Article(id=1172618990720528564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)04-0357-13, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503753595, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503753595, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503753595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503753595, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172618990200434867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='345', pageEnd='471', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503753469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758502232130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1176806913292513711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1176806913296708016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172618990200434867, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=357, endPage=369, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172618990963798197, articleId=1172618990720528564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Advances of Application of Cyclodextrin Based Materials in Adsorption and Separation of Radioactive Ions, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid expansion of the scale of nuclear energy, the proper treatment of radioactive waste generated by the nuclear industry has become one of the most important issues for the further development of nuclear energy. Cyclodextrin, as a kind of cyclic oligosaccharide composed of several glucopyranose units, has a good prospect of application in the field of radioactive ions adsorption and separation, because of its special molecular structure of internal hydrophobicity and external hydrophilicity. However, due to the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups in the cyclodextrin molecules, they are easily soluble in water. Generally, the solidification of cyclodextrins to insoluble solids is always needed before being used as adsorption materials. Depending on the different methods of "solidification", cyclodextrin based adsorbent materials can be divided into three types:loaded cyclodextrin materials, cyclodextrin polymer materials, and cyclodextrin inclusion complex materials. The synthesis and application research advances of the three types of cyclodextrin adsorbent materials in radioactive ion adsorption and separation are summarized, the related adsorption mechanisms are discussed. Besides, the perspectives of the cyclodextrin based adsorbents in the field of radioactive ion adsorption are presented.

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随着核能利用规模的快速扩大,核工业产生的放射性废液的妥善处理已成为制约核能进一步发展的重要议题之一。环糊精是一类由吡喃葡萄糖单元构成的环状寡糖,其具有“外部亲水、内部疏水”的独特分子结构,在放射性离子吸附分离领域具有良好的应用前景。但因环糊精分子含有大量羟基,易溶于水,一般先将其“固化”形成难溶固体后再用作吸附材料。按“固化”方式不同,可分为负载环糊精型吸附材料、环糊精聚合物吸附材料和环糊精包合物吸附材料。分类综述了3种环糊精吸附材料的合成及在放射性离子吸附分离方面的应用研究进展,讨论了环糊精材料对放射性元素的吸附机制,并对未来发展方向进行了展望。

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晏太红(1979—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要研究方向为核燃料循环与材料。E-mail:
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王文涛(1983—),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为核燃料循环与材料。

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王文涛(1983—),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为核燃料循环与材料。

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环糊精材料在放射性离子吸附分离中的应用研究进展
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王文涛 , 袁中伟 , 呼逸夫 , 张烨 , 晏太红
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(4): 357-369
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(4): 357-369
环糊精材料在放射性离子吸附分离中的应用研究进展
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王文涛, 袁中伟, 呼逸夫, 张烨, 晏太红
作者信息
  • 中国原子能科学研究院 放射化学研究所, 北京 102413
  • 王文涛(1983—),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为核燃料循环与材料。

通讯作者:

晏太红(1979—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要研究方向为核燃料循环与材料。E-mail:
Research Advances of Application of Cyclodextrin Based Materials in Adsorption and Separation of Radioactive Ions
Wentao WANG, Zhongwei YUAN, Yifu HU, Ye ZHANG, Taihong YAN
Affiliations
  • Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.002
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随着核能利用规模的快速扩大,核工业产生的放射性废液的妥善处理已成为制约核能进一步发展的重要议题之一。环糊精是一类由吡喃葡萄糖单元构成的环状寡糖,其具有“外部亲水、内部疏水”的独特分子结构,在放射性离子吸附分离领域具有良好的应用前景。但因环糊精分子含有大量羟基,易溶于水,一般先将其“固化”形成难溶固体后再用作吸附材料。按“固化”方式不同,可分为负载环糊精型吸附材料、环糊精聚合物吸附材料和环糊精包合物吸附材料。分类综述了3种环糊精吸附材料的合成及在放射性离子吸附分离方面的应用研究进展,讨论了环糊精材料对放射性元素的吸附机制,并对未来发展方向进行了展望。

环糊精  /  吸附材料  /  放射性离子  /  固化  /  负载  /  环糊精聚合物  /  包合物  /  分离

With the rapid expansion of the scale of nuclear energy, the proper treatment of radioactive waste generated by the nuclear industry has become one of the most important issues for the further development of nuclear energy. Cyclodextrin, as a kind of cyclic oligosaccharide composed of several glucopyranose units, has a good prospect of application in the field of radioactive ions adsorption and separation, because of its special molecular structure of internal hydrophobicity and external hydrophilicity. However, due to the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups in the cyclodextrin molecules, they are easily soluble in water. Generally, the solidification of cyclodextrins to insoluble solids is always needed before being used as adsorption materials. Depending on the different methods of "solidification", cyclodextrin based adsorbent materials can be divided into three types:loaded cyclodextrin materials, cyclodextrin polymer materials, and cyclodextrin inclusion complex materials. The synthesis and application research advances of the three types of cyclodextrin adsorbent materials in radioactive ion adsorption and separation are summarized, the related adsorption mechanisms are discussed. Besides, the perspectives of the cyclodextrin based adsorbents in the field of radioactive ion adsorption are presented.

cyclodextrin  /  adsorbent  /  radioactive ions  /  solidification  /  loading  /  cyclodextrin polymer  /  inclusion complex  /  separation
王文涛, 袁中伟, 呼逸夫, 张烨, 晏太红. 环糊精材料在放射性离子吸附分离中的应用研究进展. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (4) : 357 -369 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.002
Wentao WANG, Zhongwei YUAN, Yifu HU, Ye ZHANG, Taihong YAN. Research Advances of Application of Cyclodextrin Based Materials in Adsorption and Separation of Radioactive Ions[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (4) : 357 -369 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.002
能源利用方式是人类科技进步和社会发展的重要标志之一。工业革命以来,煤炭、石油等“高碳”化石能源的使用极大地推动了社会的发展,但这些能源的消耗也带来了环境污染、气候恶化等问题。因此,发展“低碳”新能源是未来能源消费的必然选择。在众多新能源中,核能因具有极低的碳排放量而逐渐受到青睐。据国际原子能机构(IAEA)统计数据显示,截至2020年12月,全球在运行核电机组442台、在建机组55台,发电量已占全世界总发电量的15%。但在核能利用过程中不可避免地会产生放射性废物[1-3],因此,从放射性废液中分离出放射性核素并妥善处置是核能进一步发展的关键之一[4-5]。目前,放射性核素分离主要有化学沉淀[6-7]、溶剂萃取[8-10]、固相吸附[11-13]、膜分离[14]、电化学分离[15]等方法。其中固相吸附法因具有设备和操作简单、投资小、运行成本低、处理效果好等优点而受到广泛关注。早期的固相吸附研究主要探索了天然矿物、活性炭、硅胶、沸石/分子筛等无机材料,以及离子交换树脂、合成/天然高分子材料对放射性核素的吸附行为,并取得了一些重要进展[16-17]。近年来,碳纳米材料(碳纳米管、石墨烯和碳量子点等)[18]、纳米零价铁[19]、金属硫化物[20]、层状金属氢氧化物(LDH)[21]、金属有机框架(MOFs)[22]、共价有机框架(COFs)[23]、MXene[24]等材料也被广泛用于放射性核素吸附研究中。但这些材料目前仍存在一些问题尚难以进行实际应用,如矿物、分子筛等传统无机材料辐照稳定性虽较好,但存在吸附容量低、速率慢、选择性差等缺陷;以石墨烯、MOFs/COFs等为代表的新型纳米材料虽然吸附效果较好,但其合成难度较大、成本高昂、化学和辐照稳定性较差。因此,开发性能优异、成本低、稳定性好的放射性核素吸附材料仍面临挑战。
近年来,环糊精(Cyclodextrins,简CD)作为一种廉价易得的超分子化学“主体”化合物受到了广泛关注。它是由D-(+)-吡喃葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4-糖苷键连接而成的聚合度在6~12之间的环状寡聚糖,其中最常见的聚和度为6、7和8,分别被称为α-、β-和γ-环糊精[25]。由于葡萄糖单元之间的糖苷键不能自由旋转,使环糊精分子内部呈开口大小不一的截顶锥形空腔结构,其大端口由葡萄糖环中C2和C3的仲羟基围成,小端口由C6的伯羟基组成,大量羟基的存在使端口具有强亲水性;而空腔则由糖环围成,其碳氢键和醚环结构使空腔具有强疏水性。环糊精“内腔疏水,外壁亲水”的特殊结构和性质使其在吸附和环境污染物处理等领域得到广泛应用:一方面环糊精的疏水空腔可以和一系列疏水有机物(客体)形成稳定的包合物,因而可广泛用于水体中染料、多环芳烃及抗生素等污染物的去除[26-28];另一方面,环糊精外壁丰富的羟基可与众多金属离子相互作用,因此可用于金属离子的吸附和分离[29-30]
但环糊精因本身水溶性较强,不能直接作为吸附材料,通常须“固化”后再使用。“固化”方法主要有3种:1)固载化,即通过共价或非共价方式将环糊精固载,其中以共价负载方式最为常用,主要是利用环糊精分子上的羟基与无机载体(如二氧化硅、碳纳米管、石墨烯、富勒烯、量子点等)或聚合物(聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯亚胺、壳聚糖、纤维素等)发生共价作用将其负载[31-34];2)自身交联,利用双/多反应位点的有机交联剂(环氧氯丙烷、戊二醛、枸橼酸及异氰酸酯等)和环糊精反应形成不溶性固体[35-36];3)形成包合物,即利用环糊精和功能客体间的包和作用形成不溶于水的超分子包合物[37-38]
研究人员采用上述固化方式制备了一系列基于环糊精的吸附材料并在水中有机污染物、重金属、放射性核素去除方面取得了一些成果。本文综述了近年来环糊精吸附材料在放射性核素吸附方面的研究进展,按照“固化”方式的不同分类讨论了基于环糊精吸附材料的制备方法,以及不同材料对放射性核素的吸附机制,并对未来的发展进行了展望。
图1为偕胺肟功能化的羧甲基-β-CD/石墨烯气凝胶(GDC)的合成及其对U的吸附机制[39]
环糊精端口羟基能与很多载体发生取代反应从而实现负载,这些载体根据性质不同又可分为无机载体和聚合物载体等。
碳纳米材料(石墨烯、碳纳米管等)因具有比表面积大、化学/辐照稳定性良好及表面反应活性强等优势常被用作环糊精的载体材料。如Song W.C.等[40]利用原位聚合法将CD接枝到氧化石墨烯(GO)上制备CD/GO复合材料,并研究了腐殖酸(HA)共存下CD/GO对U(Ⅵ)的吸附行为,发现HA在pH较低时可促进CD/GO对U(Ⅵ)的吸附,而在pH较高时会抑制CD/GO对U(Ⅵ)的吸附,HA在U(Ⅵ)和CD/GO之间起到了“桥梁”作用。该研究结果可为HA共存的自然环境中U(Ⅵ)的富集提供技术参考。Li N.等[39]用一锅水热法合成了一种偕胺肟功能化的羧甲基-β-CD/石墨烯气凝胶(GDC)(图1(a))。研究结果表明:GDC对U(Ⅵ)的吸附可在1 h内达到平衡,其最大静态吸附容量高达654.2 mg/g,且在一系列阴、阳离子和油状污染物共存条件下仍对U(Ⅵ)具有优异的选择性;GDC具有良好的机械稳定性和循环使用性能(10次吸附—脱附循环后无明显下降),在天然海水中经过21 d吸附后对U(Ⅵ)的吸附容量达19.7 mg/g,在海水提铀领域表现出良好的应用前景;β-CD环上的氧原子、偕胺肟官能团,以及石墨烯上氧原子都与U(Ⅵ)之间存在较强的相互作用(图1(b)),它们对U(Ⅵ)的协同吸附作用是GDC对U(Ⅵ)具有良好吸附能力的关键。
Xie L.等[41]和王赛等[42]利用羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)与羧基化多壁碳纳米管(COOH-MWNTs)为原料,经聚合反应制备了一种β-环糊精-碳纳米管(β-CDMWNTs)复合材料,研究了pH、时间、铀初始浓度和吸附剂投加量等因素对铀吸附的影响。结果表明:β-CD-MWNTs对铀的吸附可在60 min左右达到平衡,在pH=5时其对铀的饱和吸附容量为92.65 mg/g;β-CD-MWNTs中—C══O、—C—O和—OH等基团对铀的吸附发挥着重要作用。Xue J.H.等[43]也利用COOH-MWNTs上的羧基与环糊精端口羟基反应制备了一种环糊精修饰的碳纳米管材料(MWCNTs-CDP),并研究了其对铀酰离子的吸附行为。结果表明:MWCNTs-CDP在pH=6.0和323.15 K时吸附能力最强,饱和吸附容量可达89.54 mg/g;MWCNTs-CDP对铀酰离子的吸附通过表面配位作用实现。此外,李瑞东等[44]在等离子体条件下用环糊精对碳纳米管进行功能化处理,制备了一种新的放射性核素吸附用的碳纳米管-环糊精复合材料,该材料可高选择性地吸附Eu(Ⅲ),去除率达95%以上,最大吸附容量可达80 mg/g,且离子强度对Eu(Ⅲ)的吸附无明显影响。
硅胶因其表面丰富的—Si—OH结构也常被用于负载环糊精,如Liu H.J.等[45]以硅胶和β-环糊精为原料,通过三步反应(如图2所示)制备了水杨酰胺功能化环糊精修饰硅胶的吸附材料SAM-Si-β-CD。研究结果表明:在pH=4.5、U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为25 mg/L时,SAM-Si-β-CD对U(Ⅵ)的平衡吸附容量为6.45 mg/g;Na+、Fe3+、Cu2+、Mg2+、La3+、Mn2+、Zn2+、Pb2+和Hg2+等干扰离子在U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度低于20 mg/L时对吸附U(Ⅵ)的干扰很小,且SAM-Si-β-CD循环5次后的吸附性能没有明显下降。纪学珍等[46]利以氨基功能化硅胶为载体、环氧氯丙烷为偶联剂,将β-环糊精接枝到硅胶表面制备了吸附材料S-N-CD,在螯合剂二苯甲酰甲烷共存下研究了其对Th4+离子的吸附行为。结果表明:酸性(pH=2~3)条件下,S-N-CD对钍的吸附可在3 h达平衡,其对钍的最大吸附容量为7.8 mg/g;吸附机制是Th4+离子先与两分子的二苯甲酰甲烷螯合,然后螯合物上的苯环通过疏水作用插入环糊精的空腔中从而实现吸附,但二苯甲酰甲烷与Th4+之间的作用更强,因此,Fe3+、Al3+、Ca2+、Zn2+、Fe2+、Mg2+、Cu2+等离子对Th4+的吸附几乎没有干扰。这种利用主客体识别作用实现吸附的材料有望应用于更多金属配合物的选择性分离。与硅胶类似,TiO2也是表面富含羟基的无机氧化物。Wang J.等[47]用水热法制备了吸附材料β-CD/TiO2。研究结果表明:pH=5.0时,β-CD/TiO2对U(Ⅵ)的最大吸附容量高达129.8 mg/g;β-CD/TiO2中U(Ⅵ)与TiO2分子中的2个O原子及β-CD分子中仲羟基的O原子通过强烈的共价作用(其键长分别为2.154、2.392和2.337 Å)形成了3个U—O键;由U(Ⅵ)吸附在β-CD/TiO2界面上的优化结构及其电荷密度差(图3)可知,这种载体与环糊精之间的协同相互作用被认为是β-CD/TiO2对U(Ⅵ)具有高吸附能力的关键。
层状材料也常被用作环糊精的载体制备吸附材料。如Hao X.等[48]利用g-C3N4为载体、β-环糊精为功能单体、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂、铀酰离子为模板离子制备了一种新型U印记的环糊精/g-C3N4复合吸附材料(IIP-g-C3N4/β-CD)(图4(a))。研究结果表明:IIP-g-C3N4/β-CD对U(Ⅵ)表现出优异的选择性和吸附性,吸附过程为单层化学吸附,最大吸附容量高达859.66 mg/g;此外,IIP-g-C3N4/β-CD的吸附性能在5个吸附—脱附循环后并未明显下降,且在模拟海水中对U(Ⅵ)也表现出出色的富集能力;g-C3N4中的N原子、环糊精中的O原子与U(Ⅵ)之间的配位作用是吸附的主要驱动力,同时IIP-g-C3N4/β-CD与U(Ⅵ)间的静电力作用也是影响吸附的重要因素(图4(b))。Kulyukhin等[49]制备了层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs-Mg-Al)负载环糊精的复合吸附材料LDHs-Mg-Al-CD,该材料在含137Cs、90Sr、90Y、U(Ⅵ)和染料的放射性料液中可高效去除90Y(去除率92%±7%)和U(Ⅵ)(去除率32.9%±3.3%)。Liu H.J.等[50]采用接枝共聚法将环糊精接枝到膨润土上,制备了一种新型吸附剂(β-CD/BNC),并研究了其对Cs+的吸附行为。结果表明:β-CD/BNC对Cs+的吸附在30 min内即可达到吸附平衡;在pH=7、温度303 K条件下,β-CD/BNC对Cs+的最大吸附容量为48.83 mg/g,比未负载β-CD的膨润土的最大吸附容量增大50.8%;β-CD/BNC对Cs+的吸附主要为离子交换反应,其次是表面配位反应。
此外,硅藻土、高岭石等天然黏土,Al(OH)3及磁性Fe2O3等纳米颗粒也可作为环糊精的载体制备放射性离子吸附材料。如El-Sherbeeny等[51]制备了一种新型硅藻土负载环糊精吸附材料(β-CD/D),并研究了其对Cs+和Ba2+离子的吸附行为。结果表明:β-CD/D对这2种离子的最大吸附容量分别为144.5和195.7 mg/g,且Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Co2+、$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$、$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$、$\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}$、$\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}$等干扰离子对Cs+和Ba2+的吸附影响很小,β-CD/D出色的选择性和优异的吸附容量使其有望应用于真实放射性废液的处理。Zong P.F.等[52]制备了羧甲基-β-环糊精修饰的氧化铁纳米颗粒CMCD-MNPs,并探究了其对U(Ⅵ)的吸附行为。结果表明:CMCD-MNPs主要通过界面配合和静电吸引作用来实现对U(Ⅵ)的吸附,最大吸附容量可达136.87 mg/g。Yang S.T.等[53]将β-CD接枝到天然埃洛石纳米管/氧化铁纳米颗粒上,制备了一种磁性吸附材料β-CD@HNT/Fe2O3,该材料在pH=5.5、T=298 K时对U(Ⅵ)的最大吸附容量为107.6 mg/g。Ding C.C.等[54]利用等离子体诱导接枝技术成功地将β-CD接枝到Al(OH)3上,制备了β-CD@Al(OH)3复合吸附材料,研究发现在pH=6.0时,接枝β-CD的Al(OH)3对$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$的最大吸附容量为63.29 mg/g,约为裸露Al(OH)3的3倍。
相较无机载体,聚合物作为环糊精的载体具有分子结构可控、反应位点可设计性强等优势,但由于涉及复杂的有机反应和分离过程,截至目前相关研究报道仍相对较少。受磷酸化季戊四醇衍生物可与众多二/三价离子高效配合的启发,Zhu X.等[55]研究了通过聚(乙烯基苄基氯)(PVBC)与β-CD小端口上的1个伯羟基反应使β-CD负载,再利用O,O-二乙基磷酰氯(DECP)和4个伯羟基反应制得负载型磷酸化环糊精材料pCD(合成路线如图5所示)。结果表明:pCD(中1个β-CD分子上接枝了4个磷酸酯配位基团,且环糊精上其他羟基与磷酸酯基团间存在协同配位作用,因此,pCD在0.01~1 mol/L HNO3溶液中对一系列二价(Pd2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$)和三价(Fe3+、Al3+、La3+、Eu3+和Lu3+)金属离子去除率很高;pCD在0.01 mol/L HNO3硝酸溶液中对$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$去除率达99.9%,酸度升至1 mol/L时,去除率仍高达94.7%。
为了简化CD负载操作难度,Li N.等[56]利用多巴胺(DA)的自聚反应,首先在聚丙烯腈(PAN)多孔膜上形成一层聚多巴胺(PDA)涂层,再与丁二酰-β-环糊精(SβCD)反应制备了环糊精修饰的复合膜(SβCDM),制备过程如图6所示。静态吸附试验结果表明:SβCDM对U(Ⅵ)的吸附在60 min内达到平衡,最大吸附容量达378.8 mg/g;将SβCDM制成膜组件后,在100 kPa操作压力下吸附20 min,动态吸附容量可高达500.0 mg/g,且循环10次后的U(Ⅵ)去除率仍能达90%以上;SβCDM上的配位作用和空间协同作用是其对U(Ⅵ)具有优异选择性和吸附容量的关键因素。此外,刘兰等[57]也以聚丙烯腈(PAN)、β-CD和盐酸羟胺为原料,利用原位偕胺肟改性并结合静电纺丝技术制备了偕胺肟化聚丙烯腈-β-CD复合纳米纤维膜(AOPAN-β-CD),优化条件下获得的AOPAN-β-CD纤维直径约为230 nm,对U(Ⅵ)的吸附容量可达78.62 mg/g。
直接用聚合物单体与环糊精衍生物共聚也是制备环糊精-聚合物复合材料的重要方法之一。毕蕾等[58]以顺丁烯二酸酐修饰的β-环糊精、丙烯腈(AN)和顺丁烯二酸酐(MAH)为单体,制备了三元共聚物水凝胶β-CD/MAH-co-AN-co-MAH(CD-AN-MAH),进一步肟化得到β-CD/MAH-co-AO-co-MAH(CD-AO-MAH),并研究了2种三元共聚物水凝胶对U(Ⅵ)和Th(Ⅳ)的吸附。结果表明,2种水凝胶对U(Ⅵ)的吸附均优于对Th(Ⅳ)的吸附,而肟化后的CD-AO-MAH对U(Ⅵ)的吸附效果优于肟化前的CD-AN-MAH。随后,他们又用丙烯酸单体(AA)替代MAH单体制备了3种含β-CD的三元共聚物,即线性、交联和嵌段β-环糊精/丙烯腈/丙烯酸三元共聚物,胺肟化后分别用l-CD-AO-AA、c-CD-AO-AA和CD-AO-b-AA表示;此外,还以AA为交联剂制备了聚环糊精材料(PCD),并研究了4种环糊精材料对U(Ⅵ)的吸附,结果表明,U(Ⅵ)质量浓度为22 mg/L时,完全吸附溶液中的U(Ⅵ)所需吸附剂质量浓度分别为CD-AO-b-AA 0.52 g/L,l-CD-AO-AA 0.06 g/L,PCD 0.08 g/L,c-CD-AO-AA 0.10 g/L[59]。类似的,Duan G.J.等[60]制备了一种水凝胶 β-CD(AN-co-AA)并研究了其对Th(Ⅳ)的吸附,发现在pH=2.95时β-CD(AN-co-AA)对Th(Ⅳ)的最大吸附容量高达692 mg/g,且Ca2+、Mg2+和Pb2+等共存离子对Th(Ⅳ)的吸附影响很小。Zhang Z.H.等[61]利用原位聚合法制备了β-环糊精/聚丙烯酸/沸石复合水凝胶(CAP),该凝胶在25 ℃下对U(Ⅵ)的最大吸附容量高达833.33 mg/g。
物理负载是利用环糊精及其衍生物与载体之间的非共价作用来实现环糊精的负载,由于无需复杂的化学反应,使得该法具有成本低、操作简单、易于大规模制备等优点。如牛杰等[62]利用水溶液中带负电的7-[6-脱氧-6-(2-乙磺酸)]-β-环糊精(SCD)与带正电荷的层状氨基硅酸盐黏土材料(Aminoclay,AC)之间的静电吸引作用,构筑了一种新型的杂化水凝胶(SCD-AC)(图7),发现其在有机相中能高效吸附I2分子,在水相中稳定性也很高,且能对$\mathrm{I}_{3}^{-}$离子高效吸附。利用环糊精疏水空腔可很好地包合某些气体分子(如I2)的原理,Hirota等[63]将2-羟丙基-α-环糊精(α-HPCD)吸附到活性炭(AC)上制备了一种放射性碘(131I)吸附材料α-HPCD-AC,α-HPCD负载量越高、131I去除效果越好。
环糊精聚合物(cyclodextrin polymer,CDP)是指利用有机小分子交联剂与环糊精反应形成高分子量的交联聚合物。与环糊精单体相比,绝大多数CDP由于分子量大、分子链相互缠结等原因而不溶于水,通过控制反应条件,环糊精分子中大部分羟基得以保留,且其空腔结构也得到了很好的保持[64],因此,CDP可作为吸附材料去除水中污染物。这方面最具代表性的成果是2015年美国康奈尔大学的Alsbaiee等[27]利用四氟对苯二腈作新型交联剂制备了一种比表面积高达250 m2/g的三维介孔β-环糊精交联聚合物材料,该材料对有机污染物的吸附速率常数最高可达商业化活性炭的200倍,且在温和条件下,用甲醇或乙醇洗涤再生使用多次后,吸附性能并未降低。成本优化后,该CDP制成的过滤器与商业化活性炭过滤器的价格相当,甚至更低,因而受到了广泛关注,并迅速成为了环境科学领域的研究热点之一[65-67]
CDP因具有比表面积大、水溶液中浸润性能良好及易于化学修饰等特点,在金属离子和放射性核素吸附方面也具有良好的应用前景。如在Alsbaiee合成CDP的基础上,赖志文等[68]将交联剂四氟对苯二腈上的—CN基进一步肟化制备了一种偕胺肟基改性的β-环糊精聚合物吸附材料(CDP-AM),并研究了CDP-AM对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附效果。结果表明:CDP-AM对2种离子的吸附是吸热和自发过程,符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型,在30 ℃条件下,其对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量分别为273.97和281.69 mg/g;CDP-AM与Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)之间的相互作用主要是静电和螯合作用。由于偕胺肟官能团对$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$离子具有良好的选择性[69],因此该材料也有望用于铀的吸附。
以四氟对苯二腈为交联剂制备的CDP可能会因为氟元素而带来二次污染和设备腐蚀等问题,这在一定程度上限制了其应用。烷基多酸是一种仅由C、H、O元素构成的环境友好型交联剂,刘慧君课题组分别通过利用丁烷四羧酸(BTCA)和枸橼酸(CA)中的羧基和β-环糊精分子中的羟基发生反应,制备了BTCA-β-CD[70](图8)和CA-β-CD[71]2种环糊精聚合物,并研究了二者对U(Ⅵ)和Eu(Ⅲ)的吸附行为。结果表明:BTCA-β-CD对U(Ⅵ)和Eu(Ⅲ)的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,优化条件下对U(Ⅵ)和Eu(Ⅲ)的最大吸附容量分别为175.6和165.4 mg/g;BTCA-β-CD聚合物链上的羧基和羟基共同参与吸附;CA-β-CD对U(Ⅵ)离子的吸附行为和机制与BTCA-β-CD类似,但其最大吸附容量略低(150 mg/g),这可能是CA比BTCA少1个羧基,聚合物中吸附位点也相应减少所致。为了进一步增加羧基含量,Dai Y.等[72]利用1种含5个羧基的多酸(二乙基三胺五乙酸,DTPA)作交联剂制备了一种环糊精聚合物DTPA-β-CD,并研究了其在腐殖酸(HA)存在下对U(Ⅵ)的吸附行为。结果表明:DTPA-β-CD在pH小于3时可同时吸附U(Ⅵ)和HA,其吸附动力学符合准二级模型,吸附等温线符合Sips模型;pH=3时其对U(Ⅵ)和HA最大吸附容量可分别高达259.86和200.07 mg/g;随离子强度升高,DTPA-β-CD对U(Ⅵ)的吸附能力降低,而对HA的吸附能力则升高;pH升高时,DTPA-β-CD对HA的吸附能力快速下降,而对U(Ⅵ)的吸附能力下降不明显,这说明DTPA-β-CD有望在HA共存条件下用于U(Ⅵ)污染的环境修复。除多酸外,环氧氯丙烷也是一种常用廉价的交联剂,如Liu H.J.等[73]以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂先制备聚环糊精,再加入膨润土,以过硫酸铵-重硫酸钠为引发剂进行表面接枝反应制备了一种聚环糊精/膨润土复合材料(β-CD/BNC),并研究了其对Cs+离子的吸附行为。结果表明:β-CD/BNC对Cs+的吸附符合准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型,最大吸附容量为(48.83±0.35)mg/g;Na+和Mg2+对β-CD/BNC的干扰很小,有望用于废水中Cs+的去除。
除化学交联制备的CDP外,环糊精金属有机骨架(CD-MOF)在某种程度上也可被视为一种环糊精聚合物。CD-MOF是以环糊精为有机配体、钾离子为无机配位离子形成的金属有机骨架材料,具有比表面积大、尺寸可控、易于修饰、生物相容性好等优点。Chen J.C.等[74]以KI和CD为原料制备了KI-CD-MOF。研究结果表明:该MOF晶格中的I-离子可通过气-固反应形成$\mathrm{I}_{3}^{-}$离子,即得到I2分子插入的I2@KI-CD-MOF,从而对I2分子表现出优异的吸附能力;在水溶液中,该材料中的I2分子稳定性增加3.6倍,抗菌活性也优于普通的活性碘,KI-CD-MOF在碘(包括放射性碘)的捕获和稳定等领域具有广阔的应用前景。
将环糊精负载或交联均是利用环糊精分子中的羟基进行反应实现,反应过程中会伴随共价键断裂和生成,并会消耗大量试剂和能量,这在很大程度上增加了环糊精吸附材料的制备难度和生产成本。理论上,利用环糊精的包合作用“固定”具有特定吸附官能团的客体分子也可用来制备吸附材料,该方法无需化学反应,操作简单,客体分子来源广泛。2013年,Ji X.Z.等[75]利用丙烯酰基环糊精(acryloyl-β-cyclodextrin)对β-二酮类螯合剂(二苯甲酰甲烷,DBM)的包合作用制备了一种Th吸附材料,合成路线如图9所示。首先利用硅烷偶联剂制备氨基化硅胶,再与丙烯酰氯反应生成丙烯酰胺化的硅胶;然后在DMF中制备丙烯酰基环糊精和DBM的包合物;最后经自由基聚合将DBM包合物负载到丙烯酰胺化的硅胶上得到一种新型的分子印迹聚合物复合吸附材料;该材料在pH=3.5时对Th(Ⅳ)的吸附在45 min内达到平衡,其最大吸附容量可达30.8 mg/g。
上述方法利用了环糊精对功能客体分子的包合作用,但仍存在制备过程长、操作复杂等问题。随后,刘慧君课题组提出了一种简单的环糊精包合物吸附材料制备方法,利用磺酰化-β-环糊精(sulfated-β-CD)为主体化合物,将不同客体分子溶液分别滴加到sulfated-β-CD溶液中,通过简单的“溶液-搅拌法”制备了物质的量比为2/1的sulfated-β-CD-二苯硫脲[76]和sulfated-β-CD-联苯甲酰(BB β-CD)[77-78]等包合物(图10),并研究了这些包合物对Th(Ⅳ)和U(Ⅵ)的吸附。结果表明:sulfated-β-CD-二苯硫脲包合物对Th(Ⅳ)的最大吸附容量为27.46 mg/g;而sulfated-β-CD-联苯甲酰包合物对Th(Ⅳ)和U(Ⅵ)的最大吸附容量分别为17.83和12.16 mg/g;吸附是通过客体分子中的碳基氧原子的螯合作用实现。此外,该课题组还以聚醚胺(PPG-NH2)为客体分子,分别将其与β-CD[79-80]和sulfated-β-CD[81-83]制备了2种超分子准聚轮烷包合物。结果表明,sulfated-β-CD准聚轮烷包合物对Th(Ⅳ)的吸附能力更好,这可能和磺酰基参与了吸附Th(Ⅳ)有关。
放射性核素高效分离是支撑核能绿色可持续发展的关键技术之一。环糊精材料作为一种制备简单、化学修饰容易、成本低、处理效果好的新型吸附剂,在放射性核素分离方面拥有一定的应用潜力。但是,与其他吸附材料相比,环糊精吸附材料在放射性核素分离方面的研究尚不全面、不深入,主要体现在2个方面:1)目前研究对象仍集中在U、Th等少数放射性核素上,而关于其他锕系元素(Np、Pu、Am等)和裂片元素(如Sr、Cs、Zr、Ce、Pd、Eu等)吸附行为研究鲜见报道;2)环糊精对放射性核素的吸附机制研究不深入,虽通过静态吸附试验获得一些热/动力学数据,但在吸附过程中环糊精、载体及客体分子都可提供有效的吸附位点,且环糊精在载体上的排布和构象、客体和环糊精之间的主客体化学也异常复杂且难以准确表征,这使得对金属离子和环糊精材料之间的作用位点和方式的认识还不够深入,难以有效指导新型环糊精吸附材料的设计和开发,仍须借助于NMR、FTIR、XPS、XAFS等多种先进表征手段,并结合DFT、MD等计算化学方法从分子-原子层面对放射性核素在环糊精材料上的吸附过程进行深入研究。
克服水溶性是环糊精类吸附材料制备的关键,利用环糊精端口处的羟基与载体反应或使用有机交联剂是目前实现环糊精“固化”的主要方式;其次,特定条件下利用环糊精对功能客体间的包和作用也可以形成不溶于水的超分子包合物吸附材料。显然,利用非共价的包合作用制备环糊精吸附材料是一种更简单、绿色、易于宏量制备的方法,但目前相关研究还很少,仅有磺酰化-b-环糊精包合物相关的研究报道。近年来研究发现,环糊精形成包合物后其本身的极性、溶解性和结晶性/组装行为都会发生改变[84-85],合适的条件下环糊精包合物可以自组装形成不溶于水的聚集体,因此,通过合理设计客体分子,可以通过包合作用制备更多的具有不同选择性的环糊精超分子吸附材料。
  • 中国原子能科学研究院院长基金资助项目(YZ202212001003)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2067212)
  • 中核集团领创项目(LC202309000703)
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2024年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.04.002
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
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中国原子能科学研究院院长基金资助项目(YZ202212001003)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2067212)
中核集团领创项目(LC202309000703)
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    中国原子能科学研究院 放射化学研究所, 北京 102413

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晏太红(1979—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要研究方向为核燃料循环与材料。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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