Article(id=1148109989710913833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, articleNumber=1009-2617(2025)01-0045-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722700800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751660352399, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751660352399, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751660352399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751660352399, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148109987349520431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2025', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='131', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751660351836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758246034872, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175732344108499277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1148109987349520431, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148109989949989188, articleId=1148109989710913833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Synergistic Decomposition of Scheelite by HCl-H2SO4, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The synergistic decomposition of scheelite by HCl-H2SO4 was studied. The influence of various process parameters on the decomposition effect was investigated, and the kinetics of decomposition process was discussed. The results show that under the optimal conditions of hydrochloric acid concentration of 22%, liquid volume of concentrated sulfuric acid of 0.5%, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 2.5∶1, decomposition temperature of 85 ℃, decomposition time of 2 h, stirring rate of 360 r/min, the decomposition rate of calcium tungstate in scheelite is 99.6%, and the decomposition rate is high. The process of HCl-H2SO4 synergistic decomposition of scheelite is controlled by chemical reaction and solid film mixing, and the apparent activation energy is 45.52 kJ/mol. The CaWO4 in scheelite can be efficiently converted into tungstic acid, thus effectively improving the tungsten extraction rate in scheelite.

, correspAuthors=Degang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guozuan XU, Daibin ZHANG, Chenglong HUANG, Longhui ZHANG, Degang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148109999026462789, articleId=1148109989710913833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=用HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿试验研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了采用HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿,考察了各工艺参数对分解效果的影响,并探讨了分解过程动力学。结果表明:在盐酸浓度22%、浓硫酸用量0.5%、液固体积质量比2.5∶1、分解温度85 ℃、分解时间2 h、搅拌速率360 r/min优化条件下,白钨矿中钨酸钙分解率达99.6%,分解率较高;HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿过程受化学反应和固体膜层混合控制,表观活化能为45.52 kJ/mol,白钨矿中的钨酸钙可高效转变为钨酸,从而使白钨矿中钨提取率得到有效提升。, correspAuthors=刘德刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘德刚(1986—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为稀有金属提取与分离、冶金固废资源化与无害化。E-mail:
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徐国钻(1984—),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为钨湿法冶金及粉末冶金。

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徐国钻(1984—),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为钨湿法冶金及粉末冶金。

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徐国钻(1984—),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为钨湿法冶金及粉末冶金。

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Efficient leaching of scheelite in sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2020, 192.DOI:10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105292., articleTitle=Efficient leaching of scheelite in sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174444333878100955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=103, issue=1/2/3/4, pageStart=167, pageEnd=172, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=16, authorNames=AWE S, SAMUELSSON C, SANDSTROM A, journalName=Hydrometallurgy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AWE S, SAMUELSSON C, SANDSTROM A. Dissolution kinetics of tetrahedrite mineral in alkaline sulphide media[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 103(1/2/3/4):167-172., articleTitle=Dissolution kinetics of tetrahedrite mineral in alkaline sulphide media, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1174444332435260344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, awardId=20224BBE51043, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省重点研发计划项目(20224BBE51043), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1174444332510757818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, awardId=S2019GDQ1090, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省双千计划项目(S2019GDQ1090), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1174444332569478076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, awardId=20232BCJ23060, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省赣鄱俊才支持计划项目(20232BCJ23060), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174444328056406822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444328064795431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, companyId=1174444328056406822, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Chongyi Zhangyuan Tungsten Co., Ltd., Ganzhou, 341000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444328077378344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, companyId=1174444328056406822, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 崇义章源钨业股份有限公司, 江西 赣州, 341000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1174444328207401769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444328215790378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, companyId=1174444328207401769, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Metallurgical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174444328219984683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, companyId=1174444328207401769, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 江西理工大学 冶金工程学院, 江西 赣州 341000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1174444330262610820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=XRD pattern of scheelite, figureFileSmall=OlWG6KFklshKV8o4K7/pdw==, figureFileBig=0uuX4f+aqv6PkmtgYEn6Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444330321331078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=CN, label=图1, caption=白钨矿的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=OlWG6KFklshKV8o4K7/pdw==, figureFileBig=0uuX4f+aqv6PkmtgYEn6Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444330384245640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of hydrochloric acid concentration on decomposition of scheelite, figureFileSmall=8pVAXeOkZjduQXdUWriQ6w==, figureFileBig=YpA2oTGdTBy7/Gqs3PjndQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444330463937418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=CN, label=图2, caption=盐酸浓度对白钨矿分解的影响, figureFileSmall=8pVAXeOkZjduQXdUWriQ6w==, figureFileBig=YpA2oTGdTBy7/Gqs3PjndQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444330522657675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of sulfuric acid dosage on decomposition of scheelite, figureFileSmall=m3smyfZadbIf+lMswVtc0A==, figureFileBig=hSEGgMcXJc/e4xYdOUVXnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444330585572237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=CN, label=图3, caption=硫酸用量对白钨矿分解的影响, figureFileSmall=m3smyfZadbIf+lMswVtc0A==, figureFileBig=hSEGgMcXJc/e4xYdOUVXnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174444330644292495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM photos of decomposition slag obtained at different sulfuric acid dosage

a—0;b—0.5%;c—1%;d—3%;e—5%。

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a—0.5 min;b—5 min;c—120 min。

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XRF analysis results of full elements of scheelite %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WO3 CaO Fe2O3 SiO2 Sn2O SO3 P2O5 F Al2O3 其他
52.46 31.10 0.90 0.57 1.26 0.51 0.49 11.28 0.39 1.04
), ArticleFig(id=1174444332171019185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

白钨矿的全元素XRF分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WO3 CaO Fe2O3 SiO2 Sn2O SO3 P2O5 F Al2O3 其他
52.46 31.10 0.90 0.57 1.26 0.51 0.49 11.28 0.39 1.04
), ArticleFig(id=1174444332242322355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting correlation coefficients(R2) of three kinetic models at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 1-(1-x)1/3 1-2x/3-
(1-x)2/3
1/3ln(1-x)+
(1-x)-1/3-1
60 0.826 2 0.881 5 0.925 9
70 0.655 4 0.661 9 0.962 6
80 0.560 2 0.523 9 0.913 5
), ArticleFig(id=1174444332296848309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1148109989710913833, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同温度下3种动力学模型的拟合相关系数(R2)

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温度/℃ 1-(1-x)1/3 1-2x/3-
(1-x)2/3
1/3ln(1-x)+
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60 0.826 2 0.881 5 0.925 9
70 0.655 4 0.661 9 0.962 6
80 0.560 2 0.523 9 0.913 5
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用HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿试验研究
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徐国钻 1 , 张代彬 1 , 黄成龙 1 , 张龙辉 1 , 刘德刚 1, 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025,44(1): 45-51
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2025, 44(1): 45-51
用HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿试验研究
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徐国钻1, 张代彬1, 黄成龙1, 张龙辉1, 刘德刚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 崇义章源钨业股份有限公司, 江西 赣州, 341000
  • 2 江西理工大学 冶金工程学院, 江西 赣州 341000
  • 徐国钻(1984—),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为钨湿法冶金及粉末冶金。

通讯作者:

刘德刚(1986—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为稀有金属提取与分离、冶金固废资源化与无害化。E-mail:
Synergistic Decomposition of Scheelite by HCl-H2SO4
Guozuan XU1, Daibin ZHANG1, Chenglong HUANG1, Longhui ZHANG1, Degang LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Chongyi Zhangyuan Tungsten Co., Ltd., Ganzhou, 341000, China
  • 2 School of Metallurgical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.007
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研究了采用HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿,考察了各工艺参数对分解效果的影响,并探讨了分解过程动力学。结果表明:在盐酸浓度22%、浓硫酸用量0.5%、液固体积质量比2.5∶1、分解温度85 ℃、分解时间2 h、搅拌速率360 r/min优化条件下,白钨矿中钨酸钙分解率达99.6%,分解率较高;HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿过程受化学反应和固体膜层混合控制,表观活化能为45.52 kJ/mol,白钨矿中的钨酸钙可高效转变为钨酸,从而使白钨矿中钨提取率得到有效提升。
白钨矿  /  HCl  /  H2SO4  /  协同分解  /  动力学

The synergistic decomposition of scheelite by HCl-H2SO4 was studied. The influence of various process parameters on the decomposition effect was investigated, and the kinetics of decomposition process was discussed. The results show that under the optimal conditions of hydrochloric acid concentration of 22%, liquid volume of concentrated sulfuric acid of 0.5%, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 2.5∶1, decomposition temperature of 85 ℃, decomposition time of 2 h, stirring rate of 360 r/min, the decomposition rate of calcium tungstate in scheelite is 99.6%, and the decomposition rate is high. The process of HCl-H2SO4 synergistic decomposition of scheelite is controlled by chemical reaction and solid film mixing, and the apparent activation energy is 45.52 kJ/mol. The CaWO4 in scheelite can be efficiently converted into tungstic acid, thus effectively improving the tungsten extraction rate in scheelite.

scheelite  /  hydrochloric acid  /  sulfuric acid  /  synergistic decomposition  /  kinetics
徐国钻, 张代彬, 黄成龙, 张龙辉, 刘德刚. 用HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2025 , 44 (1) : 45 -51 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.007
Guozuan XU, Daibin ZHANG, Chenglong HUANG, Longhui ZHANG, Degang LIU. Synergistic Decomposition of Scheelite by HCl-H2SO4[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2025 , 44 (1) : 45 -51 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.007
钨因具有优异的物理化学性能被誉为“工业之齿”,在民用、工业、军事等领域发挥着重要作用[1-2]。我国钨资源丰富,约占全球总钨资源量的70%。但随着多年持续不断的开采,黑钨矿资源面临日渐枯竭的挑战,白钨矿精矿逐渐成为了生产钨的主要矿物原料[3-4]。因此,从白钨矿中高效提取钨具有重要意义。
目前,Na2CO3压煮法和NaOH压煮法是从白钨矿中回收钨应用较为广泛的方法。两种方法都能在高温高压条件下高效分解白钨矿得到钨酸钠溶液[5-6]。由于Na2CO3/NaOH与CaWO4的反应平衡常数较小,导致分解白钨矿时Na2CO3或NaOH消耗量较大,使生产成本升高。此外,NaOH压煮法还会出现“返钙”现象,即蒸压过程中生成的Ca(OH)2易与Na2WO4发生反应重新生成CaWO4,影响钨回收率[7-9]。为解决从白钨矿中回收钨成本高、易“返钙”的问题,有研究人员提出:采用价格低廉的盐酸分解白钨矿,但该法分解产生的钨酸会以细颗粒絮状致密形态粘附在未分解白钨矿颗粒表面,阻碍盐酸与白钨矿进一步反应,造成白钨矿分解不完全[10]。因此,如何调控盐酸分解白钨矿体系,即通过调控钨酸形貌使其从细颗粒絮状转变成疏松多孔颗粒状,从而增加盐酸与白钨矿的接触概率,促进分解反应进行,是提高盐酸分解白钨矿效率的关键。有研究表明,$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$对氢氧化钙晶体形貌具有一定调控作用,$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$的存在能阻止氢氧化钙晶体的大块团聚,促进大量板状小颗粒的形成,同时使得六方板状氢氧化钙晶体的中心形成特征空洞[11];K2SO4对水热法制成的WO3海胆状微球结构也有很大促进作用[12]。因此,为改变盐酸分解白钨矿生成的钨酸形貌,使其变得疏松多孔,从而利于盐酸继续分解未分解的白钨矿,提高钨提取率,试验研究了在体系中添加硫酸,即采用盐酸-硫酸协同法分解白钨矿。考察了盐酸浓度、浓硫酸用量、液固体积质量比、分解温度、分解时间对白钨矿中钨酸钙分解率的影响,探讨了分解过程动力学,并对分解渣形貌和物相进行了分析,以期为开发低成本白钨矿冶炼技术提供一种新思路。
白钨矿取自于江西某钨冶炼厂,外观呈灰色,在105 ℃烘箱里烘干至恒重后进行球磨,过200目筛,待用。白钨矿的全元素XRF分析结果见表1,XRD图谱如图1所示。可以看出:白钨矿中主要元素为W、O、Ca、F,还含有少量Sn、Fe、Si、Mg、S、P和Al等;主要物相为CaWO4和CaF2。为了计算钨酸钙分解率,采用硝酸铵重量法对白钨矿中WO3进行定量分析,结果表明,WO3质量分数为53.88%。
试剂:浓盐酸、浓硫酸、氢氧化钠,均为分析纯。水为去离子水。
在加热条件下,白钨矿可在HCl-H2SO4强酸体系被分解,其中的CaWO4会与H+反应生成钨酸沉淀与钙离子,反应式如下:
CaWO4+2H+═══════H2WO4↓+Ca2+
首先配制试验用HCl-H2SO4溶液,即量取一定量浓盐酸并稀释至一定浓度,再量取适量浓硫酸缓慢加入至稀释后的盐酸溶液中,将上述溶液缓慢加入至一定量去离子水中;称取50.0 g白钨矿置于反应容器中,加入配制好的HCl-H2SO4溶液,开启搅拌并加热;待温度达到设定温度后,反应一定时间,之后停止加热,在抽滤瓶中进行过滤、洗涤,得到分解渣;最后将分解渣置于105 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒重,研磨后称量并记录。
为了计算分解渣中钨酸钙含量,将分解渣全部加入烧杯中,按液固体积质量比1∶1加入200 g/L氢氧化钠溶液于烧杯中;开启搅拌,设定搅拌速率为240 r/min,将恒温水浴锅设置为80 ℃,待反应1 h后停止搅拌;过滤、洗涤,将浸出渣置于105 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒重,研磨后称量并记录;测定浸出渣中WO3含量,计算白钨矿中钨酸钙分解率x。计算公式如下:
x=(1-$\frac{{m}_{1}{w}_{1}}{mw}$)×100%。
式中:x—白钨矿中钨酸钙分解率,%;m—白钨矿样品质量,g;w—白钨矿中WO3质量分数,%;m1—浸出渣质量,g;w1—浸出渣中WO3质量分数,%。
物相分析:采用日本Rigaku公司生产的TTR-Ⅲ型X射线衍射仪进行分析。
微观形貌分析:采用日本电子公司生产的JSM-6360LV型扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)观察。
在分解温度85 ℃、液固体积质量比2.5∶1(mL∶g,下同)、搅拌速率360 r/min、分解时间2 h、未添加硫酸条件下,考察盐酸浓度对白钨矿分解的影响,试验结果如图2所示。可知:钨酸钙分解率随盐酸浓度增大呈先显著增大后趋于平缓趋势,这是因为在固液非均相反应中,增大浸出剂浓度可以加快反应速率[7];盐酸浓度增至15%时,钨酸钙分解率为92.5%;盐酸浓度增至22%时,分解率提升4%,升高明显;继续增至30%,分解率仅提高0.8%。这表明盐酸浓度对分解白钨矿效果影响显著,这一结果与文献[13]研究结果相似。因此,综合考虑盐酸用量及钨酸钙分解率,确定适宜的盐酸浓度为22%。
在盐酸浓度22%、分解温度85 ℃、液固体积质量比2.5∶1、搅拌速率360 r/min、分解时间2 h条件下,考察浓硫酸用量(相对于HCl溶液体积)对白钨矿分解的影响,试验结果如图3所示。不同硫酸用量下分解渣的XRD图谱、SEM照片分别如图45所示。
图3可知,钨酸钙分解率随硫酸用量增大呈先升高后迅速降低趋势:不添加硫酸时钨酸钙分解率为96.5%;浓硫酸用量增至0.5%时,钨酸钙分解率显著增至99.6%;浓硫酸用量增至1%时,钨酸钙分解率开始下降;浓硫酸用量至3.0%时,钨酸钙分解率迅速下降至85.2%。由图4可知:浓硫酸用量为0.5%时,分解渣较未加入硫酸时变得疏松多孔,说明溶液中此条件下HCl溶液中存在的$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$有利于H+通过附着在白钨矿颗粒表面的钨酸薄膜与CaWO4继续反应。由图5可知:HCl溶液中$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$超过一定浓度时,会与Ca2+生成CaSO4·2H2O沉淀,而CaSO4·2H2O会覆盖在未反应的白钨矿颗粒表面,阻止H+与CaWO4继续反应[14]。因此,确定适宜的浓硫酸用量为HCl溶液体积的0.5%。
在盐酸浓度22%、液固体积质量比2.5∶1、搅拌速率360 r/min、浓硫酸用量为HCl溶液体积的0.5%、分解时间2 h条件下,考察分解温度对白钨矿分解的影响,试验结果如图6所示。
图6可知,分解温度对盐酸分解白钨矿影响较大,钨酸钙分解率随浸出温度升高呈先显著增大后趋于平缓趋势:温度为55 ℃时,钨酸钙分解率为94.1%;温度升至65 ℃时,钨酸钙分解率仅提升1.3%;继续升高温度至85 ℃,钨酸钙分解率显著提升,达99.6%;温度继续升至95 ℃时,钨酸钙分解率仅提高0.2%,变化较小。综合考虑能耗及白钨矿分解效果,确定适宜的分解温度为85 ℃。
在盐酸浓度22%、分解温度85 ℃、搅拌速率360 r/min、浓硫酸用量为HCl溶液体积的0.5%、分解时间2 h条件下,考察液固体积质量比对白钨矿分解的影响,试验结果如图7所示。
图7可知,钨酸钙分解率随液固体积质量比增大呈先显著增大后趋于平缓趋势:液固体积质量比为1.5∶1时,钨酸钙分解率为98.6%;液固体积质量比增至2.5∶1时,钨酸钙分解率为99.6%;液固体积质量比进一步增至3∶1时,钨酸钙分解率仅提高0.2%,之后基本无变化。综合考虑白钨矿分解效果和试剂耗量,确定适宜的液固体积质量比为2.5∶1。
在盐酸浓度22%、液固体积质量比2.5∶1、分解温度85 ℃、搅拌速率360 r/min、浓硫酸用量为HCl溶液体积的0.5%条件下,考察分解时间对白钨矿分解的影响,试验结果如图8所示。可知,钨酸钙分解率随分解时间增大呈先显著增大后趋于平缓趋势:分解时间为1.0 h时,钨酸钙分解率为98.6%;分解时间延长至2.0 h,钨酸钙分解率增至99.6%;继续延长时间,钨酸钙分解率变化不明显。综合考虑白钨矿分解效果和生产成本,确定适宜的分解时间为2.0 h。
在盐酸浓度22%、液固体积质量比2.5∶1、分解温度85 ℃、搅拌速率360 r/min、浓硫酸用量为HCl溶液体积的0.5%条件下分解白钨矿,不同分解时间下分解渣的XRD图谱如图9所示。
对比图19看出:白钨矿原料中只存在CaWO4和CaF2物相,而用HCl-H2SO4协同分解后,出现了H2WO4新物相;随反应时间延长,H2WO4衍射峰不断增强;CaWO4衍射峰不断减弱,并在反应120 min后消失,说明此时CaWO4已经基本分解完全;CaF2衍射峰随反应时间延长,强度变化不明显,这主要由于CaF2是一种微溶于盐酸的矿物导致。
为了探究白钨矿在HCl-H2SO4协同分解过程的形貌变化和微区元素分布,对分解渣进行SEM-EDS分析,结果如图10所示。
图10可知:白钨矿颗粒的形貌呈不规则块状或颗粒状,用HCl-H2SO4分解后,颗粒表面出现絮状物,对絮状物进一步放大后发现其形貌多孔且疏松;随反应时间延长,絮状物不断增多并附着在未反应颗粒表面;对分解5 min后的分解渣进行EDS能谱分析发现,点位1为大块颗粒,其中Ca∶F原子数比为26.14∶73.43接近1∶2,结合XRD结果推测其可能为CaF2;点位2为絮状物,其中Ca∶F∶W∶O原子数比为6.54∶20.01∶10.86∶61.95,这可能是钨酸与CaF2、CaWO4黏附在一起所致。
用HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿的过程属于液-固两相反应。结合白钨矿分解渣的XRD与SEM分析结果可知,反应后白钨矿中的钨酸钙转变为钨酸沉淀,钨酸在白钨矿颗粒表面形成固体膜层,该固体膜层随反应进行不断加厚,而内部未反应的核半径不断缩小。因此,HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿过程符合冶金动力学中的收缩核模型[15]
当白钨矿中钨酸钙分解速率受化学反应控制时,动力学方程可表示为:
1-(1-x${)}^{\frac{1}{3}}$=k1t;
当白钨矿中钨酸钙分解速率受固体膜层控制时,动力学方程可表示为:
1-$\frac{2}{3}$x-(1-x${)}^{\frac{2}{3}}$=k2t;
当白钨矿中钨酸钙分解速率受两者混合控制时,动力学方程可表示为:
$\frac{1}{3}$ln(1-x)-1+(1-x${)}^{-\frac{1}{3}}$=k3t
式中:x—白钨矿中钨酸钙分解率,%;t—分解时间,min;k1—化学反应速率常数,min-1;k2—反应扩散过程速率常数,min-1;k3—混合控制反应速率常数,min-1
在盐酸浓度22%、浓硫酸用量为HCl溶液体积的0.5%、液固体积质量比2.5∶1、搅拌速率360 r/min条件下,考察不同温度下白钨矿中钨酸钙分解率与分解时间之间的关系,结果如图11所示。
为了确定HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿过程的动力学参数和控制步骤,将图11试验数据代入式(3)~(5),用3种动力学模型进行线性拟合,3种动力学模型的拟合相关系数(R2)见表2。可以看出:式(5)的线性相关系数较好,表明HCl-H2SO4分解白钨矿过程受化学反应和固体膜层混合控制。该结果与分解渣形貌分析结果吻合,即HCl-H2SO4分解白钨矿过程受CaF2和H2WO4固体膜层控制。
根据阿伦尼乌斯方程:
k=Aexp($\frac{-{E}_{a}}{RT}$)。
式中:k—化学反应速率常数,min-1;A—频率因子,min-1;R—理想气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);Ea—表观活化能,kJ/mol。
对式(6)两边同时取自然对数,得ln k与1/T的关系式(7),所得拟合直线的斜率经过换算可得反应过程表观活化能。
ln k=ln A-$\frac{{E}_{a}}{RT}$。
图12为ln k -1/T拟合曲线,结合式(7)计算得出该反应的表观活化能为45.52 kJ/mol。
1)通过HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿提取钨是可行的,在盐酸浓度22%、浓硫酸用量为HCl溶液体积的0.5%、液固体积质量比2.5∶1、分解温度85 ℃、分解时间2 h、搅拌速率360 r/min最优条件下,白钨矿中钨酸钙分解率可达99.6%,加入H2SO4可明显提升分解效果。
2)HCl-H2SO4协同分解白钨矿的动力学过程符合收缩核模型,该分解过程受化学反应和CaF2、H2WO4固体膜层混合控制,表观活化能为45.52 kJ/mol,分解产物为H2WO4和CaCl2
3)HCl-H2SO4协同法能实现白钨矿中钨酸钙到钨酸高效转化,分解渣中钨酸中的钨后续可通过NaOH溶液或氨水浸出。该法为白钨矿低成本提取钨提供了一种新思路,有望实现工业化生产,但该法会产生大量高钙高酸废液,关于废液的循环利用有待进一步研究。
  • 江西省重点研发计划项目(20224BBE51043)
  • 江西省双千计划项目(S2019GDQ1090)
  • 江西省赣鄱俊才支持计划项目(20232BCJ23060)
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2025年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2025.01.007
  • 接收时间:2024-08-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-04
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江西省重点研发计划项目(20224BBE51043)
江西省双千计划项目(S2019GDQ1090)
江西省赣鄱俊才支持计划项目(20232BCJ23060)
作者信息
    1 崇义章源钨业股份有限公司, 江西 赣州, 341000
    2 江西理工大学 冶金工程学院, 江西 赣州 341000

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刘德刚(1986—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为稀有金属提取与分离、冶金固废资源化与无害化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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