Article(id=1148109992227500090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)02-0158-13, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723737600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751660352999, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751660352999, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751660352999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751660352999, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148109990923072455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='133', pageEnd='279', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751660352687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246043500, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732380301148501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732380301148502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148109992412049478, articleId=1148109992227500090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Key Technology of Preparing Light Rare Earth Fluoride by Induced Crystallization of Fluorine-containing Waste Acid in Rare Earth Metallurgy, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the comprehensive development and utilization of rare earth as a strategic resource and its co-existing fluorine resources, in light of the urgent demand of Bayan Obo characteristic industries for high-abundance light rare earth and functional fluoride, the acid-base medium circulation-induced crystallization technology was developed with low-concentration fluorine-containing waste acid commonly found in rare earth smelting, rare earth metal electrolysis and other industries as the research object. Based on the principle of reaction kinetics and template effect, a microscopic model of induced crystalline rare earth fluoride was designed. The influence of temperature, concentration, instantaneous relative material quantity, acidity and other technological conditions on the synthesis of crystalline rare earth fluoride was investigated, and the crystallization, combination and substitution mechanisms of fluorine, inducer and rare earth were revealed. The key scientific problem of colloidal precipitation of rare earth fluoride synthesized in liquid phase is solved. The entire set of technologies can realize the high-value utilization of co-associated fluorine resources, ensure that co-associated fluorine resources as an important supplement of strategic mineral resources fluorite, and have significant economic and social benefits and broad application prospects.

, correspAuthors=Ting GAO, Jianguo CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting GAO, Jianguo CUI, Meng XU, Shengqiang ZHANG, Yufu CHEN, Laxian WEI, Xuefei LI, Haijuan GAO, Xiaoling HOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148110005217259582, articleId=1148109992227500090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=稀土冶金含氟废酸诱导结晶制备轻稀土氟化物的关键技术研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对稀土这一战略性资源及其共存氟资源的综合开发利用,鉴于白云鄂博特色产业对高丰度轻稀土与功能性氟化物的迫切需求,以稀土冶炼、稀土金属电解等行业普遍存在的低浓度含氟废酸为研究对象,研究开发了酸碱介质循环诱导结晶技术,并根据反应动力学原理及模板效应,设计诱导结晶稀土氟化物微观模型,综合考察了温度、浓度、瞬间相对物质的量、酸度等工艺条件对合成晶型稀土氟化物的影响规律,揭示了氟与诱导剂、稀土的晶化化合与置换机制,解决了液相合成稀土氟化物胶状沉淀的关键科学问题。整套技术能实现共伴生氟资源高值化利用,保障共伴生氟资源作为战略性矿产资源萤石的重要补充,经济社会效益显著,应用前景广阔。

, correspAuthors=高婷, 崔建国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
崔建国(1982—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土矿物、稀土二次资源和高纯稀土化合物清洁开发及资源综合利用。E-mail:
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高婷(1984—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土湿法冶金与资源综合利用。

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高婷(1984—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土湿法冶金与资源综合利用。

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Joural of Jiangnan University (Natural Science Edition), 2001, 16(2):10-12., articleTitle=A Theoretical discussion about the transforming of rare earth oxalates to rare earth fluorides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174444266165256840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=59, authorNames=李永绣, 刘艳珠, 周雪珍, journalName=分离化学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李永绣, 刘艳珠, 周雪珍, 等. 分离化学与技术[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174444266400137865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=60, authorNames=吴文远, journalName=稀土冶金学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴文远. 稀土冶金学[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2005., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174444266525966986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=29, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=61, authorNames=弥宁, 杨来东, journalName=稀有金属与硬质合金, refType=null, unstructuredReference=弥宁, 杨来东. 氟化方式对含氟铈基稀土抛光粉性能的影响[J]. 稀有金属与硬质合金, 2015, 43(2):29-32., articleTitle=氟化方式对含氟铈基稀土抛光粉性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174444266584687243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=29, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=62, authorNames=MI Ning, YANG Laidong, journalName=Rare Metals and Cemented Carbides, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MI Ning, YANG Laidong. The influences of fluoridization methods on performance of fluorine-containing cerium-based rare earth polishing powder[J]. Rare Metals and Cemented Carbides, 2015, 43(2):29-32., articleTitle=The influences of fluoridization methods on performance of fluorine-containing cerium-based rare earth polishing powder, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1174444261979341388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, awardId=2020YFC1909104, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1909104), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174444255440421340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444255453004253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, companyId=1174444255440421340, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou 014030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444255461392862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, companyId=1174444255440421340, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 包头稀土研究院, 内蒙古 包头 014030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1174444255503335903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444255511724512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, companyId=1174444255503335903, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou 014030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444255520113121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, companyId=1174444255503335903, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1174444258779087392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flow chart of process, figureFileSmall=NDXL4rdhFME1HUoDy448sw==, figureFileBig=zzmFrzPGdo2C8Qo/0GEX9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444258850390561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图1, caption=工艺流程, figureFileSmall=NDXL4rdhFME1HUoDy448sw==, figureFileBig=zzmFrzPGdo2C8Qo/0GEX9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444258921693730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Model of cyclically induced crystallization, figureFileSmall=ocaMbOsPgI9AxkiwCbrc1Q==, figureFileBig=XLe+gJ7zHO5osFTkdrf2xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259047522851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图2, caption=循环诱导结晶的模型, figureFileSmall=ocaMbOsPgI9AxkiwCbrc1Q==, figureFileBig=XLe+gJ7zHO5osFTkdrf2xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259118826020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of instantaneous relative molar ratio of substances added dropwise of fluorine and rare earth ions on particle size of lanthanum cerium fluoride, figureFileSmall=iKLEVr6Z5ud0SWhu7LK6bQ==, figureFileBig=TbyrOmslHNqV7+EMbg7jYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259185934885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图3, caption=氟与稀土离子瞬间相对滴加物质的量比对氟化镧铈粒径的影响, figureFileSmall=iKLEVr6Z5ud0SWhu7LK6bQ==, figureFileBig=TbyrOmslHNqV7+EMbg7jYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259248849446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM photos of synthetic products at different tempertures

a—80 ℃,放大20 000倍;b—80 ℃,放大2 000倍;c—70 ℃,放大20 000倍;d—70 ℃,放大2 000倍;e—60 ℃,放大20 000倍;f—60 ℃,放大2 000倍;g—50 ℃,放大20 000倍;h—50 ℃,放大2 000倍。

, figureFileSmall=rVLI2/8Tfw91HlKL6o/cbQ==, figureFileBig=WvtXt801WznUtb+mKMlXcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259324346919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同温度下合成产品的SEM照片, figureFileSmall=rVLI2/8Tfw91HlKL6o/cbQ==, figureFileBig=WvtXt801WznUtb+mKMlXcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259387261480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=SEM-EDS analysis results of lanthanum cerium fluoride at 80 ℃, figureFileSmall=ipruS8f/UvzUUNrpsiUjRg==, figureFileBig=8+FiwHx1ba1HFEABN3K0yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259454370345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图5, caption=80 ℃下氟化镧铈的SEM-EDS分析结果

a—大颗粒,SEM;b—大颗粒,EDS;c—小颗粒,SEM;d—小颗粒,EDS。

, figureFileSmall=ipruS8f/UvzUUNrpsiUjRg==, figureFileBig=8+FiwHx1ba1HFEABN3K0yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259517284906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=XRD patterns of lanthanum cerium fluoride at different reaction times

a—15 min;b—30 min;c—60 min;d—90 min;e—120 min。

, figureFileSmall=0iwic993TWAi09TNdY179A==, figureFileBig=xYmvVwsKERX9bxlmv0+uIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259571810859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同反应时间的氟化镧铈的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=0iwic993TWAi09TNdY179A==, figureFileBig=xYmvVwsKERX9bxlmv0+uIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259630531116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=SEM images of lanthanum cerium fluoride at different reaction times

a—15 min;b—30 min;c—60 min;d—90 min;e—120 min。

, figureFileSmall=6Tb9nvfCZ1wt9u0sbJO4ww==, figureFileBig=kiIrc0xbee2xTUNY4jsfWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259693445677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同反应时间的氟化镧铈的SEM照片, figureFileSmall=6Tb9nvfCZ1wt9u0sbJO4ww==, figureFileBig=kiIrc0xbee2xTUNY4jsfWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259752165934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Area scanning analysis results of lanthanum cerium fluoride at 120 min, figureFileSmall=MERj2xbfg1Efz4gFGgWOIw==, figureFileBig=0djj0z1/AC7Yir0fEb5uxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259810886191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图8, caption=反应120 min的氟化镧铈的面扫分析结果, figureFileSmall=MERj2xbfg1Efz4gFGgWOIw==, figureFileBig=0djj0z1/AC7Yir0fEb5uxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259890577968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EqDDcRn29Ok+DgfxizJ3xw==, figureFileBig=oVyrZthDn12ukY7K3xm2ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444259966075441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=Fig.9, caption=粒径随反应时间的变化曲线 Variation curve of particle size with reaction time2.2 碱性介质工艺过程研究, figureFileSmall=EqDDcRn29Ok+DgfxizJ3xw==, figureFileBig=oVyrZthDn12ukY7K3xm2ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260024795698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relationship curve between pH of solution and removal rate of silicon, figureFileSmall=XHH0eM6LB9zS3vqV4kMcTw==, figureFileBig=bfljyByRZjHZCdwTIKtFtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260108681779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图10, caption=溶液pH与硅去除率之间的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=XHH0eM6LB9zS3vqV4kMcTw==, figureFileBig=bfljyByRZjHZCdwTIKtFtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260175790644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=SEM photos of SiO2 products obtained by hydrolysis under different drip adding methods, figureFileSmall=4clO7iZ2greJuC956o/mXg==, figureFileBig=wOuGYqCwdjHpzm0k4XAVyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260242899509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同滴加方式下水解所得SiO2产品的SEM照片

a—正向滴加;b—反向滴加。

, figureFileSmall=4clO7iZ2greJuC956o/mXg==, figureFileBig=wOuGYqCwdjHpzm0k4XAVyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260301619766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Effect of molar ratio of mixed precipitating agent to rare earth substance on particle size of product, figureFileSmall=6mT4Fq181qK2O7ebBce+gA==, figureFileBig=ySht71DnUDeR3SKicvH0ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260360340023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图12, caption=混合沉淀剂与稀土物质的量比对产品粒径的影响, figureFileSmall=6mT4Fq181qK2O7ebBce+gA==, figureFileBig=ySht71DnUDeR3SKicvH0ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260448420408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Effect of precipitation temperature on particle size of product, figureFileSmall=paR02D/umVIlQPha+vD14Q==, figureFileBig=jWQcDYlUg3XMC4kHAqxSEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260519723577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图13, caption=沉淀温度对产品粒径的影响, figureFileSmall=paR02D/umVIlQPha+vD14Q==, figureFileBig=jWQcDYlUg3XMC4kHAqxSEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260578443834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Effects of pH on particle size and fluorination rate of product, figureFileSmall=iTmzIVJV18UmTi3wwPtmqQ==, figureFileBig=pQcm0d7+oXywzV4rklyUlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260637164091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图14, caption=反应体系pH对产品粒径及氟化率的影响, figureFileSmall=iTmzIVJV18UmTi3wwPtmqQ==, figureFileBig=pQcm0d7+oXywzV4rklyUlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260721050172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=SEM photos of obtained lanthanum-cerium fluocarbonate after tumbling crystallization, figureFileSmall=OspQNV4sj+BEiHL8ugtbJg==, figureFileBig=di6l/qEjjfhzweToFSKf0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260779770429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图15, caption=滚晶后所得氟碳酸镧铈的SEM照片

a—初期;b—第4轮。

, figureFileSmall=OspQNV4sj+BEiHL8ugtbJg==, figureFileBig=di6l/qEjjfhzweToFSKf0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260859462206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=EDS spectra of lanthanum cerium fluorocarbonate, figureFileSmall=7quiINHV+OnWMzt6F08ykQ==, figureFileBig=h6J90fs1Iuvn9Ir0vKwaxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260918182463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=图16, caption=氟碳酸镧铈的EDS能谱

a—附着小颗粒,SEM;b—附着小颗粒,EDS;c—主体大颗粒,SEM;d—主体大颗粒,EDS。

, figureFileSmall=7quiINHV+OnWMzt6F08ykQ==, figureFileBig=h6J90fs1Iuvn9Ir0vKwaxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444260981097024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison results of acid-base-induced crystallization agents and particle sizes of rare earth fluorides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酸碱循环诱导结晶剂 D50/μm
草酸 23.41
丙二酸 22.51
碳酸氢铵 22.32
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261039817281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酸碱诱导剂与稀土氟化物粒径的对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酸碱循环诱导结晶剂 D50/μm
草酸 23.41
丙二酸 22.51
碳酸氢铵 22.32
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261102731842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison results of particle size D50 of lanthanum cerium fluoride powder at different precipitation temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/℃ D50/μm
90 21.18
80 23.41
70 22.51
60 5.72
50 3.85
40 2.51
30 1.74
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261186617923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同沉淀温度下氟化镧铈粉体粒径D50的对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/℃ D50/μm
90 21.18
80 23.41
70 22.51
60 5.72
50 3.85
40 2.51
30 1.74
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261249532484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of reaction system pH on fluorination rate,filtration cycle and particle size of lanthanum cerium fluoride powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH 氟化率/% 过滤周期/min 失水率/% D50/μm
1 99.51 <1 14.0 22.13
2 99.58 5 19.3 17.17
3 99.63 30 36.7 8.76
4 99.76 >30 68.0 4.62
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261337612869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

反应体系pH对氟化镧铈粉体的氟化率、过滤周期及粒径的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH 氟化率/% 过滤周期/min 失水率/% D50/μm
1 99.51 <1 14.0 22.13
2 99.58 5 19.3 17.17
3 99.63 30 36.7 8.76
4 99.76 >30 68.0 4.62
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261400527430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physical and chemical performance indicators of SiO2 products obtained by hydrolysis under different drip adding methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滴加方式 过滤周期/min 失水率/% D50/μm w(F)/% w($\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$)/% F损失率/%
正向 30 82.4 9.07 4.64 2.080
反向 5 70.7 10.33 0.02 0.05 0.037
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261467636295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同滴加方式下水解所得SiO2产品的物化性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滴加方式 过滤周期/min 失水率/% D50/μm w(F)/% w($\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$)/% F损失率/%
正向 30 82.4 9.07 4.64 2.080
反向 5 70.7 10.33 0.02 0.05 0.037
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261551522376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of precipitator concentration on product filtration performance at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/
沉淀剂浓度/
(mol·L-1)
过滤周期/
min
温度/
沉淀剂浓度/
(mol·L-1)
过滤周期/
min
50 1.0 <3 40 1.0 <10
1.5 <3 1.5 <10
2.0 <5 2.0 <20
2.5 <5 2.5 <20
30 1.0 <20 20 1.0 >30
1.5 ~20 1.5 >30
2.0 >30 2.0 >30
2.5 >30 2.5 >30
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261685740105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同温度下沉淀剂浓度对产品过滤性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/
沉淀剂浓度/
(mol·L-1)
过滤周期/
min
温度/
沉淀剂浓度/
(mol·L-1)
过滤周期/
min
50 1.0 <3 40 1.0 <10
1.5 <3 1.5 <10
2.0 <5 2.0 <20
2.5 <5 2.5 <20
30 1.0 <20 20 1.0 >30
1.5 ~20 1.5 >30
2.0 >30 2.0 >30
2.5 >30 2.5 >30
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261773820490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effect of crystal seeding and tumbling on particle size of product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶种滚晶 D50/μm
9.34
第1轮 24.12
第2轮 28.92
第3轮 42.37
第4轮 51.27
), ArticleFig(id=1174444261836735051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109992227500090, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

晶种滚晶对与产品粒径的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶种滚晶 D50/μm
9.34
第1轮 24.12
第2轮 28.92
第3轮 42.37
第4轮 51.27
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稀土冶金含氟废酸诱导结晶制备轻稀土氟化物的关键技术研究
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高婷 1, 2 , 崔建国 1, 2 , 徐萌 1, 2 , 张升强 1, 2 , 陈禹夫 1, 2 , 蔚腊先 1, 2 , 李雪菲 1, 2 , 高海娟 1, 2 , 侯晓玲 1, 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(2): 158-170
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(2): 158-170
稀土冶金含氟废酸诱导结晶制备轻稀土氟化物的关键技术研究
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高婷1, 2, 崔建国1, 2 , 徐萌1, 2, 张升强1, 2, 陈禹夫1, 2, 蔚腊先1, 2, 李雪菲1, 2, 高海娟1, 2, 侯晓玲1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 包头稀土研究院, 内蒙古 包头 014030
  • 2 白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014030
  • 高婷(1984—),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土湿法冶金与资源综合利用。

通讯作者:

崔建国(1982—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土矿物、稀土二次资源和高纯稀土化合物清洁开发及资源综合利用。E-mail:
Key Technology of Preparing Light Rare Earth Fluoride by Induced Crystallization of Fluorine-containing Waste Acid in Rare Earth Metallurgy
Ting GAO1, 2, Jianguo CUI1, 2 , Meng XU1, 2, Shengqiang ZHANG1, 2, Yufu CHEN1, 2, Laxian WEI1, 2, Xuefei LI1, 2, Haijuan GAO1, 2, Xiaoling HOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou 014030, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou 014030, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.004
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针对稀土这一战略性资源及其共存氟资源的综合开发利用,鉴于白云鄂博特色产业对高丰度轻稀土与功能性氟化物的迫切需求,以稀土冶炼、稀土金属电解等行业普遍存在的低浓度含氟废酸为研究对象,研究开发了酸碱介质循环诱导结晶技术,并根据反应动力学原理及模板效应,设计诱导结晶稀土氟化物微观模型,综合考察了温度、浓度、瞬间相对物质的量、酸度等工艺条件对合成晶型稀土氟化物的影响规律,揭示了氟与诱导剂、稀土的晶化化合与置换机制,解决了液相合成稀土氟化物胶状沉淀的关键科学问题。整套技术能实现共伴生氟资源高值化利用,保障共伴生氟资源作为战略性矿产资源萤石的重要补充,经济社会效益显著,应用前景广阔。

含氟废酸  /  诱导结晶  /  稀土氟化物  /  制备

In view of the comprehensive development and utilization of rare earth as a strategic resource and its co-existing fluorine resources, in light of the urgent demand of Bayan Obo characteristic industries for high-abundance light rare earth and functional fluoride, the acid-base medium circulation-induced crystallization technology was developed with low-concentration fluorine-containing waste acid commonly found in rare earth smelting, rare earth metal electrolysis and other industries as the research object. Based on the principle of reaction kinetics and template effect, a microscopic model of induced crystalline rare earth fluoride was designed. The influence of temperature, concentration, instantaneous relative material quantity, acidity and other technological conditions on the synthesis of crystalline rare earth fluoride was investigated, and the crystallization, combination and substitution mechanisms of fluorine, inducer and rare earth were revealed. The key scientific problem of colloidal precipitation of rare earth fluoride synthesized in liquid phase is solved. The entire set of technologies can realize the high-value utilization of co-associated fluorine resources, ensure that co-associated fluorine resources as an important supplement of strategic mineral resources fluorite, and have significant economic and social benefits and broad application prospects.

fluorine-containing waste acid  /  induced crystallization  /  rare earth fluoride  /  perparation
高婷, 崔建国, 徐萌, 张升强, 陈禹夫, 蔚腊先, 李雪菲, 高海娟, 侯晓玲. 稀土冶金含氟废酸诱导结晶制备轻稀土氟化物的关键技术研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (2) : 158 -170 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.004
Ting GAO, Jianguo CUI, Meng XU, Shengqiang ZHANG, Yufu CHEN, Laxian WEI, Xuefei LI, Haijuan GAO, Xiaoling HOU. Key Technology of Preparing Light Rare Earth Fluoride by Induced Crystallization of Fluorine-containing Waste Acid in Rare Earth Metallurgy[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (2) : 158 -170 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.004
在我国稀土产业中,氟元素是非常重要的元素之一,贯穿选矿、冶炼至材料制备等整个产业链中[1-2]。特别是在白云鄂博混合型稀土精矿中,氟不仅存在于氟碳铈矿中,还广泛分布于萤石、磷灰石等含氟矿物资源中。经浓硫酸高温焙烧工艺处理后,氟以氟化氢、四氟化硅形式与硫氧化物混合形成酸性尾气。通过喷淋吸收、蒸发分离,可得到氟浓度为7%~12%的低浓度氟硅混合废酸;此外,在稀土金属熔盐电解过程中,采用RE2O3-REF3-LiF电解体系时,电解尾气的吸收同样也会产生大量低浓度氢氟酸[2-5]。以中国北方稀土标志性工程——北方稀土绿色冶炼升级改造项目为例,该项目建成后可实现年处理混合稀土精矿折氧化物11.5万t,随之可回收的氟资源也将达1.4万t/a(质量分数7%左右)。但目前,这类低浓度含氟废酸回收难度较大,尚未获得明显经济效益。
早期对于含氟混合废酸的处置主要以石灰中和法为主,该法可将废酸转化为固废。但近年来,采用更多的方法是氨中和法,可制备氟化铵、氟化氢铵等常规化学品,但使用的前提是要求氟硅混酸浓度低于8%[6]。另外,也有将含氟废酸通过循环吸收工艺转化为氟硅酸产品[7],或通过氟盐中间体循环工艺生产氟化氢、冰晶石等氟制品的处理方法[8-9]。这些方法虽能实现氟资源的综合回收,但设备投入成本高,且仅是将稀土精矿中氟资源简单处理为初级的常规化工品,产品附加值较低。因此,针对稀土冶金含氟废酸,亟需开发氟资源的高值化利用技术。
稀土氟化物在稀土功能材料,如稀土抛光粉、金属熔盐电解质、有机润滑剂、焊剂,以及永磁材料等多个领域同样发挥着重要作用[10-13]。随着稀土应用领域的拓宽和应用技术的不断进步,稀土氟化物产品的质量要求和需求量均呈上升趋势。因此,将稀土冶金含氟废酸的治理策略与含氟功能材料的制备技术相结合,不仅有望实现氟资源的高值化利用,也可将共伴生氟资源作为矿产战略资源萤石的重要补充[14-15]
稀土氟化物的制备方法主要分为干法和湿法2种工艺。干法工艺流程短,产品晶型完整,无杂质夹带,具有明显优势;但存在氟化氢气体成本高、合成温度高、设备腐蚀严重,以及同样存在尾气治理等问题,严重制约了产品升级与发展[16-18]。传统湿法工艺的产品呈胶状,存在杂质夹带高、工况环境差等问题,在金属电解原料领域已被视作落后技术面临淘汰[19-20]。但稀土冶金含氟废酸主要采用湿法工艺处理,当前亟需解决的核心问题是研发胶状物质结晶重构的关键技术,以提升产品质量并优化工艺环境。
近年来,关于合成晶型稀土氟化物的方法已有大量研究[19-27],如在传统液相合成的基础上,通过改变沉淀剂为氢氟酸与氨水的混合沉淀剂来制备晶型稀土氟化物[23];将稀土溶液与沉淀剂形成带晶核的浆料,进行均匀晶化恒温陈化,获得D50为0.3~0.7 μm的稀土氟化物微粉[24]。上述直接液相合成的方法所得产物粒径小,需通过长时间陈化来增大粒径,且混合沉淀剂过量会形成含氟废水。针对这些问题,有一些研究团队提出了草酸稀土/碳酸稀土氟化转化工艺,如用草酸稀土直接制备氟化稀土,再加入120%的氢氟酸可得到稀土回收率>99%的稀土氟化物[25];用草酸与氢氟酸的混合沉淀高纯稀土溶液,再添加氟化铵晶体颗粒或使用氟化氢气体保护进行高温氟化,可得到颗粒粒径D50为3~5 μm的稀土氟化物产品[26];采用碳酸稀土氟化转化法,利用碳酸氢铵先合成碳酸稀土,然后加入过量10%的氢氟酸(浓度为40%)可制备出粒径为0.2~0.5 μm的稀土氟化物[27-30]。这些转化法的沉淀剂用量较大,还需用过量氢氟酸或采用高温氟化来提升转化率,且转化产物粒径偏小,分离困难,此外还会形成含氢氟酸、沉淀剂等的混合有毒废水,需要进一步处理,导致成本增加。
试验研究了一套以氟硅混合废酸和除硅后形成的碱性氟溶液为原料、分别引入极微量的酸性/碱性诱导结晶剂、基于难溶物溶度积原理设计循环诱导结晶微观模型、制备大颗粒晶型含/低硅稀土氟化物的完整工艺,以期解决合成的胶状物质过滤困难、氟转化率低、盐转化成本高,以及产生含氟含盐或含有机废水等技术难题,为稀土冶金行业氟/硅资源高值化开发提供重要理论依据和技术支撑。
原料:稀土冶炼氟硅混合废酸(F:7%~12%,Si:0.7%~1.2%)、氯化轻稀土溶液(REO:270%~300%),均由中国北方稀土(集团)高科技股份有限公司提供。
试剂:碳酸氢铵,食品级,包头北科亿力科技有限公司;草酸、丙二酸、丙酸,均为分析纯,天津市华盛化学试剂有限公司;氨水(25%),分析纯,天津市北联精细化学品开发有限公司。水为自制去离子水。
1)酸性介质下制备含硅稀土氟化物
量取一定量氯化镧铈溶液置于烧杯中,按n(F-)∶n(La3+)=2.96∶1量取氟硅混合废酸加入到塑料烧杯中;另取一塑料烧杯,加入1%(相对氧化镧铈质量)的草酸酸性诱导剂和10%(相对烧杯体积)的去离子水,作为底液;将底液置于水浴锅中,加热至一定温度,在搅拌速度为200~220 r/min条件下匀速搅拌,将氯化镧铈溶液、氟硅混合废酸溶液通过蠕动泵以一定速率分别缓慢加入到底液中;待反应完毕后,为保证废水符合回收或排放标准,使用氨水调节溶液pH≈4~5,过滤洗涤,滤液可作为底液回用,滤饼在60~80 ℃烘箱中烘干,得含硅氟化镧铈。
2)氟硅混合废酸除硅
量取一定量氨水溶液置于烧杯中,开启搅拌,控制搅拌速度为200~250 r/min;将氟硅混合废酸通过蠕动泵以一定速率反向加入至氨水溶液中,直至溶液pH=8.5~9.0时,停止滴加;继续搅拌30 min,过滤洗涤,滤液为除硅后的氟化铵与氨水的混合溶液(简称碱性含氟溶液,下同),滤饼为SiO2副产品。主要反应如下:
HF+NH3·H2O═══════NH4F+H2O;
H2SiF6+6NH3·H2O═══════SiO2↓+6NH4F+4H2O。
3)碱性介质下制备低硅稀土氟化物
量取一定量氯化镧铈溶液置于烧杯中,再量取一定量碳酸氢铵碱性诱导剂,与碱性含氟溶液配成混合沉淀剂,置于塑料烧杯中,使得混合沉淀剂$\left(n\left(\mathrm{~F}^{-}\right)+n\left(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\right)\right): n\left(\mathrm{La}^{3+}\right)=3: 1$;另取一塑料烧杯加入10%(相对烧杯体积)的去离子水作为底液,将底液置于水浴锅中,加热到一定温度,匀速搅拌,将氯化镧铈溶液、混合沉淀剂分别通过蠕动泵以一定速率缓慢加入到底液中,控制搅拌速度为200~220 r/min;待反应结束后,过滤洗涤,滤液可作为底液回用,滤饼在烘箱中于60~80 ℃下烘干,得低硅氟化镧铈、氟碳酸镧铈。
工艺流程如图1所示。
采用DANDONG HAOYUAN INSTRUMENT DX-27mini X-Ray Diffractometer射线衍射仪对稀土氟化物粉体XRD进行表征,以铜靶(Cu Kα,λ=1.540 6 Å)作辐射源测定,扫描速度2°/min,扫描范围10°~90°,所制备的稀土氟化物的结构类型由XRD结果分析软件Jade 6.0比对标准卡片分析得到。采用丹东百特仪器有限公司Bettersize260激光粒度分析仪对粒度分布进行表征,采用德国蔡司Sigma500场发射扫描电子显微镜对形貌进行表征。
采用草酸重量法测定稀土氟化物粉体中稀土元素含量,采用水蒸气蒸馏-EDTA容量法测定氟含量,其他微量元素含量由电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定。
液相沉淀反应酸性介质下引入极微量的羧酸类诱导结晶剂(如草酸、丙酸、丙二酸等)能释放出羧酸根类的酸性物质,以及在氟硅混合废酸除硅后形成的碱性反应介质下引入碱性诱导结晶剂(如碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵等),能释放出碳酸根类的碱性物质,通过并流调控稀土与氟的瞬间相对物质的量,推动循环诱导结晶,可得到大颗粒的晶型稀土氟化物[31-33]。不同酸碱循环诱导结晶剂作用下的稀土氟化物中心粒径D50的对比结果见表1。可以看出:在酸碱循环诱导结晶剂作用下所得稀土氟化物中心粒径D50≥20 μm。
根据草酸稀土、碳酸稀土与稀土氟化物难溶物溶度积的不同[34],针对酸碱介质下转化反应过程的化学平衡进行理论分析,可推算出整个转化反应平衡常数及反应化学方程,如式(3)~(11)所示。
设REF3溶度积Ksp[REF3]=[RE3+][F-]3,
RE2(C2O4)3、RE2(CO3)3的溶度积分别为(M代表C2O4和CO3)
Ksp[RE2(C2O4)3]=[RE3+]2[M2-]3,
可得
$\frac{{K}_{sp}[RE{F}_{3}{]}^{2}}{{K}_{sp}\left[R\right.{E}_{2}{M}_{3}]}$=$\frac{[{F}^{-}{]}^{6}}{[{M}^{2-}{]}^{3}}$。
而在RE2M3与F-发生反应时,由于
6F-+RE2M3=2REF3+3M2-,
其平衡常数
K=$\frac{[{M}^{2-}{]}^{3}}{[{F}^{-}{]}^{6}}$。
合并式(5)与式(6)可得
K=$\frac{{K}_{sp}\left[R\right.{E}_{2}{M}_{3}]}{{K}_{sp}[RE{F}_{3}{]}^{2}}$。
如:Ksp[La2(C2O4)3]=10-26.6,Ksp[La2(CO3)3]=10-34,Ksp[LaF3]=10-17.85,因此,酸性介质的K(La)=109.1,碱性介质的K(La)=101.7。同样可以推算出,Ksp[Ce2(C2O4)3]=10-25.5,Ksp[Ce2(CO3)3]=10-28,Ksp[CeF3]=10-14.17,可得酸性介质的K(Ce)=102.84,碱性介质的K(Ce)=100.34。可见,轻稀土的转化平衡常数较大,能实现草酸稀土或碳酸稀土向稀土氟化物的转化。由于大体积草酸根或碳酸根能增加空间位阻,降低晶粒间碰撞概率,而草酸稀土或碳酸稀土通常为大颗粒沉淀,依据反应平衡常数原理,氟原位可置换出羧酸根或碳酸根离子,并保持其晶型不变,形成大颗粒晶型稀土氟化物,同时释放出的羧酸根或碳酸根继续与稀土离子结合,形成结合-氟置换-结合的闭环式反应,实现循环诱导结晶作用(图2)。
综上所述,推断整个沉淀过程的化学反应方程式为:
酸性介质:
3H2C2O4+2RECl3═══════RE2(C2O4)3↓+6HCl;
6HF+RE2(C2O4)3═══════2REF3↓+3H2C2O4
碱性介质:
6NH4HCO3+2RECl3═══════RE2(CO3)3↓+6NH4Cl+3H2O+3CO2↑;
6NH4F+RE2(CO3)3═══════2REF3↓+3(NH4)2CO3
酸性介质下,稀土与氟反应完全后,引入氨水中和溶液提高稀土收率并实现废水回用,通过试验发现快速引入氨水可进一步促进颗粒团聚体长大。分析原因:一方面是引入氨水形成氯化铵电解溶液,氯化铵使沉淀颗粒的Zeta电位升高,体系中铵根离子大量挤入到吸附层,粒子的斥力势垒降低,颗粒间团聚加剧,导致晶粒变大;另一方面,利用氨水中的N原子与溶液中的H、F离子形成了N…H…F氢键桥连作用,利用氢键作用将分子连接起来形成易过滤大颗粒沉淀,并进一步增大氟化稀土转化率[27]
以氟硅混合废酸和氯化镧铈料液为原料,将二者以并流方式加入底液中,通过液相沉淀合成含硅氟化镧铈粉体,氟与稀土离子瞬间相对滴加物质的量比是沉淀反应过程中影响晶粒的生成和长大的重要影响因素之一。因此,调节氟与稀土离子瞬间相对物质的量比,在n(F-)∶n(RE3+)=1.0∶1~4.6∶1条件下,考察氟与稀土离子瞬间相对滴加物质的量比对氟化镧铈粒径的影响,结果如图3所示。
图3可知:随n(F-)∶n(RE3+)增大,氟化镧铈粒径先增大后减小,n(F-)∶n(RE3+)=2.6∶1时,粒径最大。这是因为在2种原料滴入底液过程中,稀土与低浓度草酸结合形成了大颗粒草酸稀土,同时氟将草酸置换出来,形成了大粒径稀土氟化物;当n(F-)∶n(RE3+)过大时,多余的氟会直接与稀土快速成核,形成细小无定型颗粒,而因未经过诱导结晶作用,导致产品粒径减小;而当n(F-)∶n(RE3+)过小时,初期颗粒成核速度慢,随着后期的氟不断滴入,晶粒被破坏,导致颗粒细化。进一步进行试验验证,结果表明:n(F-)∶n(RE3+)控制在2.08∶1~3.12∶1范围内,均可得到D50>10 μm的晶型含硅氟化镧铈粉体,其中n(F-)∶n(RE3+)=2.6∶1得到的粉体粒径最大;在氟不足量条件下,可最大限度地发挥酸性诱导结晶剂作用,借助反应熵增驱动力,推动诱导作用下的氟化反应,从而促进稀土氟化物颗粒粒径增长,避免胶性物质产生。因此,确定氟与稀土离子瞬间相对滴加物质的量比以n(F-)∶n(RE3+)=2.6∶1为宜。
沉淀温度是影响晶粒生成和成长的主要因素之一,在30~90 ℃条件下,考察沉淀温度对氟化镧铈粒径的影响,结果见表2
表2看出:随沉淀温度升高,氟化镧铈中心粒径D50增大;当温度超过80 ℃后,D50呈减小趋势。
图4为不同温度下合成产品的SEM照片。可以看出:沉淀温度为80 ℃时,可得到表面由球型小颗粒团聚成类球形的大颗粒团聚体。由80 ℃下氟化镧铈的SEM-EDS分析结果(图5)可知,表面球型颗粒主要由氟化镧铈组成,而球型颗粒周围吸附的2~3 nm无定型颗粒主要是二氧化硅。随温度降低,表面颗粒球形度变差,且颗粒间隙、疏松度增大,无法聚合成大颗粒。综上可知,温度控制在80 ℃可得到类球形大粒径团聚颗粒。
氟化镧铈颗粒大小受控于晶粒的成核和生长过程,若液相环境有利于氟化稀土晶核的生长和聚结,所得氟化镧铈颗粒越大,若条件不利,则所得氟化镧铈颗粒越小。温度较低时,溶液过饱和度较大,而溶质分子能量相对较低,有利于生成细小晶粒;随温度升高,溶液过饱和度降低,同时溶质分子能量增加,传质系数也随之增大,这些变化加速了晶粒生长速度,使得晶粒粒径趋于增大[35]
通过添加氨水调节反应体系pH。在反应体系pH=1~4条件下,考察pH对氟化镧铈粉体的氟化率、过滤周期及粒径的影响,结果见表3
表3看出:随反应体系pH升高,氟化率升高,但粒径及过滤性能下降。这是因为HF与H2C2O4均为弱酸,在不同pH条件下均有不同的酸效应系数,因此选择合适的pH有利于草酸稀土转化成稀土氟化物。酸度越高,草酸稀土配合物的酸效应作用越明显,更易于分解而被氟取代形成稀土氟化物,推动诱导结晶作用,进而使草酸稀土向氟化稀土转化;但从颗粒粒径、过滤周期分析来看,随酸效应弱化,诱导作用减弱,易于形成传统的胶状物。因此,控制反应pH=1较为适宜。
待反应完全后,加入氨水调节pH=4~5,氟化镧铈颗粒粒径明显增大,由20.85 μm增至33.56 μm。因此,后续可向废水中加入氨水调节pH,通过中和作用将强酸转化为氯化铵废水,确保达到排放标准。
在温度80 ℃、n(F-)∶n(RE3+)=2.6∶1的最优工艺参数下反应不同时间制备的氟化镧铈的XRD图谱如图6所示。
图6看出:在2θ为24°、25°、28°、35°、44°、45°、51°和53°附近均出现了尖锐的衍射峰,表明结晶度和成相质量均较高;氟化镧铈的XRD图谱与氟化铈的标准卡片号08-0045图谱相吻合,不仅峰值未明显偏移,而且未检测到其他明显杂质峰,说明所制备的粉体仅含有一种六方相的CeF3。这是因为CeF3晶格中有效地固溶了Ce3+离子,而Ce3+半径(1.034Å)与La3+(1.061Å)非常接近[36],使得La3+易混杂在Ce3+中共同进入CeF3晶粒,因此只形成了CeF3物相[37]
图6还可看出:不同反应时间下制备的氟化镧铈粉体的衍射峰峰位基本一致,说明随反应时间延长,氟化镧铈晶相未发生明显变化;反应15 min时,出现了氟化铈晶体的特征峰,但强度较小;反应60 min时,该特征峰更加明显,强度更大,说明氟化镧铈粉体结晶性随反应进行越来越完整;继续反应至120 min时,衍射峰强度变化不大。整个晶胞的c轴变化不大,约为7.3 Å,a轴与b轴由4.14 Å增至7.20 Å,晶胞体积由108.52 Å3增至330.46 Å3,可见,随反应时间延长,晶粒逐渐长大,且趋向于三维球型形状。因此,确定反应时间以120 min为宜。
在温度80 ℃、n(F-)∶n(RE3+)=2.6∶1的最优工艺参数下反应不同时间制备的氟化镧铈的SEM分析结果如图7所示。可以看出:反应15 min时形成的氟化镧铈为二维片状相互穿插形成的团聚体;随反应时间延长,逐渐转变为三维球型颗粒团聚体。这一结果与XRD分析结果基本吻合。
对反应120 min所得结晶度高、球形规整的六方相晶型氟化镧铈进行面扫,结果如图8所示。可以看出:La、Ce、F元素在氟化镧铈颗粒中均匀分布,说明La原子以离子键的方式进入CeF3晶格中。
在温度80 ℃、n(F-)∶n(RE3+)=2.6∶1的最优工艺参数下,诱导结晶所得产品粒径随反应时间的变化曲线如图9所示。可以看出:反应5 min时,粒径D50达18.01 μm,说明反应初期大颗粒晶粒即已形成;随反应进行,粒径呈长大趋势,反应120 min时粒径达最大,为26.91 μm;继续延长反应时间,粒径趋于平稳。这说明反应初期诱导结晶开始发挥作用,形成大颗粒粉体,随反应时间延长,晶粒的晶型度不断完善,颗粒粒径呈长大趋势,反应时间延长至120 min时,颗粒长到最大,之后变化不明显。这一结果与XRD、SEM分析结果基本一致。
通过氨水调节氟硅混合废酸溶液pH脱除硅,溶液pH与硅去除率之间的关系曲线如图10所示。
图10看出:随pH升高,硅去除率先升高后趋于稳定,试验中发现,F含量呈小幅下降趋势;pH升至9.0时,硅去除率可达99.70%。放大除硅试验,将溶液中和至pH为8.5左右,即可实现除硅率≥99%,原料碱耗量降低的同时能确保溶液中硅质量浓度<0.01 g/L。
采用正向和反向2种滴加方式进行水解,所得SiO2产品性能指标见表4。试验中发现,正向水解所得SiO2失水率较高,过滤慢,样品烘干后团聚严重且偏硬;而反向所得SiO2失水率较低,过滤快且烘干后样品呈粉状,粒径D50≥10 μm。
不同滴加方式下水解所得SiO2产品的SEM照片如图11所示。可以看出:正向沉淀SiO2呈无定型团聚体,而反向沉淀SiO2呈球形颗粒团聚体。这是因为中间产物Si${F}_{6}^{2-}$在强碱性条件下易发生缩合反应,减缓水解速率,生成的纳米SiO2晶粒呈球形,且形核均一[27]
将碳酸氢铵诱导结晶剂加入至除硅后的碱性含氟沉淀剂配制成混合沉淀剂,再将该混合沉淀剂与氯化镧铈溶液液相并流,沉淀合成低硅氟碳酸镧铈粉体。混合沉淀剂与稀土物质的量比n(F-+$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)∶n(RE3+)是沉淀反应过程中影响晶粒的生成和长大的重要影响因素之一。混合沉淀剂与稀土物质的量比对产品粒径的影响结果如图12所示。
图12看出:随n(F-+$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)∶n(RE3+)增大,氟碳酸镧铈颗粒粒径呈先增大后减小趋势;当n(F-+$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)∶n(RE3+)控制在2.7∶1~3.15∶1时,D50>10 μm,且n(F-+$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)∶n(RE3+)=3∶1时的D50最大,为22.32 μm。这是因为当混合沉淀剂滴加量较少时,稀土离子不断富集,溶液酸度增大,大量碳酸稀土分解生成胶状氟化稀土;随混合沉淀剂不断滴入,生成了氟碳酸稀土夹带胶状氟化稀土,导致颗粒细化;当沉淀剂过量时,多余的氟与稀土离子快速成核,直接生成颗粒细小的氟化稀土,并未发挥诱导置换作用,导致粒径减小。
沉淀温度是影响晶粒生成和成长的主要因素之一。在20~70 ℃条件下,考察沉淀温度对氟碳酸镧铈粉体粒径的影响,结果如图13所示。
图13看出:随沉淀温度升高,产品粒径呈先增大后减小趋势,这是因为温度过高时,碳酸氢铵易受热分解,造成体系中分子动能过大,使结晶过程不稳定;温度控制在40~70 ℃区间时,D50>5 μm,易过滤,其中50 ℃时粒径D50最大,为15.95 μm。从工业生产经济性角度考虑,建议将温度由50 ℃降至40 ℃,采用板框装置进行固液分离,以节约蒸汽能源费用,进一步降低生产成本。
不同温度下沉淀剂浓度对产品过滤性能的影响结果见表5。可以看出:当体系温度为50 ℃时,产品过滤性能均较好,这与较高温下颗粒易于长大的结论相吻合,此时沉淀剂浓度对产品过滤性能影响较小;随温度降低,产品过滤性能变差,试验中发现降至室温(~20 ℃)时,合成的浆液出现大量泡沫,反应过程产生的CO2不易逸出,不断释放出的CO2严重影响颗粒的成核生长环境,使得颗粒异相成核,细化成胶状难过滤;温度在30~50 ℃之间时,沉淀剂浓度起到促进颗粒长大的关键作用,沉淀剂浓度越低,CO2越易逸出,从而降低pH波动对晶粒长大的不利影响,此时沉淀剂浓度与温度共同作用优化了颗粒生产环境。
综上可知,为实现颗粒的正常过滤,并将废水回用于系统,以达到节能降耗本的目的,在工业化生产中,建议控制沉淀温度在30~40 ℃之间,沉淀剂浓度为1.0~1.5 mol/L。
在温度50 ℃、n(F-+$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)∶n(RE3+)=3.0∶1条件下,反应体系pH对颗粒粒径和氟化率的影响结果如图14所示。
图14看出:随反应体系pH升高,产品粒径呈先缓慢增大再快速增大而后减小趋势。这是因为在pH<4.0时,碳酸氢根易于分解,先生成胶状氟化稀土,导致颗粒细化;随溶液酸度降低,诱导结晶机制发挥作用,协同并流调控技术,控制pH在5.0~5.7范围内可制备D50≥15 μm的大颗粒氟碳酸稀土;当溶液接近中性时,除生成氟碳酸稀土外,还会产生胶状氢氧化稀土,导致粒径减小。因此,宜控制反应体系pH在5.0~5.7范围内,当精准控制为5.5时,可制备大颗粒氟碳酸稀土。
图14还可看出:随pH升高,氟化率也呈上升趋势。根据酸效应系数[34] 计算,pH升高,酸系数增大,氟化反应的平衡常数也相应增大,可促进反应方程正向进行,使氟化率不断提高。综上可知,控制反应pH在5.5~5.7范围内,可制备出大颗粒、高收率的氟碳酸稀土粉体。
晶种滚晶对产品粒径的影响结果见表6。可以看出:以合成的氟碳酸镧铈为晶种,通过滚晶的方法可制备出大颗粒晶型氟碳酸镧铈;第1轮滚晶,粒径D50可由9.339 μm增至24.12 μm,经过4轮滚晶,粒径D50可突破50 μm。
滚晶后所得氟碳酸镧铈的SEM照片如图15所示。可以看出:通过滚晶的方式所得产品形貌由长条片状附着小颗粒逐步纵向长大为大块片状附着小颗粒物,EDS能谱分析结果(图16)表明,附着的小颗粒物主要是氟碳酸镧铈,大粒径片状主要是碳酸镧铈。可见,按照后端含氟稀土抛光粉对氟需求量的添加,引入的F-全部与$\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$、RE3+均匀结合,形成氟碳酸稀土化合物REFCO3,并附着于RE2(CO3)3颗粒上。这一结论为工业化生产提供了重要的技术优化方向,通过采用滚晶工艺,可避免因工艺参数无法精准控制而导致的颗粒细化问题,从而确保产品顺利通过过滤板等后续处理工序。
1)针对稀土冶金过程产生的低浓度含氟废酸研究了酸碱诱导结晶技术合成大颗粒晶型轻稀土氟化物。确定酸性介质下控制液相并流反应条件为:温度80 ℃,物料瞬间相对物质的量比n(F-)∶n(RE3+)=2.6∶1,反应过程pH≈1;碱性介质下控制液相并流反应条件为:温度50 ℃,物料瞬间相对物质的量比n(F-+$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)∶n(RE3+)=3∶1;反应过程pH控制在5.0~5.7范围内,采用多轮滚晶方式可制备出大颗粒晶型轻稀土氟化物。
2)根据离子溶度积差异原理,设计稀土氟化物微观诱导结晶模型,解决了传统液相合成稀土氟化物呈胶状固液分离难、杂质夹带严重等关键科学问题。
3)将含氟废酸治理与稀土功能含氟粉体材料的制备相结合,实现了稀土冶炼中氟/硅资源的高值化利用,且对于解决液相合成稀土磷酸盐、氢氧化物等胶体物质向晶型物质转变具有通用指导意义与广泛的适用性。
4)目前企业采用简单中和的方法处理稀土冶金含氟废酸形成附加值较低的氟化氢铵产品,现行方法的经济效益较低。同时,较现行稀土氧化物、碳酸盐等氟化转化过程存在假晶结构、氟化效率低等难题提出的循环诱导结晶技术,解决了液相合成稀土氟化物氟化效率低、废水氟超标等难题,实现了战略资源稀土与共伴生氟资源的闭环开发,创造了新的经济增长点。
5)本研究仅针对稀土冶金领域含氟废酸进行研究,而磷化工、有色冶金等领域存在大体量的含氟废酸治理难题,今后有必要开展多行业氟资源的高效提取,以及多领域氟功能材料应用研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1909104)
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2025年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.004
  • 接收时间:2024-08-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-16
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国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1909104)
作者信息
    1 包头稀土研究院, 内蒙古 包头 014030
    2 白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用全国重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014030

通讯作者:

崔建国(1982—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为稀土矿物、稀土二次资源和高纯稀土化合物清洁开发及资源综合利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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