Article(id=1148109991682236881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)02-0143-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728576000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751660352868, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751660352868, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751660352868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751660352868, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148109990923072455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='133', pageEnd='279', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751660352687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246043500, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732380301148501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732380301148502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109990923072455, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148109991900340703, articleId=1148109991682236881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Synergistic Leaching of Lithium from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate and Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathode Materials, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The process of synergistic leaching of lithium from waste lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) battery cathode materials was studied, and the feasibility was analyzed by thermodynamics. The influence of various factors on synergistic leaching was investigated,and the leaching slag was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that LFP and LCO can synergistically leach lithium in an acidic system without adding any oxidant or reducing agent. The leaching rates of Li, Co, Fe and P in the cathode materials of waste batteries are 99.99%, 99.99%, 48.00% and 43.77%, respectively, under the optimal leaching conditions of sulfuric acid concentration of 0.7 mol/L, leaching temperature of 40 ℃, leaching time of 60 min, n(LCO)∶ n(LFP)=0.5 and liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 10 mL/1 g. The method can realize the purpose of recovering valuable metals from complex battery cathode materials under low acid conditions, and has certain popularization and application value.

, correspAuthors=Zhongtang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Renhang LU, Chunsheng JIANG, Lanjin LIU, Zhongtang ZHANG, Kang YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148110002373517705, articleId=1148109991682236881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=废旧磷酸铁锂与钴酸锂正极材料协同提锂试验研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了利用废旧磷酸铁锂(LFP)和钴酸锂(LCO)电池正极材料协同浸出锂,通过热力学分析了工艺可行性,考察了各因素对协同浸出的影响,并通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对浸出渣进行了表征。结果表明:在不添加任何氧化剂或还原剂条件下,LFP与LCO能在酸性体系中协同浸出锂;在硫酸浓度0.7 mol/L、浸出温度40 ℃、浸出时间60 min、n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.5、液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g最佳浸出条件下,废旧电池正极材料中的Li、Co、Fe、P浸出率分别为99.99%、99.99%、48.00%、43.77%。该法可实现在低酸条件下从复杂电池正极材料中回收有价金属的目的,具有一定推广应用价值。, correspAuthors=张忠堂, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张忠堂(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固废资源循环利用。E-mail:
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卢人航(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废旧锂电池回收。

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卢人航(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废旧锂电池回收。

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卢人航(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废旧锂电池回收。

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a—1 000倍;b—放大3 000倍。

, figureFileSmall=Mkeynyas1WMWkrMd0U0gOw==, figureFileBig=9hg5S0y/XNX0KITWHIM7tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092993292907054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=XRD pattern of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode material, figureFileSmall=SMqQeY5I5KpTz16J/k8ESg==, figureFileBig=eaiiYl5jfdbfkUHeEznIOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092993360015919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=CN, label=图3, caption=废旧磷酸铁锂正极材料的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=SMqQeY5I5KpTz16J/k8ESg==, figureFileBig=eaiiYl5jfdbfkUHeEznIOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092993418736176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM photos of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode materials, figureFileSmall=S1nkpib/6oqXvoVR+TKZHA==, figureFileBig=j1GKASYgqTrEZD+KeVyvBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092993481650737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=CN, label=图4, caption=废旧磷酸铁锂正极材料的SEM照片

a—放大1 000倍;b—放大3 000倍。

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a—Li-Fe-P-H2O体系;b—Li-Co-H2O体系。

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a—SEM;b—SEM-EDS。

, figureFileSmall=V+rGbHCd4mbbApZJc5EY/A==, figureFileBig=/Uq82Inzfr1wwjYzotA+JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092994748330561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=CN, label=图12, caption=浸出渣的SEM-EDS表征结果, figureFileSmall=V+rGbHCd4mbbApZJc5EY/A==, figureFileBig=/Uq82Inzfr1wwjYzotA+JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175092994819633730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of spent lithium cobalt oxide cathode powder %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Li Co Mn Al Ni Cu Fe
3.24 27.96 0.58 0.61 0.38 0.24 0.29
), ArticleFig(id=1175092994886742595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

废旧钴酸锂正极粉料的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Li Co Mn Al Ni Cu Fe
3.24 27.96 0.58 0.61 0.38 0.24 0.29
), ArticleFig(id=1175092994979017284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode material %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Li Al P Fe
4.09 0.98 18.56 32.27
), ArticleFig(id=1175092995058709061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

磷酸铁锂正极粉料的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Li Al P Fe
4.09 0.98 18.56 32.27
), ArticleFig(id=1175092995113235014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of leaching results of LEP and LCO alone and synergistic

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 原料 浸出率/%
Li Fe P Co
单独浸出 LFP 81.73 77.32 76.84
单独浸出 LCO 73.97 42.80
协同浸出 LFP+LCO 99.99 48.00 43.77 99.99
), ArticleFig(id=1175092995180343879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991682236881, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

LFP、LCO单独浸出与协同浸出结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 原料 浸出率/%
Li Fe P Co
单独浸出 LFP 81.73 77.32 76.84
单独浸出 LCO 73.97 42.80
协同浸出 LFP+LCO 99.99 48.00 43.77 99.99
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废旧磷酸铁锂与钴酸锂正极材料协同提锂试验研究
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卢人航 1 , 蒋春生 2 , 刘兰进 1 , 张忠堂 1 , 严康 1
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(2): 143-150
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(2): 143-150
废旧磷酸铁锂与钴酸锂正极材料协同提锂试验研究
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卢人航1, 蒋春生2, 刘兰进1, 张忠堂1 , 严康1
作者信息
  • 1 江西理工大学 战略有色金属绿色低碳冶金江西省重点实验室, 江西 赣州 341000
  • 2 江西睿达新能源科技有限公司, 江西 宜春 336000
  • 卢人航(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为废旧锂电池回收。

通讯作者:

张忠堂(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固废资源循环利用。E-mail:
Synergistic Leaching of Lithium from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate and Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathode Materials
Renhang LU1, Chunsheng JIANG2, Lanjin LIU1, Zhongtang ZHANG1 , Kang YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Green and Low-Carbon Metallurgy of Strategic Nonferrous Metals, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 2 Jiangxi Ruida New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Yichun 336000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.002
文章导航
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研究了利用废旧磷酸铁锂(LFP)和钴酸锂(LCO)电池正极材料协同浸出锂,通过热力学分析了工艺可行性,考察了各因素对协同浸出的影响,并通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对浸出渣进行了表征。结果表明:在不添加任何氧化剂或还原剂条件下,LFP与LCO能在酸性体系中协同浸出锂;在硫酸浓度0.7 mol/L、浸出温度40 ℃、浸出时间60 min、n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.5、液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g最佳浸出条件下,废旧电池正极材料中的Li、Co、Fe、P浸出率分别为99.99%、99.99%、48.00%、43.77%。该法可实现在低酸条件下从复杂电池正极材料中回收有价金属的目的,具有一定推广应用价值。
磷酸铁锂  /  钴酸锂  /  正极材料  /  协同浸出  /  回收  /  锂

The process of synergistic leaching of lithium from waste lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) battery cathode materials was studied, and the feasibility was analyzed by thermodynamics. The influence of various factors on synergistic leaching was investigated,and the leaching slag was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that LFP and LCO can synergistically leach lithium in an acidic system without adding any oxidant or reducing agent. The leaching rates of Li, Co, Fe and P in the cathode materials of waste batteries are 99.99%, 99.99%, 48.00% and 43.77%, respectively, under the optimal leaching conditions of sulfuric acid concentration of 0.7 mol/L, leaching temperature of 40 ℃, leaching time of 60 min, n(LCO)∶ n(LFP)=0.5 and liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 10 mL/1 g. The method can realize the purpose of recovering valuable metals from complex battery cathode materials under low acid conditions, and has certain popularization and application value.

lithium iron phosphate  /  lithium cobalt oxide  /  cathode materials  /  synergistic leaching  /  recovery  /  lithium
卢人航, 蒋春生, 刘兰进, 张忠堂, 严康. 废旧磷酸铁锂与钴酸锂正极材料协同提锂试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (2) : 143 -150 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.002
Renhang LU, Chunsheng JIANG, Lanjin LIU, Zhongtang ZHANG, Kang YAN. Synergistic Leaching of Lithium from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate and Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathode Materials[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (2) : 143 -150 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.002
锂离子电池具有能量密度高、体积小、电压高等优异的电化学性能,广泛应用于移动设备、电动汽车制造等多个领域[1]。其中,磷酸铁锂(LFP)电池在电动汽车生产中占据主导地位,2023年LFP产量达531.4 GWh,同比上一年增长59.87%,其使用寿命通常在3~5年。而钴酸锂(LCO)电池则更多应用于手机、笔记本电脑等小型移动设备中,2022年产量达7.8万t,且出货量达7.7万t,预计未来LCO产量还会持续增加,其使用寿命一般在2~3年。退役锂电池中含有大量有价金属,如不经处理,不仅会对环境造成污染,还会造成资源浪费[2-6]。因此,回收这些有价金属元素对于缓解我国能源紧缺状况、促进资源循环利用不仅具有重要意义,还能在一定程度上带来可观的经济效益[7]
湿法工艺因具有回收效率高、选择性强、处理量大、产品纯度高等特点[8-10],已成为当前回收废旧锂电池的主流方法。该工艺是利用酸性溶液将废旧电池中的有价金属浸出到溶液中,从而实现有价金属的循环再生[11-13]。浸出过程中常用的无机酸有硫酸、硝酸、盐酸等,其中,硫酸成本低,浸出效果高,是理想的浸出剂之一[14-16]。常用的有机酸包括苹果酸、草酸、乳酸等,有机酸浸出成本高,不利于工业化大规模应用[17]。虽然在湿法工艺领域,针对单一种类废旧锂电池的浸出研究已取得了一定成果,但是浸出过程需要消耗大量氧化剂或还原剂。此外,关于利用湿法工艺对多种类废旧锂电池进行协同浸出的研究也鲜见报道。
针对上述问题,试验研究了采用LFP与LCO正极材料协同酸浸回收废旧电池中的锂。通过热力学分析了LFP与LCO协同浸出锂的可行性,同时利用XRD、SEM等手段对浸出渣物相及形貌进行了表征,考察了酸度、浸出温度、原料物质的量比、浸出时间及液固体积比对协同浸出锂的影响,以期有效降低化学试剂消耗量及同时处理多种电池正极材料的成本。
试验用钴酸锂(LCO)原料由赣州某废旧锂离子电池回收厂提供,破碎成粉料并通过200目筛分,除Al后取样,用王水溶解并通过ICP进行化学成分分析,结果见表1,LCO主要含Li、Co等有价金属。LCO原料的XRD物相分析结果如图1所示。可以看出:原料的主要物相是LiCoO2,衍射峰与标准卡片相吻合,无明显杂峰。LCO原料的SEM照片如图2所示。可以看出:LCO呈颗粒状,大小不均匀,粒径主要在20~50 μm之间。
试验用磷酸铁锂(LFP)原料由赣州某废旧锂离子电池回收厂提供,破碎成粉料后取样进行ICP化学成分分析,结果见表2,LFP主要含Li、P、Fe等有价金属。LFP原料的XRD物相分析结果如图3所示。可以看出:LFP原料的主要物相是LiFePO4,无明显杂峰。LEP原料的SEM照片如图4所示。可以看出LEP颗粒表面粗糙,大小不均,粒径主要在10~20 μm之间。
主要试剂:硫酸、硝酸、盐酸(西陇科学有限公司)等,均为分析纯。
主要设备:DF-101S型恒温水浴锅(巩义市于华仪器有限责任公司),C-100型电子天平(背景赛多利斯仪器有限公司,Varian810-MS型电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(美国瓦里安公司),SD101-2型电热鼓风干燥箱(南通金石实验仪器有限公司)。
废旧锂电池浸出过程中需添加氧化剂/还原剂,但利用磷酸铁锂与钴酸锂中铁和钴价态的转变过程,可避免使用氧化剂/还原剂,同时减少酸用量。试验通过磷酸铁锂和钴酸锂正极材料在酸性条件下进行氧化还原反应完成浸出,从而避免使用双氧水。反应式如下:
LiCoO2+LiFePO4+4H+═══════FePO4·2H2O+2Li++Co2+
首先在烧杯中配制一定浓度的稀硫酸,之后于100 mL容量瓶定容。将固定物质的量比的LFP与LCO混合加入250 mL烧杯中,添加配制好的稀硫酸。浸出过程中,烧杯放置在水浴锅中,配有磁力搅拌设备,控制反应温度为60 ℃。最后取出料浆,过滤,得到浸出液和浸出渣,用于表征分析。通过考察硫酸溶液浓度(0.2~0.8 mol/L)、浸出温度(40~80 ℃)、浸出时间(60~180 min)、LCO与LFP物质的量比(0.5、0.75、1、1.25、1.75、2)、液固体积质量比(6/1、8/1、10/1、12/1、14/1 mL/g)对协同浸出的影响,确定最佳浸出条件。
采用ICP-OES(ICAP7400)对原料及浸出液中Li、Co、Fe、P等元素含量进行分析,其中原料用王水溶解;采用XRD(MiniFlex600)对原料及浸出产物进行物相分析,具体测试参数为:扫描范围10°~90°,步长0.01,扫描速度15°/min;采用SEM-EDS(MLA650F)对浸出产物进行表征。
为了分析协同浸出试验的可行性,利用软件HSC6.0绘制298 K下的Li-Fe-P-H2O系和Li-Co-H2O系的E-pH关系图(图5),虚线分别为水的稳定性上限和下限,分别由氧和氢的生成势决定,如式(2)~(3)所示。浸出过程中所有相关化学反应只能在2条虚线之间发生反应。
图5(a)看出:LFP在区域Ⅰ,即在低电位(-0.48<E<0.02)、高pH(>4)条件下稳定存在。随pH降低,LFP溶解为Fe2+、H2$\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{-}$及Li+,通过添加氧化剂,升高体系的氧化还原电位可以使Fe2+氧化为Fe3+;随pH升高,理论上体系中会析出FePO4·2H2O,而锂则仍以Li+形式存在(区域Ⅳ所示);pH升高至6.94以上时,Fe和Li将转化为稳定存在的Fe(OH)3和Li3PO4。因此,后续试验可采用控制浸出过程酸度方式,通过Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ-Ⅳ反应路径实现从LFP中同时回收Fe、Li。具体反应方程如式(4)~(10)所示。
2H2O═══════O2(g)+4H++4e-;
2H++2e-═══════H2(g);
LiFePO4+2H+═══════Li++Fe2++H2P${O}_{4}^{-}$;
Fe2+═══════Fe3++e-;
H3PO4$\rightleftharpoons$H2P${O}_{4}^{-}$+H+;
H2P${O}_{4}^{-}$$\rightleftharpoons$HP${O}_{4}^{2-}$+H+;
HP${O}_{4}^{2-}$$\rightleftharpoons$P${O}_{4}^{3-}$+H+;
Fe3++P${O}_{4}^{3-}$═══════FePO4(s);
Fe2++P${O}_{4}^{3-}$═══════FePO4(s)+e-
图5(b)看出:LCO的稳定区在高pH(pH>9.8)区域,随pH降低,LCO会分解为Co3O4;Co3O4是一种具有2价和3价的中间体,存在于区域Ⅵ中,其存在有可能阻碍LCO直接转变为Co2+;Co2+的稳定区(区域Ⅷ)范围较大,表明Co2+可以在较高pH和电位区域内存在。可见,在酸性条件下加入还原剂可使LCO(Co3+)溶解为Co2+,这在热力学上是可行的。LFP溶解释放的Fe2+可作为还原剂降低溶液电位,无须额外添加还原剂。具体反应方程如式(11)~(12)所示。
3LiCoO2+4H++e-═══════Co3O4+2H2O+3Li+;
Co3O4+8H++2e-═══════3Co2++4H2O。
综上所述,通过协同浸出过程的热力学分析结果可知,LFP在酸性条件下分解产生的Fe2+不会自发转变为Fe3+,需额外添加氧化剂,LCO在酸性条件下先分解为Co3O4再转变为Co2+。Co3O4具有氧化性可以与酸性条件下LFP分解产生的Fe2+相互作用,发生氧化还原反应。因此推断,利用协同浸出可避免使用氧化还原剂,说明该方法具有可行性。
试验条件:浸出温度60 ℃,浸出时间120 min,n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.5(LCO:5 g,LFP:5 g),液固体积质量比为10 mL/1 g。硫酸浓度对协同浸出的影响试验结果如图6所示。
图6看出:硫酸浓度从0.2 mol/L增至0.7 mol/L时,Li、Fe、Co、P浸出率也随之逐渐升高;当硫酸浓度从0.7 mol/L增至0.8 mol/L时,Fe、P浸出率快速升高。这可能是因为在较低硫酸浓度条件下,Fe2+被Co3+氧化生成FePO4沉淀,导致Fe、P浸出率较低;但随硫酸浓度增大,溶液pH降低,FePO4发生溶解,使得Fe、P浸出率大幅升高。因此,硫酸浓度以0.7 mol/L较为合适,此时Li和Co浸出率分别为99.99%和98.14%。
试验条件:硫酸浓度0.7 mol/L,浸出时间120 min,n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.5,液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g。浸出温度对协同浸出的影响试验结果如图7所示。可以看出:随温度升高,Fe、Li、Co、P浸出率变化均较小。综合考虑,选择在温度60 ℃下进行后续试验。
试验条件:硫酸浓度0.7 mol/L,浸出温度60 ℃,n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.5,液固体积质量比为10 mL/1 g。浸出时间对协同浸出的影响试验结果如图8所示。可以看出:随浸出进行,Li、Fe、Co、P浸出率随之升高;当浸出达60 min时,Li和Co浸出率都在98%以上,基本浸出完全,继续延长浸出时间变化不大。为确保所有浸出反应达到反应平衡,选择浸出时间为60 min进行后续试验。
试验条件:硫酸浓度0.7 mol/L,浸出温度60 ℃,浸出时间60 min,液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g。LCO和LFP物质的量比n(LCO)∶n(LFP)对协同浸出的影响试验结果如图9所示。
试验中发现,n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.25条件下用LFP与LCO协同浸出时,相较于单一的LFP或LCO浸出,Li、Co浸出率升高,Fe、P浸出率下降,这说明协同浸出是可行的。
图9看出:n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.25时,Li、Co浸出率仅为80%左右,说明此条件协同浸出效果较差;继续增大二者物质的量比,Li浸出率无明显变化,基本维持在97%左右,说明LCO与LFP的结构基本被破坏,Li被浸出;但随LCO用量增加,Co浸出率逐渐减小,这可能是因为LCO原料酸浸后生成Co3O4,随LCO用量增加,生成的Co3O4不能及时反应,导致Co浸出率下降;Fe、P浸出率随LCO用量增加呈先降低后升高趋势,这是因为n(LCO)∶n(LFP)在0.5~1.25之间时,Fe2+会被Co3+氧化生成FePO4沉淀,但随LCO用量增加,分解LCO的酸耗低于LFP,导致反应终点pH较低(1.56左右),部分FePO4在强酸性下溶解。为确保Li、Co浸出率,选择n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.5进行后续试验。
试验条件:硫酸浓度0.7 mol/L,浸出温度60 ℃,浸出时间60 min,n(LCO)∶n(LFP)=0.5。液固体积质量比对协同浸出影响试验结果如图10所示。
图10看出:随液固体积质量比增大,Li、Co、Fe、P浸出率也随之升高;当液固体积质量比增至10/1时,LCO和LFP在酸溶液中能充分接触,浸出反应基本完全,Li、Co浸出率均达最大,均为99.99%;而Fe、P浸出率随液固体积质量比增大呈逐渐上升趋势,这可能与反应终点pH有关,液固体积质量比分别为12、14 mL/1 g时,反应终点pH分别为1.51、1.24左右,生成的FePO4在上述的低pH条件下会部分溶解进入溶液中。综合考虑,确定液固体积质量比以10 mL/1 g为宜。
综上可知,在协同浸出的过程,硫酸浓度与LCO和LFP物质的量比对浸出的影响较大。根据单因素试验结果确定最佳反应条件为:硫酸浓度0.7 mol/L,浸出温度60 ℃,浸出时间60 min,LCO与LFP的物质的量比0.5,液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g。在该条件下Li与Co基本浸出完全,实现了高效提锂。
在硫酸浓度0.7 mol/L、浸出温度60 ℃、液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g、浸出时间60 min条件下,分别取LFP、LCO各5 g,进行LFP、LCO单独浸出及二者协同浸出试验,对比Li、Co、Fe、P浸出率,试验结果见表3
表3可知:在相同条件下,相较于LCO与LFP单独浸出,协同浸出的Li与Co浸出率明显升高,而Fe、P浸出率分别由77.32%、76.84%降至48.00%、43.77%。这是因为发生氧化还原反应后,其中部分Fe2+转变为Fe3+,而Fe3+以FePO4析出,导致Fe和P浸出率下降。说明协同浸出更能促进浸出进行,提锂效果较好。
为了进一步探究酸浸过程中的物相变化,对浸出温度60 ℃、浸出时间60 min、LCO与LFP物质的量比0.5、液固体积质量比10 mL/1 g最佳反应条件下,用不同浓度硫酸得到的浸出渣进行XRD表征,结果如图11所示。
图11看出:在硫酸浓度为0.2 mol/L的低酸条件下,浸出渣中仍有部分LiCoO2和LiFePO4,说明原料在低酸体系不能完全反应;硫酸浓度增至0.5 mol/L时,同时原料中的Co转化为Co3O4,Fe则生成FePO4沉淀,说明LCO和LFP原料基本反应完全;继续增大硫酸浓度至0.7 mol/L,浸出渣中没有Co3O4出现,说明Co3O4溶解进入到液相中,原料浸出完全。
取上述硫酸浓度为0.7 mol/L下得到的浸出渣,采用SEM-EDS进行物相及样貌分析,结果如图12所示。由12图(a)看出:浸出渣粒径不均,在20~70 μm之间,团聚现象严重,表面粗糙。由图12(b)看出:浸出渣中含有Fe、O、P,基本不含Co,说明在此条件下LiCoO2完全反应,Co几乎被完全浸出,渣中大部分为FePO4,这与上述分析结果基本吻合。
在酸性条件下,磷酸铁锂(LFP)与钴酸锂(LCO)可发生协同浸出反应,LFP正极材料浸出后产生还原性Fe2+离子,而LCO正极材料浸出后产生氧化性Co3+离子,二者在同一体系中相互作用,从而达到促进锂浸出效果。在最佳浸出条件下,协同浸出与LFP、LCO单独浸出相比,Li、Co浸出率均可提升至99.99%,Fe、P浸出率可分别降至48.00%、43.77%,浸出效果更佳。与传统工艺相比,该法可有效降低硫酸用量,同时避免浸出过程中氧化/还原剂的使用,大幅降低生产成本,并减少对环境的污染,具有一定的应用价值。
该法的不足之处在于:浸出终点pH为1.56左右,Fe、P浸出率仍相对较高,溶液中可能存在部分未能氧化Fe2+,以及部分在高酸度条件下从FePO4溶出的Fe3+;同时还缺少对浸出液中Co、Fe、P元素的后续处理。这些问题仍有待进一步研究。
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2025年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.02.002
  • 接收时间:2024-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52464047)
江西省自然科学基金资助项目(20242BAB25250)
江西省自然科学基金资助项目(20224BAB214040)
江西省自然科学基金资助项目(20232BAB204036)
赣鄱俊才支持计划·青年科技人才托举项目(2024QT06)
作者信息
    1 江西理工大学 战略有色金属绿色低碳冶金江西省重点实验室, 江西 赣州 341000
    2 江西睿达新能源科技有限公司, 江西 宜春 336000

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张忠堂(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固废资源循环利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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