雨心, 何新雨, 史小舟, 陈琳, 陈国壮, 马越, 马丙瑞, 李金成. g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂的制备及其催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (1) : 100 -110 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.014
Yuxin QIN, Yuxin ZHA, Xinyu HE, Xiaozhou SHI, Lin CHEN, Guozhuang CHEN, Yue MA, Bingrui MA, Jincheng LI. Preparation of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 Composite Photocatalyst and Its Catalytic Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (1) : 100 -110 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.014
近年来,随着工业化进程的快速发展,含重金属离子废水的污染问题日益突显。铬作为一种典型的重金属污染物,广泛存在于电镀、冶金、皮革等多个工业环节中,通常以Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)形式存在,相较而言,Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性、致癌性和化学稳定性均远高于Cr(Ⅲ),会对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁[1],因此,探索和开发高效、环保的Cr(Ⅵ)去除技术显得尤为重要。传统的重金属废水处理方法,如吸附法、离子交换法、化学沉淀法等虽能一定程度上去除废水中的重金属离子,但也存在处理成本高、操作复杂、易产生二次污染等问题。因此,寻求更加绿色、可持续的废水处理技术逐渐成为研究热点。
光催化技术,作为一种新兴的重金属废水处理技术,因具有高效、环保、成本低,且不易产生二次污染等优点,越来越受到重视[2]。钨酸铋(Bi2WO6)作为一种最简单的Aurivillius氧化物,具有合适的禁带宽度,以及无毒和高稳定性等优点,在光催化领域日益受到关注[3]。但Bi2WO6在实际应用中,存在光生电子和空穴复合率较高等问题,极大限制了其光催化效率的提升[4]。为了克服这一难题,研究人员探索了与不同半导体材料构建异质结体系来提高Bi2WO6的光催化性能。其中,石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)作为一种典型的非金属半导体材料,因具有可见光吸收范围广、化学稳定性好和比表面积大等优点,成为了理想的选择[3]。g-C3N4与Bi2WO6之间匹配的能带结构,使得二者能够复合构建Z型异质结,促进光生电子与空穴分离,且相比于传统的Ⅱ型异质结,还保留了g-C3N4导带电子的高还原电势,从而为水中的有机污染物光催化降解[5-7]及Cr(Ⅵ)的高效还原[8-10]提供了一种新途径。
在非均相光催化反应过程中,污染物在催化剂表面的吸附是触发整个光催化过程的关键步骤,已有的研究多聚焦于g-C3N4/Bi2WO6光催化氧化还原过程方面,而对污染物在其表面吸附的具体机制及吸附动力学特性研究方面关注较少。因此,试验以三聚氰胺、钨酸钠和五水硝酸铋为原料,研究了采用水热法制备g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合光催化材料,并探讨了其对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化性能及反应动力学,并通过光电化学性能分析和自由基捕获试验揭示其光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机制。
二水合钨酸钠、五水合硝酸铋、乙二醇、无水乙醇、重铬酸钾、碳酸钠、硫酸钠、硝酸钠、氯化钠、盐酸、氢氧化纳、硫酸、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、叔丁醇、溴酸钾,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;对苯醌,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;三聚氰胺,天津奥普生试剂有限公司;二苯碳酰二肼,天津瑞金特化学品有限公司。上述试剂均为分析纯级,试验过程中直接使用。
采用煅烧法制备层状g-C3N4。将装有15.0 g三聚氰胺的坩埚放入马弗炉中,于550 ℃下煅烧4 h,待自然冷却至室温后充分研磨,得到淡黄色固体粉末,即为g-C3N4
采用水热法制备g-C3N4/Bi2WO6[11]。将4 mmol Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和2 mmol Na2WO4·2H2O分别溶于20 mL乙二醇中,磁力搅拌40 min后超声处理30 min至完全溶解,之后将2种溶液混合,分别加入0.25、0.40和0.55 g g-C3N4粉末,剧烈搅拌40 min。将溶液转移至100 mL带聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,于160 ℃下反应12 h,自然冷却至室温后弃去上清液,分别用无水乙醇和去离子水洗涤3次,置于烘箱中在80 ℃下烘干,之后研磨成均匀粉末。所制备的材料分别命名为x%g-C3N4/Bi2WO6(x=8、13、18)。
使用Sigma 300扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和JEM-2100 F透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察样品形貌;使用D8 Advance X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析样品的晶型结构;使用ESCALAB 250 X射线能谱仪(XPS)对g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的表面元素进行测定;采用SSA-4000比表面与孔隙度分析仪(BET)测定样品比表面积;采用UV-3600 Plus紫外可见漫反射光谱仪(UV-Vis DRS)分析样品的光吸收特性;使用CHI660E辰华电化学工作站测试样品的瞬态光电流,评估光生载流子的分离和迁移效率。
称取一定质量K2Cr2O7溶于去离子水中,配制20.0 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液;取20 mg所制备催化剂浸入50 mL 配制好的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液中;待催化剂分散均匀后置于暗箱磁力搅拌40 min保证达到吸附—解吸平衡。在300 W带紫外滤波片的氙灯下,每间隔一定时间用注射器抽取反应溶液2 mL,采用二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定Cr(Ⅵ)浓度。
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的SEM和TEM分析结果如图1所示。由图1(a)看出:Bi2WO6由大量纳米片组成,呈花瓣状结构,直径约2~4 μm,当其与g-C3N4复合后(见图1(b)),片状的g-C3N4均匀分散在Bi2WO6表面,且没有破坏Bi2WO6的花状结构。由图1(c)、(d)看出:g-C3N4与Bi2WO6复合在一起且出现了明显的晶格条纹,0.320和0.272 nm的晶格分别对应g-C3N4的(002)晶面和Bi2WO6的(200)晶面。由图1(e)、(f)看出:Bi2WO6的EDS能谱中只有C、O、Bi、W元素的峰,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的EDS能谱中检测到了N元素的峰,原子百分比为24.3%。由图1(g)~(k)看出:C、Bi、W、N、O五种元素均匀分布在g-C3N4/Bi2WO6上。综上说明,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合材料成功制备。
图2为g-C3N4、Bi2WO6和g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的XRD图谱。可以看出:g-C3N4在2θ=13.4°和27.6°处有2个衍射峰,与其标准卡片(JCPDS 87-1256)中的衍射峰一致,分别对应于(100)和(002)晶面;Bi2WO6在2θ=28.3°、32.8°、47.1°、55.9°、58.6°、68.8°、76.1°和78.4°处出现衍射峰,这与Bi2WO6的标准卡片(JCPDS 39-0256)相对应;g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的衍射峰与Bi2WO6的一致,说明复合材料中存在Bi2WO6;但在g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的谱线中并未出现g-C3N4的衍射峰,这可能是由于g-C3N4在27.6°处的衍射峰被Bi2WO6在28.3°处的特征峰遮挡所致[12]
通过XPS光谱分析g-C3N4/Bi2WO6光催化剂的元素组成和化学价态,结果如图3所示。可以看出:g-C3N4/Bi2WO6由C、N、O、W、Bi五种元素组成;C 1s分谱在287.93、285.41和284.25 eV处出现3个特征峰,分别归属于g-C3N4含氮芳环中sp2杂化的N—C══N键、石墨位点的sp3杂化C—(N)3键和sp2杂化的C—C键[13];N 1s分谱在404.61、400.62、399.13和398.36 eV处可识别出4个特征峰,分别归属于π电子激发、氨基官能团的出峰位置(C—N—H)、N—(C)3sp2杂化芳香氮(C══N—C)[14-15];O 1s分谱在529.66和530.74 eV处出现2个特征峰,分别对应晶格氧的W—O和Bi—O键[16];W 4f分谱分别在36.98、34.84 eV处出现2个特征峰,分别对应W 4f5/2和W 4f7/2,表明W以W6+形式存在[17];Bi 4f分谱拟合后有2个特征峰,结合能位于164.0和158.68 eV的峰分别对应Bi 4f5/2和Bi 4f7/2,表明样品中Bi以+3价形式存在[18]
图4为g-C3N4、Bi2WO6和g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的N2吸附—脱附等温线和相应的孔径分布。由图4(a)看出:3种材料的吸附—脱附等温线均属于Ⅳ型,且在较高的相对压力下具有明显的H3型滞后环,表明所制备材料都具有介孔结构[19]。由图4(b)看出:g-C3N4、Bi2WO6和g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的孔径分布主要集中3.36、44.76和4.84 nm左右,表明复合材料孔径较小。样品的比表面积、孔径、孔体积和最可几孔径见表1。可知,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6比表面积为78.86 m2/g,明显高于g-C3N4和Bi2WO6。综上说明,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6具有较大比表面积和较小孔径,能为光催化反应提供更多的活性位点[20]
图5(a)为g-C3N4、Bi2WO6x%g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原性能对比。可以看出:x%g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附和光催化还原率均高于单一材料,表明Bi2WO6中适量掺杂g-C3N4可以提高催化剂的催化性能;掺杂比为13%时,对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附和光催化还原效果最佳,故选取13%g-C3N4/Bi2WO6进行后续研究。黑暗条件下,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率为43.2%,分别是g-C3N4(9.0%)和Bi2WO6(14.9%)的4.8和2.9倍,这是由于g-C3N4/Bi2WO6具有较大的比表面积和孔容积,在前10 min,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最好,这是由于其在吸附初始阶段具有较多的吸附位点;光照条件下,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原率明显高于g-C3N4和Bi2WO6,表明复合材料具有更高的光催化活性。由图5(b)看出,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6经过5次循环使用后,对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原率仍能维持在72%以上。由图5(c)看出,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6使用前、后,XRD衍射峰强度并未发生明显变化,表明g-C3N4/Bi2WO6具有良好的稳定性。
为进一步探究g-C3N4、Bi2WO4和g-C3N4/Bi2WO4对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程,采用准一级和准二级动力学模型对试验数据进行拟合,拟合方程如式(1)、(2)所示[21]:
$q_{t}=q_{\mathrm{e}}\left(1-\mathrm{e}^{-k_{1} t}\right)$;
$\frac{t}{{q}_{t}}$=$\frac{1}{{k}_{2}{q}_{e}^{2}}$+$\frac{t}{{q}_{e}}$。
式中:qt—吸附t时刻的吸附量,mg/g;qe—平衡吸附量,mg/g;k1—准一级动力学速率常数,min-1;k2—准二级动力学速率常数,g/(mg·min)。
根据上述方程得到准一级和准二级动力学模型拟合曲线,如图6(a)(b)所示,拟合参数见表2。可以看出:准二级动力学模型拟合相关系数(R2)高于准一级动力学模型,表明对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型,该过程主要受化学吸附控制[22]。试验采用内扩散动力学模型确定Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程中速率的限制步骤,拟合方程为[23]:
qt=kdt0.5+C
式中:kd—粒子内扩散速率常数,mg/(g·min1/2);C—边界层厚度,mg/g。
内扩散拟合曲线如图6(c)所示。可以看出:g-C3N4、Bi2WO4和g-C3N4/Bi2WO4对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附拟合曲线均由2条不同线性关系的直线组成,说明催化剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程分为边界层膜扩散和颗粒内扩散2个阶段;结合动力学拟合参数可知,边界层膜扩散阶段的吸附速率常数(${{k}_{d}}_{1}$)均大于颗粒内扩散阶段的吸附速率常数(${{k}_{d}}_{2}$),且拟合曲线均未通过坐标原点,表明颗粒内扩散是吸附过程的主要限速步骤,但不是唯一限速步骤[24]
光催化剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原过程通常采用准一级动力学模型进行拟合,拟合方程为[25]:
ln(ρ0)=kt
式中:k—反应速率常数,min-1;ρρ0t时刻、光照开始时溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度,mg/L。
光催化还原准一级动力学拟合曲线如图6(d)所示。可以看出:g-C3N4/Bi2WO4对Cr(Ⅵ)的一级反应速率常数(8.8×10-3 min-1)分别为g-C3N4(2.9×10-3 min-1)和Bi2WO4(0.6×10-3 min-1)的3.0和14.7倍,表明g-C3N4/Bi2WO6具有良好的光催化性能。
利用紫外-可见漫反射光谱分析了g-C3N4、Bi2WO6和g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的光吸收性能,结果如图7(a)所示。可以看出:与g-C3N4和Bi2WO6相比,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的吸收边界发生了明显红移,表明异质结的构建拓宽了g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的光谱响应范围。根据Kubelka-Munk公式计算得出,g-C3N4、Bi2WO6和g-C3N4/Bi2WO6的禁带宽度分别为2.67、2.79和2.52 eV。根据经验式(5)计算得出,g-C3N4和Bi2WO6的价带电势(EVB)分别为1.48和3.26 eV;由经验式(6)计算得出,g-C3N4和Bi2WO6的导带电势(ECB)分别为-1.19和0.47 eV[26]
EVB=X-E0+0.5Eg;
ECB=EVB-Eg
式中,XE0Eg—半导体的绝对电负性、自由电子能量、带隙能量,eV。其中,g-C3N4和Bi2WO6X分别为4.64和6.36 eV,E0为4.5 eV。
通过瞬态光电流测试分析了材料光生载流子的分离效率,结果如图7(b)所示。可以看出:在关灯情况下,光电流密度接近于零;在开灯情况下,光电流密度迅速增加并稳定在一定值。g-C3N4/Bi2WO6展现出最高的光电流密度,表明其具有较高的光生载流子分离效率[27]
以对苯醌(BQ)、叔丁醇(TBA)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)、溴酸钾(KBrO3)作为·${O}_{2}^{-}$、·OH、空穴和电子的捕获剂,探究光催化反应过程中的主要活性物种,结果如图8所示。可以看出:与对照组相比,加入BQ后,Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率仅下降5.1%,说明·${O}_{2}^{-}$对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原影响较小;加入TBA后,Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率降至68.5%,这是由于·OH被捕获,光催化还原过程发生式(7)~(9)的反应,平衡向Cr(Ⅵ)产生的方向移动[28];加入KBrO3后,Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率明显降低,说明电子在光催化还原过程中发挥重要作用;而加入EDTA-2Na后,Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率有所提高,这是因为空穴的捕获促进了光生电子-空穴对的分离,使更多的电子参与Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原[29]
O2+e-→·${O}_{2}^{-}$;
2·${O}_{2}^{-}$+2H+→H2O2+O2;
H2O2+Cr3++H+→Cr6++H2O+·OH。
基于上述表征分析和试验结果,进一步阐明g-C3N4/Bi2WO6光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机制。当g-C3N4和Bi2WO6分别被可见光照射时,导带(CB)上的电子(e-)受激发跃迁至价带,并在价带(VB)上留下空穴(h+),形成光生电子-空穴对。g-C3N4与Bi2WO6之间形成Z型异质结,Bi2WO6导带上的电子与g-C3N4价带上的空穴发生复合,光生电子和空穴分别在g-C3N4导带和Bi2WO6价带上积聚。Bi2WO6价带上的空穴将H2O或OH-氧化成·OH,g-C3N4导带上一部分电子将O2还原为·${O}_{2}^{-}$,另一部分电子将Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ)[30]
g-C3N4/Bi2WO6投加量对光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响如图10(a)所示。可知:Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率随g-C3N4/Bi2WO6投加量增大而提高,这是由于g-C3N4/Bi2WO6投加量越大,可提供活性位点越多,能促进Cr(Ⅵ)还原;投加量大于0.5 g/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率虽有提高但不明显,这是由于体系中g-C3N4/Bi2WO6过量会使溶液浊度增加,造成光散射,并降低溶液透光性,从而使光催化剂的光利用率降低[31]
溶液pH对g-C3N4/Bi2WO6光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响如图10(b)所示。可知,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原率随pH升高而降低:pH为3时,Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率较高,这是由于在酸性条件下,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6表面带正电荷,Cr(Ⅵ)主要以$\mathrm{HCrO}_{4}^{-}$和$\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}$形式存在,因而g-C3N4/Bi2WO6和$\mathrm{HCrO}_{4}^{-}$、$\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}$之间存在强烈的静电吸引,光催化还原反应遵循式(10)、(11)[32-33];pH为9和11时,Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率大大降低,这是由于在碱性条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)主要以$\mathrm{CrO}_{4}^{2-}$形式存在,光催化还原反应如式(12)所示,产生的Cr(OH)3沉淀占据g-C3N4/Bi2WO6表面的活性位点,抑制了Cr(Ⅵ)的还原过程[34]
$\mathrm{HCrO}_{4}^{-}$+7H++3e- Cr3++4H2O;
$\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}$+14H++6e- 2Cr3++7H2O;
$\mathrm{CrO}_{4}^{2-}$+4H2O+3e- Cr(OH)3+5OH-
溶液中的无机离子对g-C3N4/Bi2WO6光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响试验结果如图10(c)所示。可以看出:溶液中存在的4种常见阴离子均不利于g-C3N4/Bi2WO6对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原,这是由于阴离子会与Cr(Ⅵ)竞争g-C3N4/Bi2WO6表面的活性位点;其中,$\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原具有明显抑制作用,导致Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率仅为34.6%,这是由于$\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$水解使水体中H+减少,pH升高,从而导致Cr(Ⅵ)还原率降低,这与碱性条件下Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果一致[35]
1)采用水热法成功制备了g-C3N4/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂,该催化剂呈花瓣状结构,且具有更大的比表面积,吸附位点更丰富,有利于吸附废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)。
2)g-C3N4/Bi2WO6具有优异的光催化活性,可见光照射100 min后对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效率为81.3%。g-C3N4/Bi2WO6在黑暗条件下对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,在可见光条件下,对Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原过程符合准一级动力学模型。循环试验结果表明,g-C3N4/Bi2WO6具有优异的光催化稳定性。
3)g-C3N4/Bi2WO6光催化性能的提高得益于g-C3N4与Bi2WO6之间形成Z型异质结,能增强可见光吸收范围,抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合。在光催化还原过程中,电子为主要活性物种。
4)g-C3N4/Bi2WO6投加量、废水pH及常见阴离子($\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$、$\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}$、$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$和Cl-)的加入均会影响Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原效果。随催化剂投加量增大,Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率呈先升高后降低趋势。在酸性条件下Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原率较高,其中$\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原抑制作用更明显。
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.014
  • 接收时间:2024-06-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-11
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    1 青岛理工大学 环境与市政工程学院, 山东 青岛 266520
    2 德州市湛泉给水工程设计有限公司, 山东 德州 253000
    3 青岛引黄济青水务集团有限公司, 山东 青岛 266000

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李金成(1969—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为水质深度处理和水处理新型高级氧化技术。E-mail:lijch-1@163.com。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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