Article(id=1172618990967992502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)04-0380-05, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673884800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503753653, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503753653, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503753653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503753653, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172618990200434867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='345', pageEnd='471', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503753469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758502232130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1176806913292513711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1176806913296708016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=380, endPage=384, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172618991202873527, articleId=1172618990967992502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Separation and Recovery Process of Tin,Zinc,and Cadmium from Tin Smelting Dust, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The sparation and recovery of tin, zinc and cadmium from tin smelting dust by sulfuric acid leaching—removing arsenic with oxidation hydrolysis—replacing cadmium with zinc powder were studied. And the effects of various factors on the sparation and recovery were investigated. The results show that the leaching rates of Zn and Cd are 93.25% and 89.35%, respectively, and the leaching rates of Sn are less than 0. 1% under the conditions of initial sulfuric acid concentration of 15%, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 3∶1, leaching time of 120 min and leaching temperature of 90 ℃. When the amount of hydrogen peroxide is 2% and the control end point pH is 5, the mass concentration of As in the leaching solution can decrease to 0.1 mg/L after arsenic removal. Under the conditions of reaction temperature of 60 ℃, dosage of zinc powder 1.0 times of the theoretical amount, stirring speed of 250 r/min and reaction time of 30 min, sponge cadmium with cadmium content above 95% is obtained. The process can realize efficient recovery and utilization of valuable metals in tin smelting dust.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shanlin SHI, Wen LU, Xinyu CAO, Faxin XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1172619415418975192, articleId=1172618990967992502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=锡冶炼烟尘中锡、锌、镉的分离回收工艺研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了采用硫酸浸出—氧化水解脱砷—锌粉置换镉工艺分离回收锡冶炼烟尘中的锡、锌、镉,考察了各因素对分离回收效果的影响。结果表明:在初始硫酸浓度15%、液固体积质量比3∶1、浸出时间120 min、浸出温度90 ℃条件下,Zn、Cd浸出率分别为93.25%、89.35%,Sn浸出率小于0.1%;浸出液在双氧水加入量为2%、控制终点pH为5时,除砷后夜中As质量浓度降至0.1 mg/L;除砷后液在反应温度60 ℃、锌粉用量为理论量1.0倍、搅拌速度250 r/min、反应时间30 min条件下,可得到含镉95%以上的海绵镉。该工艺可实现锡冶炼烟尘中有价金属高效回收利用。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=LwUMxoEuHgmCfOdxgo8/LA==, magXml=JpzwzsPIQsqB7UKc9KUCig==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=BrTi0iQrNA0Vqb2l4T1DJg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6OLIjBEqPsFg3L0Vy1weAw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

施善林(1982—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为冶金工程。

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施善林(1982—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为冶金工程。

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施善林(1982—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为冶金工程。

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Sn Zn Cd As Sb Bi Fe Pb
28.66 34.45 8.76 1.56 2.36 0.32 2.45 3.52
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锡冶炼烟尘的化学定量分析结果 %

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Sn Zn Cd As Sb Bi Fe Pb
28.66 34.45 8.76 1.56 2.36 0.32 2.45 3.52
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Zn2+ Cd2+ As3+ Fe2+
101.82 4.09 0.011 0.761
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锡烟尘浸出液的主要化学组分 g/L

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Zn2+ Cd2+ As3+ Fe2+
101.82 4.09 0.011 0.761
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Zn2+ Cd2+ As3+ Fe
96.34 3.98 0.002
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除砷后溶液的化学组分 g/L

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Zn2+ Cd2+ As3+ Fe
96.34 3.98 0.002
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锡冶炼烟尘中锡、锌、镉的分离回收工艺研究
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施善林 1 , 路文 1 , 曹昕宇 2 , 肖发新 2
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(4): 380-384
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(4): 380-384
锡冶炼烟尘中锡、锌、镉的分离回收工艺研究
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施善林1, 路文1, 曹昕宇2, 肖发新2
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳有色金属研究院有限公司, 辽宁 沈阳 110141
  • 2 东北大学 冶金学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110141
  • 施善林(1982—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为冶金工程。

Separation and Recovery Process of Tin,Zinc,and Cadmium from Tin Smelting Dust
Shanlin SHI1, Wen LU1, Xinyu CAO2, Faxin XIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 Shenyang Nonferrous Metals Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110141, China
  • 2 School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110141, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.004
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研究了采用硫酸浸出—氧化水解脱砷—锌粉置换镉工艺分离回收锡冶炼烟尘中的锡、锌、镉,考察了各因素对分离回收效果的影响。结果表明:在初始硫酸浓度15%、液固体积质量比3∶1、浸出时间120 min、浸出温度90 ℃条件下,Zn、Cd浸出率分别为93.25%、89.35%,Sn浸出率小于0.1%;浸出液在双氧水加入量为2%、控制终点pH为5时,除砷后夜中As质量浓度降至0.1 mg/L;除砷后液在反应温度60 ℃、锌粉用量为理论量1.0倍、搅拌速度250 r/min、反应时间30 min条件下,可得到含镉95%以上的海绵镉。该工艺可实现锡冶炼烟尘中有价金属高效回收利用。
锡冶炼烟尘  /  有价金属  /  回收  /  浸出  /  锡  /  锌  /  镉  /  分离

The sparation and recovery of tin, zinc and cadmium from tin smelting dust by sulfuric acid leaching—removing arsenic with oxidation hydrolysis—replacing cadmium with zinc powder were studied. And the effects of various factors on the sparation and recovery were investigated. The results show that the leaching rates of Zn and Cd are 93.25% and 89.35%, respectively, and the leaching rates of Sn are less than 0. 1% under the conditions of initial sulfuric acid concentration of 15%, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 3∶1, leaching time of 120 min and leaching temperature of 90 ℃. When the amount of hydrogen peroxide is 2% and the control end point pH is 5, the mass concentration of As in the leaching solution can decrease to 0.1 mg/L after arsenic removal. Under the conditions of reaction temperature of 60 ℃, dosage of zinc powder 1.0 times of the theoretical amount, stirring speed of 250 r/min and reaction time of 30 min, sponge cadmium with cadmium content above 95% is obtained. The process can realize efficient recovery and utilization of valuable metals in tin smelting dust.

tin smelting dust  /  valuable metal  /  recovery  /  leaching  /  tin  /  zinc  /  cadmium  /  separation
施善林, 路文, 曹昕宇, 肖发新. 锡冶炼烟尘中锡、锌、镉的分离回收工艺研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (4) : 380 -384 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.004
Shanlin SHI, Wen LU, Xinyu CAO, Faxin XIAO. Separation and Recovery Process of Tin,Zinc,and Cadmium from Tin Smelting Dust[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (4) : 380 -384 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.004
锡矿石的氧化焙烧—电炉熔炼过程会产生大量富含锡、锌、铟、镉等有价金属的冶炼烟尘,经多次返炉冶炼后,锌、镉、砷等杂质元素在烟尘中不断累积,不仅给收尘系统造成巨大压力,还会恶化炉况,影响粗锡产品质量,因此有必要定期进行烟尘开路处理。从锡烟尘中回收锡、锌、铟等有价金属可提高资源综合利用率,为企业带来一定经济效益,提升企业竞争力[1-4]
锡矿石原料的来源和成分不同,所产生烟尘的化学组分存在差异,因此所采用的处理方法也不尽相同,但基本以湿法为主。目前关于湿法工艺的研究主要集中在锡烟尘中锌、锑、铟、镉等有价金属[5-11]单一组分的分离和回收方面,如对锑[5]、锌[6,9-10]、镉[7]进行浸出,或者针对锡烟尘中有价金属铟进行浸出[8-9,11],而针对锡烟尘中锌、镉等多组分同时浸出和梯级回收研究鲜见报道,对回收工艺中有害杂质砷和铁的脱除研究也较少。
试验基于有价金属梯级分离和有害杂质砷、铁的定向脱除思路,提出锡冶炼烟尘中锡、锌、镉等有价金属分离回收方案,采用硫酸浸出锌、镉,浸出渣作为富锡原料返回锡冶炼工序,再采用氧化水解法去除浸出液中砷、铁杂质,之后用锌粉置换回收镉,得到杂质含量较低的硫酸锌溶液,后续可采用湿法炼锌工艺或进一步加工成硫酸锌等产品,实现锡冶炼开路烟尘中有价金属资源的综合回收。
试验原料:锡冶炼烟尘,呈灰色粉状,质轻,由中国有色集团赤峰大井子锡业公司提供,化学元素定量分析结果见表1,XRD分析结果如图1所示。可以看出,锡冶炼烟尘的主要物相为SnO2、ZnO和Zn2SnO4
试验用主要试剂有硫酸、双氧水、氧化钙、锌粉等,均为分析纯。
利用Factsage软件绘制Sn(Zn、Cd)-H2O系的Eh-pH关系图(298 K),如图2所示。
图2看出:在Sn(Zn、Cd)-H2O系中,Zn2+、Cd2+具有较大的稳定优势区域,而Sn2+稳定存在的区域较小,因此,通过硫酸浸出实现锡与锌、镉的分离具有热力学可行性[12]。在硫酸浸出过程中,锡烟尘中金属氧化物与硫酸发生反应,生成相应的硫酸盐,其中硫酸锌、硫酸镉可在溶液中稳定存在,而硫酸亚锡不稳定,易被空气氧化为硫酸锡,继而发生水解形成难溶的锡酸进入渣中。主要化学反应方程式如下:
ZnO+H2SO4═══════ZnSO4+H2O;
CdO+H2SO4═══════CdSO4+H2O;
Zn2SnO4+2H2SO4═══════2ZnSO4+SnO2+2H2O;
SnO+H2SO4═══════SnSO4+H2O;
2SnSO4+2H2O+O2═══════2SnO2↓+2H2SO4
浸出液中除含有锌、镉外,还含有少量的砷、铁等杂质。砷作为有毒元素,在后续置换过程易生成AsH3剧毒气体,因此,必须在置换前进行除砷处理。
含砷溶液多采用砷酸铁沉淀法[12-14]处理,砷酸铁沉淀法一般要求铁砷物质的量比为1。酸浸所得浸出液中含足够量铁离子,铁砷物质的量比为1.7,满足砷酸铁沉淀法要求。因此,试验采用氧化水解法除砷。烟尘浸出液氧化水解除砷、铁的反应方程式为:
2H3AsO3+2FeSO4+3H2O2+2CaO═══════2FeAsO4·H2O↓+2CaSO4·2H2O↓。
锌粉置换镉的反应方程式为:
Zn+CdSO4═══════ZnSO4+Cd↓。
试验所采用的工艺流程如图3所示。
1)低酸浸出。取一定浓度硫酸溶液放入烧杯中,将烧杯置于水浴锅中加热,待温度升至预设温度后,按照一定液固体积质量比加入锡冶炼烟尘,开启搅拌并计时,控制搅拌速度为350 r/min。反应结束后,抽滤,固液分离,滤渣用1%硫酸溶液洗涤3次。分别收集滤液、滤渣,滤渣于105 ℃下干燥2 h后进行化学成分分析,计算元素渣计浸出率。计算公式为:
$x=\frac{{m}_{1} {w}_{1}-{m}_{2} {w}_{2}}{{m}_{1} {w}_{1}}\times 100\%。$
式中:x—浸出率,%;m1—原料质量,g;w1—原料中元素质量分数,%;m2—滤渣质量,g;w2—滤渣中元素质量分数,%。
2)氧化水解。将酸浸液倒入烧杯中并置于水浴锅中,在一定温度下加入30%双氧水,搅拌反应30 min后用氧化钙乳液调节溶液pH>4,过滤,滤液送分析,测定其中砷浓度,考察除砷效果。
3)锌粉置换。向除砷后液中加入一定量锌粉,搅拌反应一定时间后过滤,得海绵镉和硫酸锌溶液。
固定反应温度90 ℃、液固体积质量比3∶1、浸出时间120 min试验条件不变,考察初始硫酸浓度对烟尘中锡、锌、镉浸出率的影响,试验结果如图4所示。
图4看出:初始硫酸浓度对锌浸出率的影响较明显,随初始硫酸浓度增大,锌浸出率提高,初始硫酸浓度为15%时,锌浸出率达90%以上,继续增大初始硫酸浓度,锌浸出率提高不明显;初始硫酸浓度在12%~18%范围内,镉浸出率随初始硫酸浓度增大略有提高,但幅度不大;而锡在初始硫酸浓度为12%~15%时基本不被浸出,当大于15%时,锡有明显浸出,原因是此时溶液中剩余硫酸较多,锡化合物发生溶解,使得锡浸出率有所升高。综合分析,选择适宜的初始硫酸浓度为15%,该条件下的浸出终点硫酸质量浓度为7.5 g/L。
固定反应温度90 ℃、初始硫酸浓度15%、浸出时间120 min试验条件不变,考察液固体积质量比对烟尘中锡、锌、镉浸出率的影响试验结果如图5所示。
图5看出:随液固体积质量比增大,锌、镉浸出率没有明显变化,而锡浸出率逐渐提高。为避免硫酸浸出锌、镉同时,锡也被浸出,实现锡与锌、镉有效分离,选择适宜的液固体积质量比为3∶1。
固定初始硫酸浓度15%、液固体积质量比3∶1、浸出时间120 min试验条件不变,考察反应温度对烟尘中锡、锌、镉浸出率的影响,试验结果如图6所示。
图6看出,反应温度对烟尘中锡、锌、镉浸出率的影响较明显:锌、镉浸出率随温度升高而逐渐提高,说明高温有利于锡烟尘中锌、镉浸出;而锡浸出率随温度升高而逐渐降低,温度越低,锡浸出率越高,这是由于在低温时锌浸出率较低,余酸浓度较高,导致锡被浸出,锌浸出率随温度升高而提高,余酸被逐渐消耗,锡浸出率也随之降低。为确保锌浸出率在90%以上,实现锡与锌、镉的有效分离,选择适宜的反应温度为90 ℃。
固定反应温度90 ℃、初始硫酸浓度15%、液固体积质量比3∶1试验条件不变,考察反应时间对烟尘中锡、锌、镉浸出率的影响,试验结果如图7所示。
图7看出:锌、隔浸出率随反应时间延长呈先升高后趋于稳定趋势,反应120 min时,锌、隔浸出率基本达最大;而锡在整个反应过程中基本不被浸出。因此,选择适宜的反应时间为120 min。
综合以上条件试验结果,确定锡烟尘硫酸浸出锌、镉的最佳工艺条件为:初始硫酸酸浓度15%,液固体积质量比3∶1,反应温度90 ℃,反应时间120 min,搅拌速度350 r/min,浸出终点余酸质量浓度为7.5 g/L。在该条件下,锌、镉浸出率分别为93.25%和89.35%,锡浸出率小于0.1%,基本不被浸出,能实现锡与锌、镉的有效分离,酸浸渣产率为52.45%,其中含锡52.30%。酸浸渣的XRD分析结果(见图8)表明,氧化锌物相消失,锡主要以二氧化锡和锡酸锌形式存在,可以作为含锡原料返回锡冶炼工序。
锡冶炼烟尘经硫酸浸出后的含锌、镉酸浸液pH=2.0,其主要化学组分分析结果见表2
氧化剂双氧水用量和终点pH对除砷效果的影响试验结果如图9所示。可以看出,酸浸液中除砷过程中无论是否加入氧化剂双氧水,所得除砷后夜中砷质量浓度均随终点pH升高而降低:未加入双氧水时,终点pH升至7.0时,除砷后液中砷质量浓度降至30 mg/L,主要原因可能是部分高价铁的水解产物对砷产生吸附作用;加入双氧水时,除砷后液中砷质量浓度比未加入时大幅下降,说明发生了砷酸铁沉淀反应;双氧水加入量为2%、控制终点pH为5时,除砷后液中砷质量浓度可降至0.1 mg/L。除砷后液化学组分见表3
采用锌粉置换法从除砷后液中回收镉时,为得到较高纯度的海绵镉,采用两段置换工艺。控制一段置换反应条件为:反应温度60 ℃,锌粉加入量为理论量1.0倍,搅拌速度250 r/min,反应时间30 min。由于锌粉的非过量加入,得到镉含量95%以上的海绵镉,置换后液中镉质量浓度为0.5 g/L。控制二段置换反应条件为:反应温度25 ℃,锌粉加入量10%,搅拌速度250 r/min,反应时间60 min。该条件下所得二段置换后液中镉质量浓度为0.001 g/L,镉得到深度去除,二段置换渣返回一段置换工序。图10为海绵镉的XRD分析结果,可知其主要成分为金属镉,同时夹杂少量碱式硫酸镉。
根据锡冶炼烟尘中锡、锌、镉在溶酸性溶液中化学性质差异,采用硫酸浸出—氧化水解除砷—锌粉置换镉工艺对烟尘中的有价金属进行回收处理,可实现3种金属的有效分离和综合回收利用,砷、铁等杂质能得到深度脱除。
较高的反应温度是低酸浸出分离锡、锌的关键,在反应温度为90 ℃时,锌浸出率可达90%以上,锡基本不被浸出。由于锡冶炼系统产生大量余热,该反应条件较易实现。锡在浸出渣中的富集倍数为2倍,浸出渣中锡质量分数为50%左右,可作为优质锡原料返回锡冶炼系统。该工艺可实现锡冶炼烟尘中有价金属的综合回收与高效利用,提升企业经济效益,增强市场竞争力。
  • 中国有色集团科技计划项目(2022KJJH05)
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2024年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.004
  • 接收时间:2023-01-17
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-17
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中国有色集团科技计划项目(2022KJJH05)
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    1 沈阳有色金属研究院有限公司, 辽宁 沈阳 110141
    2 东北大学 冶金学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110141
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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