Article(id=1148109991023731098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)01-0065-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751660352712, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751660352712, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751660352712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751660352712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148109987349520431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='131', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751660351836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246034872, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148109991392829880, articleId=1148109991023731098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Separation and Recovery of Nickel from Serpentine and Co-mineralization of CO2, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The separation and recovery of magnesium and nickel from serpentine and the co-mineralization of CO2 using green vitriol roasting—water leaching—ammonium carbonate precipitation process was investigated. The effects of roasting temperature, green vitriol to serpentine mass ratio and roasting time on the leaching rates of magnesium and nickel during sulfuric acid roasting were examined. Additionally, the influence of ammonium carbonate concentration and mineralization temperature on the precipitation rates of magnesium and nickel in the leachate during the mineralization reaction(resulting in the formation of magnesium carbonate precipitate) was evaluated. The effects of ammonium carbonate concentration and mineralization temperature on the precipitation behavior of metal ions and the microstructure of the precipitates were also explored. The results demonstrate that under the optimal roasting conditions of temperature of 670 ℃, green vitriol to serpentine mass ratio of 5/1, and roasting time of 90 min, the leaching rates of magnesium and nickel can reach 89% and 85%, respectively. During the mineralization reaction, with an ammonium carbonate mass concentration of 150 g/L and mineralization temperature of 80 ℃, the precipitation rate of Ni2+ is less than 5%, while Mg2+ and Fe3+ precipitate at rates of 97% and 100%, respectively. With the increase of the mass concentration of ammonium carbonate, the precipitate transforme from Ni6Fe2(CO3)(OH)16•4H2O to MgCO3•3H2O, and then to (NH4)2Mg(CO3)2•3H2O. With the increase of mineralization temperature, the precipitate gradually shifted from (NH4)2Mg(CO3)2•3H2O to Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2•4H2O. The morphology of the magnesium carbonate precipitate is rod-like at low temperatures and plate-like at high temperatures. The experimental results can provide a novel approach for nickel extraction from serpentine, CO2 reduction processes, and the efficient utilization of waste ferrous sulfate.

, correspAuthors=Wen CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shengguo CHEN, Xiaobo FENG, Daiqiang MA, Daifu GAN, Yan CHEN, Zeng YUAN, Wen CAO, Qingcai LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148110002298020224, articleId=1148109991023731098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=从蛇纹石中分离回收镍并协同矿化CO2, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了采用绿矾焙烧—水浸—碳酸铵沉淀工艺从蛇纹石中分离回收镁和镍并矿化封存CO2。考察了硫酸化焙烧过程中焙烧温度、绿矾/蛇纹石质量比、焙烧时间对镁和镍浸出率的影响,以及矿化反应(生成碳酸镁沉淀)过程中碳酸铵质量浓度、矿化温度对水浸后液中镁、镍沉淀率的影响。探讨了碳酸铵质量浓度及矿化温度对金属离子沉淀行为和沉淀物微观形貌的影响规律。结果表明:在焙烧温度670 ℃、绿矾/蛇纹石质量比5/1、焙烧时间90 min最佳条件下,镁、镍浸出率分别为89%和85%;矿化反应中,在碳酸铵质量浓度150 g/L、矿化温度80 ℃条件下,Ni2+沉淀率<5%,Mg2+沉淀率为97%,Fe3+全部沉淀;随碳酸铵质量浓度增大,沉淀产物发生了Ni6Fe2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O到MgCO3·3H2O再到(NH4)2Mg(CO3)2·3H2O的转变;随矿化温度升高,沉淀产物从(NH4)2Mg(CO3)2·3H2O逐渐转变成Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O;低温下碳酸镁沉淀的微观形貌呈棒状,而高温下呈片状。试验结果可为蛇纹石中提取镍、后续CO2减排工艺和工业固废绿矾的高效利用提供一种新思路。, correspAuthors=曹雯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曹雯(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为资源循环及综合利用。E-mail:
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陈升国(1984—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃气运营安全管理和能源利用。

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陈升国(1984—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃气运营安全管理和能源利用。

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陈升国(1984—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃气运营安全管理和能源利用。

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patterns of precipitates obtained at different mineralization temperatures, figureFileSmall=9FPzNxdnctMwU8iSd6rxzQ==, figureFileBig=PtseRvDV2i8NuX7jNclEpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444391696576580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991023731098, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同矿化温度下沉淀物的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=9FPzNxdnctMwU8iSd6rxzQ==, figureFileBig=PtseRvDV2i8NuX7jNclEpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444391767879749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991023731098, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Micromorphologies of precipitates obtained at different mineralization temperatures, figureFileSmall=Ml3AEkyE1/ROqKhlO+caNA==, figureFileBig=fbSmeeVjrg7ljdRJu8wJ2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444391860154438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991023731098, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同矿化温度下沉淀物的微观形貌, figureFileSmall=Ml3AEkyE1/ROqKhlO+caNA==, figureFileBig=fbSmeeVjrg7ljdRJu8wJ2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444391935651911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991023731098, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main chemical composition of serpentine and green vitriol %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 SiO2 MgO Fe2O3 Al2O3 NiO Cr2O3 SO3 TiO2 其他
蛇纹石 50.27 34.35 6.31 1.86 0.83 0.50 5.88
工业绿矾 2.00 48.70 47.28 1.43 0.59
), ArticleFig(id=1174444392002760776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109991023731098, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蛇纹石和工业绿矾的主要化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 SiO2 MgO Fe2O3 Al2O3 NiO Cr2O3 SO3 TiO2 其他
蛇纹石 50.27 34.35 6.31 1.86 0.83 0.50 5.88
工业绿矾 2.00 48.70 47.28 1.43 0.59
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从蛇纹石中分离回收镍并协同矿化CO2
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陈升国 1, 2 , 冯小波 1 , 马代强 1 , 甘代福 1 , 陈燕 1 , 袁增 1, 3 , 曹雯 3 , 刘清才 3
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(1): 65-73
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(1): 65-73
从蛇纹石中分离回收镍并协同矿化CO2
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陈升国1, 2, 冯小波1, 马代强1, 甘代福1, 陈燕1, 袁增1, 3, 曹雯3 , 刘清才3
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油西南油气田分公司 重庆气矿, 重庆 400707
  • 2 重庆燃气集团股份有限公司, 重庆 400020
  • 3 重庆大学 材料科学与工程学院, 重庆 400044
  • 陈升国(1984—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃气运营安全管理和能源利用。

通讯作者:

曹雯(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为资源循环及综合利用。E-mail:
Separation and Recovery of Nickel from Serpentine and Co-mineralization of CO2
Shengguo CHEN1, 2, Xiaobo FENG1, Daiqiang MA1, Daifu GAN1, Yan CHEN1, Zeng YUAN1, 3, Wen CAO3 , Qingcai LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Chongqing Gas Field, Petro China Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chongqing 400707, China
  • 2 Chongqing Gas Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400020, China
  • 3 College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.010
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研究了采用绿矾焙烧—水浸—碳酸铵沉淀工艺从蛇纹石中分离回收镁和镍并矿化封存CO2。考察了硫酸化焙烧过程中焙烧温度、绿矾/蛇纹石质量比、焙烧时间对镁和镍浸出率的影响,以及矿化反应(生成碳酸镁沉淀)过程中碳酸铵质量浓度、矿化温度对水浸后液中镁、镍沉淀率的影响。探讨了碳酸铵质量浓度及矿化温度对金属离子沉淀行为和沉淀物微观形貌的影响规律。结果表明:在焙烧温度670 ℃、绿矾/蛇纹石质量比5/1、焙烧时间90 min最佳条件下,镁、镍浸出率分别为89%和85%;矿化反应中,在碳酸铵质量浓度150 g/L、矿化温度80 ℃条件下,Ni2+沉淀率<5%,Mg2+沉淀率为97%,Fe3+全部沉淀;随碳酸铵质量浓度增大,沉淀产物发生了Ni6Fe2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O到MgCO3·3H2O再到(NH4)2Mg(CO3)2·3H2O的转变;随矿化温度升高,沉淀产物从(NH4)2Mg(CO3)2·3H2O逐渐转变成Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O;低温下碳酸镁沉淀的微观形貌呈棒状,而高温下呈片状。试验结果可为蛇纹石中提取镍、后续CO2减排工艺和工业固废绿矾的高效利用提供一种新思路。
蛇纹石  /  工业绿矾  /  CO2  /  协同矿化  /  封存  /  镁  /  镍  /  回收

The separation and recovery of magnesium and nickel from serpentine and the co-mineralization of CO2 using green vitriol roasting—water leaching—ammonium carbonate precipitation process was investigated. The effects of roasting temperature, green vitriol to serpentine mass ratio and roasting time on the leaching rates of magnesium and nickel during sulfuric acid roasting were examined. Additionally, the influence of ammonium carbonate concentration and mineralization temperature on the precipitation rates of magnesium and nickel in the leachate during the mineralization reaction(resulting in the formation of magnesium carbonate precipitate) was evaluated. The effects of ammonium carbonate concentration and mineralization temperature on the precipitation behavior of metal ions and the microstructure of the precipitates were also explored. The results demonstrate that under the optimal roasting conditions of temperature of 670 ℃, green vitriol to serpentine mass ratio of 5/1, and roasting time of 90 min, the leaching rates of magnesium and nickel can reach 89% and 85%, respectively. During the mineralization reaction, with an ammonium carbonate mass concentration of 150 g/L and mineralization temperature of 80 ℃, the precipitation rate of Ni2+ is less than 5%, while Mg2+ and Fe3+ precipitate at rates of 97% and 100%, respectively. With the increase of the mass concentration of ammonium carbonate, the precipitate transforme from Ni6Fe2(CO3)(OH)16•4H2O to MgCO3•3H2O, and then to (NH4)2Mg(CO3)2•3H2O. With the increase of mineralization temperature, the precipitate gradually shifted from (NH4)2Mg(CO3)2•3H2O to Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2•4H2O. The morphology of the magnesium carbonate precipitate is rod-like at low temperatures and plate-like at high temperatures. The experimental results can provide a novel approach for nickel extraction from serpentine, CO2 reduction processes, and the efficient utilization of waste ferrous sulfate.

serpentine  /  green vitriol  /  CO2  /  co-mineralization  /  sequestration  /  magnesium  /  nickel  /  recovery
陈升国, 冯小波, 马代强, 甘代福, 陈燕, 袁增, 曹雯, 刘清才. 从蛇纹石中分离回收镍并协同矿化CO2. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (1) : 65 -73 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.010
Shengguo CHEN, Xiaobo FENG, Daiqiang MA, Daifu GAN, Yan CHEN, Zeng YUAN, Wen CAO, Qingcai LIU. Separation and Recovery of Nickel from Serpentine and Co-mineralization of CO2[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (1) : 65 -73 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.010
随着化石燃料的大量使用,二氧化碳排放量逐渐增大[1-3]。截至2023年,大气中的二氧化碳浓度已超过4×10-6,且正以每年2.8×10-8速度持续增加[4-5]。因此,减少二氧化碳排放对于保护生态环境,实现可持续发展具有至关重要意义。二氧化碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术通过捕集工厂产生的二氧化碳并以各种方式进行存储,以防止其释放到大气中[6-7],是目前大规模减少二氧化碳排放最经济可行的方法之一。二氧化碳矿化封存是通过其与含钙或镁的矿物发生化学反应,将二氧化碳永久性存储为稳定的碳酸盐矿物的过程[8]。与其他封存方法相比,该法避免了二氧化碳泄漏监测,并生成了增值的碳酸盐产品,因此具有大规模工业应用潜力。
蛇纹石(Mg3Si2O5(OH)4)是一种储量丰富的水合镁硅酸盐矿物,从中提取镁后溶液已广泛应用于矿化封存二氧化碳[9-11]。该工艺具有反应条件简单、转化率高等优点,但存在分解蛇纹石的酸碱试剂消耗量大,成本较高等缺点[12-14]。因此,进一步探索廉价高效的矿物提取和碳酸化试剂尤为重要。另外,若能在矿物提取和二氧化碳矿化封存的过程中,同时实现镍等有价值元素的回收,将有利于提升该工艺的经济性和可持续性,从而为其在实际应用中的推广奠定坚实基础。
绿矾(主要成分为FeSO4·7H2O)是硫酸法生产二氧化钛过程中排放的固废之一,每生产1 t二氧化钛会产生3.5 t左右的绿矾[15-16]。2023年,我国排放的绿矾超过1 000万t。如能对将这些绿矾进行合理利用,不仅能避免资源浪费,还能为企业创造一定经济效益。因此,试验以工业固废绿矾作为硫酸化焙烧试剂,研究了采用焙烧—水浸—碳酸铵沉淀工艺从低品位蛇纹石中提取并分离镁和镍,同时实现CO2矿化封存。考察了不同焙烧工艺参数对金属浸出率的影响,探究了浸出液矿化过程中不同金属离子的沉淀行为,以期通过利用绿矾硫酸化焙烧蛇纹石提取有价金属,实现以废治废的目的,在利用蛇纹石中的镁矿化封存CO2的同时,力求将镍损失降至最低,以确保资源的高效利用。
蛇纹石:来自中国四川省攀枝花市某公司,矿石样品经过破碎机破碎,筛分为不同粒径的颗粒。
绿矾:来自中国四川省攀枝花市某公司,为硫酸法生产钛白的副产物。
蛇纹石和工业绿矾主要化学成分见表1,XRD分析结果如图12所示。蛇纹石的矿物组成主要为Mg3Si2O5(OH)4,工业绿矾的主要物相为FeSO4·7H2O,还可能存在少量FeSO4·H2O。
主要试剂:碳酸铵((NH4)2CO3),分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;纯水(H2O),实验室自制。
主要分析仪器:电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES,Optima 8300DV,PE公司,美国),用于分析溶液中金属离子浓度;扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS,JSM-IT500HR,日本),用于观察原料和矿化产物的微观形貌;X射线衍射仪(D2-Phaser,布鲁克,德国),用于测定原料和矿化产物的矿物学组成,测试电压和电流分别为40 kV和40 mA,Cu Kα为辐射源,散度狭缝固定为0.38 mm,扫描速度为0.02°/s,2θ范围为5°~80°;X射线荧光光谱仪(S8 Tiger,Bruker,德国),用于分析原料的化学成分,电压为50 kV,管电流为40 mA,照射孔直径为20 mm;热重分析仪(Pyris1,PerkinElmer,美国),用于测定原料和矿化产物的热失重特性,坩埚为Al2O3锅,吹扫气体为N2,测试温度范围为20~1 000 ℃,加热速率为10 ℃/min。
利用绿矾受热分解释放的SO3破坏蛇纹石中的硅酸盐结构,将蛇纹石中镁、镍元素转变成硫酸盐。焙烧后蛇纹石进行水浸,易溶于水的镁、镍硫酸盐会进入溶液,与固体残渣分离。利用配制的(NH4)2CO3溶液与蛇纹石水浸液反应,既可封存CO2,还能实现镍的分离提纯。所涉及的化学反应式如下:
6FeSO4·7H2O+1.5O2═══════3Fe2O3+6SO3+42H2O;
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4+3SO3═══════3MgSO4+2SiO2+2H2O;
6FeSO4·7H2O+Mg3Si2O5(OH)4═══════3MgSO4+3Fe2O3+3SO2+2SiO2+44H2O;
Ni2++xNH3═══════Ni(NH3)2+x;
MgSO4+(NH4)2CO3═══════MgCO3+(NH4)2SO4;
MgSO4+2NH4OH═══════Mg(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4;
Fe2(SO4)3+6NH4OH═══════2Fe(OH)3+3(NH4)2SO4
在焙烧试验中,首先将工业绿矾在烘箱中于80 ℃下烘干48 h,然后研磨至粒径小于150 μm;按一定质量比混合蛇纹石和绿矾,放入带盖的50 mL陶瓷坩埚中;样品在烘箱(合肥科晶材料技术有限公司的KSL-1200型马弗炉)中以10 ℃/min的速率升温至目标温度,恒温反应一段时间;待冷却后取出,在固液质量体积比为1∶10、浸出温度80 ℃、浸出时间60 min条件下加入纯水浸出焙烧渣;浸出结束后用真空过滤泵抽滤,得到主要成分为Fe2O3的滤渣和含硫酸镁和硫酸镍的滤液。通过ICP-OES(Optima 8000)测定滤液中金属离子浓度,用式(8)计算蛇纹石中金属元素浸出率x,用式(9)计算绿矾分解率y
x=$\frac{{\rho }_{B}V}{{m}_{1}{w}_{B1}}$×100%。
式中:m1—蛇纹石质量,g;wB1—蛇纹石中金属元素质量分数,%;ρB—浸出液中金属离子质量浓度,g/L;V—浸出液体积,L。
y=$\left(1-\frac{\rho \left(F\right.{e}^{3+})V}{{m}_{2}{w}_{2}}\right)$×100%。
式中:ρ(Fe3+)—浸出液中Fe3+质量浓度,g/L;m2—绿矾质量,g;w2—绿矾中铁元素质量分数,%。
工业上常用冷氨溶液捕集烟气中的CO2,得到含有$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$、[NH3]、$\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$、$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$的捕集溶液。用CO2捕集液作为矿化反应碳源,与含有MgSO4、NiSO4、Fe2(SO4)3的滤液进行碳酸化反应。碳酸化试验在三颈圆底烧瓶中进行,将烧瓶固定在恒温水浴锅中,并利用转子电磁搅拌。将100 mL蛇纹石水浸液倒入反应器中。将碳酸铵溶解在4%的氨溶液中,模拟不同浓度的CO2捕集溶液。抽取100 mL(NH4)2CO3溶液倒入三颈烧瓶,与水浸液充分混合,在不同温度下反应120 min。然后利用真空抽滤分离滤液和沉淀物。沉淀物在30 ℃下干燥100 h后进行表征。用式(10)计算金属沉淀率z:
z=$\left(1-\frac{{\rho }_{B1}{V}_{1}}{{\rho }_{B}V}\right)$×100%。
式中:ρB1—矿化反应后液中金属离子质量浓度,g/L;V1—矿化后液体积,L。
通过热力学计算和探索试验可知,绿矾发生分解的焙烧温度区间为550~700 ℃[16]。在蛇纹石与绿矾质量比1∶6、焙烧时间90 min条件下焙烧,再将焙烧渣在固液质量体积比1∶10、浸出温度80 ℃、浸出时间60 min条件下水浸,考察焙烧温度对镁、镍浸出率的影响,试验结果如图3所示。
图3看出:焙烧温度较低时,镁、镍硫酸盐化转变程度低,浸出率也较低,这是因为温度较低时,绿矾受热分解缓慢且不完全,导致与蛇纹石进行硫酸化反应的SO2不足,从而影响浸出率;焙烧温度升至670 ℃时,镁、镍浸出率达最高,分别为90%和85%;但焙烧温度超过670 ℃时,镁、镍浸出率反而下降,特别是镍浸出率下降比镁更为迅速,这主要是因为温度过高时,绿矾会快速分解,大量SO2在短时间内释放,未与蛇纹石反应充分就逸出,导致浸出率下降。因此,确定670 ℃为最佳焙烧温度。
不同焙烧温度下焙烧渣的XRD图谱如图4所示。可以看出:不同焙烧温度下焙烧渣的XRD图谱中均未出现蛇纹石的特征峰,说明蛇纹石硅酸盐骨架结构被完全破坏;焙烧渣主要物相均为赤铁矿(Fe2O3)和硫酸镁(MgSO4),由于硫酸镍含量过低,因此没有检测到对应的特征峰;550 ℃焙烧渣的图谱中出现了Fe2(SO4)3的特征峰,表明绿矾在低温下分解不完全,部分FeSO4转变为Fe2(SO4)3,导致SO2释放量减少,这与低温下镁、镍浸出率较低相吻合;随焙烧温度升高,Fe2(SO4)3的特征峰强度逐渐减弱,并在730 ℃时完全消失,此时绿矾热分解率约为100%。值得注意的是,温度高于670 ℃时,镁、镍浸出率降低,这可能是由于从蛇纹石中提取的硫酸盐(MgSO4、NiSO4)与SiO2和Fe2O3在高温下反应形成了不溶性尖晶石MgFe2O4或NiFe2O4,造成金属浸出率降低。
为了确认尖晶石是否形成,用分析纯MgSO4、NiSO4、FeSO4设计了一组试验,控制三者质量比为1∶1∶2,在850 ℃下保温120 min,再用去离子水浸出。所得浸出残渣及670 ℃焙烧水浸渣的XRD图谱如图56所示。可以看出:MgSO4-NiSO4-FeSO4体系的图谱中检测到了MgFe2O4的特征峰,说明焙烧温度过高时会生成不溶性尖晶石。虽然有文献提到该温度下能生成NiFe2{O4}^{[17-18]},但由于NiFe2O4的特征峰和MgFe2O4重合度很高,且镍含量很少,所以无法确定是否存在NiFe2O4。另外,文献[19]提到,NiSO4在650~700 ℃时会分解为NiO,因此推断,当焙烧温度高于650 ℃时,NiSO4也可能分解形成NiO,导致镍浸出率下降。但由图6看出:在670 ℃焙烧水浸渣的主要矿物相是赤铁矿,未发现与NiO和尖晶石的特征峰,这主要是因为浸出残渣中赤铁矿含量太高,影响了其他相的检测。因此,后续试验选择670 ℃为最佳焙烧温度。
在焙烧温度670 ℃、焙烧时间90 min条件下焙烧,再将焙烧渣在固液质量体积比1∶10、浸出温度80 ℃、浸出时间60 min条件下水浸,考察绿矾/蛇纹石质量比对镁、镍浸出率的影响,试验结果如图7所示。
图7看出:绿矾/蛇纹石质量比从1/1增至5/1,镁、镍浸出率显著提高;但二者质量比大于5/1后,镁、镍浸出率基本保持稳定,没有明显变化。综合考虑金属浸出率和绿矾热分解率2个因素,确定最佳质量比为5/1,此时镁和镍浸出率分别为89%和85%。
不同绿矾与蛇纹石质量比下焙烧渣的XRD图谱如图8所示。可以看出:绿矾/蛇纹石质量比为1/1时,焙烧渣的XRD图谱中出现了蛇纹石的弱峰;质量比增至5/1时,蛇纹石特征峰消失,焙烧渣主要物相为MgSO4和Fe2O3;质量比进一步增至7/1时,焙烧渣中出现了Fe2(SO4)3特征峰,说明绿矾添加量过多,导致蛇纹石分解不完全,此外还会增加浸出液中杂质Fe3+
在焙烧温度670 ℃、绿矾/蛇纹石质量比5/1条件下焙烧,再将焙烧渣在固液质量体积比1∶10、浸出温度80 ℃、浸出时间60 min条件下水浸,考察焙烧时间对镁、镍浸出率的影响,试验结果如图9所示。可以看出,随焙烧时间延长,镁、镍浸出率先升高后降低:焙烧90 min时,镁、镍浸出率达最高,分别为89%和85%;随焙烧继续进行,镁、镍浸出率反而下降,这是因为提取的硫酸盐MgSO4、NiSO4与Fe2O3反应形成了不溶性尖晶石MgFe2O4或NiFe2O4,因此,确定90 min为最佳焙烧时间。
综上,确定最佳焙烧工艺条件为:焙烧温度670 ℃,绿矾/蛇纹石质量比5/1,焙烧时间90 min。在最佳焙烧条件下焙烧蛇纹石,之后再进行水浸,所得浸出渣的XRD图谱如图10所示。可以看出:图谱中仅出现了Fe2O3的特征峰,说明浸出渣中的主要物相为Fe2O3;图谱中并未出现MgSO4、NiSO4和SiO2的特征峰,这是因为易溶的MgSO4和NiSO4在水浸过程中进入溶液中,而SiO2可能是因为含量较少被Fe2O3覆盖,或因硅酸镁硫酸化焙烧后结构被破坏,导致SiO2结晶度低未被检测到;同时浸出渣中也未检测到不溶尖晶石相MgFe2O4或NiFe2O4,说明在最佳焙烧条件下不会生成尖晶石。
用绿矾在最佳焙烧条件下硫酸盐化蛇纹石,其中的镁和镍被转化为硫酸盐(MgSO4,NiSO4),焙烧渣再经水浸,得到含20 g/L Mg2+、1.8 g/L Ni2+和5 g/L Fe3+的浸出液,pH=1.4。用(NH4)2CO3作为CO2矿化反应的碳源,对蛇纹石水浸液进行碳酸化,矿化封存CO2,考察(NH4)2CO3浓度和反应温度对浸出液矿化行为的影响。
在碳酸化过程中,金属离子通常以碳酸盐、氢氧化物及其混合物的形式沉淀,如Mg(OH)2、MgCO3、Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O、Fe(OH)3、NiCO3、Ni(OH)2[20。但由于溶液中$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$浓度较高,Ni2+会与其反应形成可溶性的镍铵离子[Ni(NH3)x]2+[21],因此,镁和铁会被选择性地从水浸液中沉淀分离出来,而镍则留在溶液中。
矿化温度为30℃条件下,(NH4)2CO3质量浓度对水浸液中金属离子沉淀率的影响试验结果如图11所示。可以看出:随(NH4)2CO3质量浓度增大,Fe3+沉淀率始终接近100%,几乎不变,主要原因是溶液pH超过3后,Fe3+很易水解沉淀(式(7))。当(NH4)2CO3质量浓度为0时,4%的氨溶液也可以将Fe3+完全沉淀。由图11还可看出:(NH4)2CO3质量浓度对Mg2+、Ni2+沉淀率影响均较为显著:随(NH4)2CO3质量浓度增大,Mg2+沉淀率升高,而Ni2+的沉淀率降低;(NH4)2CO3质量浓度增至150 g/L时,Mg2+沉淀率为86%,Ni2+不会沉淀。这主要是由于Mg(OH)2完全沉淀(式(6))要求溶液pH超过12,氨溶液虽很难达到,但MgCO3的沉淀pH却极易达到(式(5)),增大(NH4)2CO3质量浓度可促进MgCO3生成促进Mg2+沉淀率提升;溶液中的N{H4}^{+}与Ni2+会配合成Ni[(NH3)x]2+,因此,只有少量Ni2+沉淀,随着(NH4)2CO3浓度增大,会有更多的$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$引入,有利于镍配合反应(式(4)),减少Ni2+沉淀。
图12是不同(NH4)2CO3质量浓度下矿化产物的XRD图谱。可以看出:(NH4)2CO3质量浓度为0时,沉淀物主要是一种由Fe(OH)3和Ni(OH)2构成的复合盐;随(NH4)2CO3质量浓度增大,沉淀物先转变成MgCO3·3H2O,之后又再转变成(NH4)2Mg(CO3)2·3H2O,这是因为(NH4)2CO3质量浓度过高,导致其与碳酸镁发生了共沉淀。
(NH4)2CO3质量浓度为150 g/L条件下,矿化反应温度对金属离子沉淀率的影响试验结果如图13所示。可以看出:Mg2+沉淀率随矿化温度升高而升高,由30 ℃的86%提升至80 ℃的97%;而Ni2+沉淀率随温度升高幅度较小,在考察范围内仅升高5%,主要是因为温度升高,Ni[(NH3)x]2+易脱附生成NiCO3;Fe3+沉淀率始终接近100%,说明温度对其影响极小。
不同矿化温度下沉淀物的XRD图谱如图14所示。可以看出:矿化温度为30 ℃时,沉淀物的主要物相为(NH4)2Mg(CO3)2·3H2O和Mg7(CO3)5(OH)4·24H2O;温度升至50 ℃时,主要物相变为Mg7(CO3)5(OH)4·24H2O、MgCO3·3H2O和(NH4)2Mg(CO3)2·3H2O,这是由于随矿化温度升高,(NH4)2CO3溶解度增加,与MgCO3·3H2O共结晶概率减小,使得(NH4)2Mg(CO3)2·3H2O向MgCO3·3H2O转变;矿化温度升至80 ℃时,沉淀物中只检测到Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O的单一相。综上可知,不同的矿化温度下,沉淀物形态也存在差异。
不同矿化温度下沉淀物的微观形貌如图15所示。
图15看出:温度为30 ℃时,沉淀物为整齐聚集的棒状碳酸镁,且上面粘附多孔疏松的块状碳沉淀;温度升至50 ℃时,原本聚集的棒状碳酸镁向四面分散开来,同样观察到多孔疏松的块状碳酸镁沉淀;继续升温至80 ℃,沉淀物转变为聚合片状的碳酸镁。说明温度的变化对沉淀物微观形貌有显著影响。
采用绿矾焙烧—水浸—碳酸铵沉淀工艺可以提取蛇纹石中的镁、镍,并将其分离,镁可将CO2矿化封存于沉淀物中,而镍则以[Ni(NH3)x]2+形式留在溶液中。在焙烧温度670 ℃、绿矾/蛇纹石质量比5/1、焙烧时间90 min条件下用绿矾焙烧蛇纹石,焙烧渣再在适宜条件下水浸,镁、镍浸出率分别为89%和85%。在温度80 ℃下,用150 g/L(NH4)2CO3作为CO2矿化反应的碳源,对蛇纹石水浸液进行碳酸化,矿化封存CO2时,水浸液中Fe3+沉淀率最高可达100%、Mg2+沉淀率最高可达97%、Ni2+沉淀率<5%。该工艺能高效提取蛇纹石中镁、镍,并在CO2矿化过程中沉淀铁、镁,而镍留在溶液中,实现镍的高效分离回收。
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.010
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
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    1 中国石油西南油气田分公司 重庆气矿, 重庆 400707
    2 重庆燃气集团股份有限公司, 重庆 400020
    3 重庆大学 材料科学与工程学院, 重庆 400044

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曹雯(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为资源循环及综合利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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