Article(id=1172619711591363191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)03-0275-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708617600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503925463, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503925463, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503925463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503925463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172619710446321994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='215', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503925191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758768108393, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177922079165923462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177922079165923463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=275, endPage=283, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172619711792689785, articleId=1172619711591363191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Extraction of Lithium from Salt Lake Brine by H2TiO3 Lithium Ion Sieves, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The adsorption—resolution process of H2TiO3 lithium sieves for lithium extraction from salt lake brine was investigated. The crystal shape and morphology of the screen before and after adsorption were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the surface of H2TiO3 lithium ion screen has good particle dispersion, loose pores and stable crystal structure after granulation, and the structure does not change significantly after recycling. In the continuous ion exchange system, the 30 columns are divided into 6∶1∶2∶1 according to the four steps of adsorption—washing material—desorption—acid washing, under the optimal conditions of the adsorption feed flow rate of 12 BV/h, the adsorption time of 3 h, the washing flow rate of 1 BV/h, the rinsing time of 30 min, the hydrochloric acid in the analytical process of 0.1 mol/L, analytical temperature of 30~40 ℃, the cyclic analytical time of 1 h, the acid washing flow rate of 8 BV/h, the washing rate of 30 min, the continuous operation of 30 cycles, the adsorption performance is stable, the adsorption capacity is about 6.67 mg/g, the adsorption rate is about 80%, and the Li-rich analytical liquid Li+ mass concentration is about 1.2 g/L, ρ(Li+)/ρ(Na+) is about 1. The method has a certain value of industrial popularization and application.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaofeng ZHU, Long LYU, Tianyu LI, Xuechao HOU, Ying JI, Wenjuan PENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1172620283547627521, articleId=1172619711591363191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=用H2TiO3型锂离子筛从盐湖卤水中提锂试验研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=针对西藏碳酸型盐湖,采用吸附法进行连续离子交换提锂试验研究,考察了H2TiO3型锂离子筛在盐湖卤水提锂的吸附—解吸过程,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对吸附前后锂离子筛的晶型和形貌进行了表征。结果表明:造粒后H2TiO3锂离子筛表面颗粒分散性良好,孔道疏松,晶体结构稳定,循环使用后结构未发生明显变化;在连续离子交换系统中,按吸附—洗料—解吸—洗酸4段工序将30柱分配为6∶1∶2∶1,H2TiO3型锂离子筛在吸附进料流速12 BV/h、三级吸附、吸附时间3 h、洗料流速10 BV/h、冲洗时间30 min、解吸过程盐酸为0.1 mol/L、解吸温度30~40 ℃、循环解吸1 h、洗酸流速8 BV/h、冲洗时间30 min条件下连续吸附卤水运行30个周期,吸附性能稳定,吸附量约6.67 mg/g,吸附率约80%,富锂解吸液中Li+质量浓度约为1.2 g/L,ρ(Li+)/ρ(Na+)约为1。该法具有一定工业化推广应用价值。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吕龙(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为盐湖资源综合利用。E-mail:
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朱晓峰(1996—),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为化工分离及盐湖资源综合利用。

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朱晓峰(1996—),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为化工分离及盐湖资源综合利用。

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朱晓峰(1996—),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为化工分离及盐湖资源综合利用。

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Li+ Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ B $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$ Cl- $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$
0.26 44.00 8.00 0.01 0.08 0.71 12.00 60.00 17.6
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盐湖卤水的水质分析结果 g/L

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Li+ Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ B $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$ Cl- $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$
0.26 44.00 8.00 0.01 0.08 0.71 12.00 60.00 17.6
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转动频率/
min
吸附进料流速/
(BV·h-1)
解吸循环流速/
(BV·h-1)
盐酸浓度/
(mol·L-1)
洗料流速/
(BV·h-1)
洗酸流速/
(BV·h-1)
10 12 20 0.05~0.1 10~12 8~10
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连续离子交换系统运行参数

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转动频率/
min
吸附进料流速/
(BV·h-1)
解吸循环流速/
(BV·h-1)
盐酸浓度/
(mol·L-1)
洗料流速/
(BV·h-1)
洗酸流速/
(BV·h-1)
10 12 20 0.05~0.1 10~12 8~10
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qe,试验/
(mg·g-1)
准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型
线性方程式 qe,理论/
(mg·g-1)
k1/h-1 R2 线性方程式 qe,理论/
(mg·g-1)
k2/
(g·mg-1·h-1)
R2
13.56 y=-0.081 7x+2.104 4 8.202 0.081 7 0.842 y=0.077 5x+0.160 4 12.903 0.077 5 0.998
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H2TiO3锂离子筛吸附Li+的准一级和准二级动力学模型参数

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qe,试验/
(mg·g-1)
准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型
线性方程式 qe,理论/
(mg·g-1)
k1/h-1 R2 线性方程式 qe,理论/
(mg·g-1)
k2/
(g·mg-1·h-1)
R2
13.56 y=-0.081 7x+2.104 4 8.202 0.081 7 0.842 y=0.077 5x+0.160 4 12.903 0.077 5 0.998
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用H2TiO3型锂离子筛从盐湖卤水中提锂试验研究
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朱晓峰 1 , 吕龙 1, 2 , 李天玉 1 , 侯雪超 1 , 冀颖 1 , 彭文娟 1
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(3): 275-283
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(3): 275-283
用H2TiO3型锂离子筛从盐湖卤水中提锂试验研究
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朱晓峰1, 吕龙1, 2 , 李天玉1, 侯雪超1, 冀颖1, 彭文娟1
作者信息
  • 1 北京华特源科技有限公司, 北京 100089
  • 2 北京碧水源膜科技有限公司, 北京 101400
  • 朱晓峰(1996—),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为化工分离及盐湖资源综合利用。

通讯作者:

吕龙(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为盐湖资源综合利用。E-mail:
Extraction of Lithium from Salt Lake Brine by H2TiO3 Lithium Ion Sieves
Xiaofeng ZHU1, Long LYU1, 2 , Tianyu LI1, Xuechao HOU1, Ying JI1, Wenjuan PENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Huateyuan Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, China
  • 2 Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.009
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针对西藏碳酸型盐湖,采用吸附法进行连续离子交换提锂试验研究,考察了H2TiO3型锂离子筛在盐湖卤水提锂的吸附—解吸过程,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对吸附前后锂离子筛的晶型和形貌进行了表征。结果表明:造粒后H2TiO3锂离子筛表面颗粒分散性良好,孔道疏松,晶体结构稳定,循环使用后结构未发生明显变化;在连续离子交换系统中,按吸附—洗料—解吸—洗酸4段工序将30柱分配为6∶1∶2∶1,H2TiO3型锂离子筛在吸附进料流速12 BV/h、三级吸附、吸附时间3 h、洗料流速10 BV/h、冲洗时间30 min、解吸过程盐酸为0.1 mol/L、解吸温度30~40 ℃、循环解吸1 h、洗酸流速8 BV/h、冲洗时间30 min条件下连续吸附卤水运行30个周期,吸附性能稳定,吸附量约6.67 mg/g,吸附率约80%,富锂解吸液中Li+质量浓度约为1.2 g/L,ρ(Li+)/ρ(Na+)约为1。该法具有一定工业化推广应用价值。
H2TiO3  /  锂离子筛  /  吸附法  /  盐湖提锂

The adsorption—resolution process of H2TiO3 lithium sieves for lithium extraction from salt lake brine was investigated. The crystal shape and morphology of the screen before and after adsorption were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the surface of H2TiO3 lithium ion screen has good particle dispersion, loose pores and stable crystal structure after granulation, and the structure does not change significantly after recycling. In the continuous ion exchange system, the 30 columns are divided into 6∶1∶2∶1 according to the four steps of adsorption—washing material—desorption—acid washing, under the optimal conditions of the adsorption feed flow rate of 12 BV/h, the adsorption time of 3 h, the washing flow rate of 1 BV/h, the rinsing time of 30 min, the hydrochloric acid in the analytical process of 0.1 mol/L, analytical temperature of 30~40 ℃, the cyclic analytical time of 1 h, the acid washing flow rate of 8 BV/h, the washing rate of 30 min, the continuous operation of 30 cycles, the adsorption performance is stable, the adsorption capacity is about 6.67 mg/g, the adsorption rate is about 80%, and the Li-rich analytical liquid Li+ mass concentration is about 1.2 g/L, ρ(Li+)/ρ(Na+) is about 1. The method has a certain value of industrial popularization and application.

H2TiO3  /  lithium ion sieves  /  adsorption method  /  lithium extraction from salt lake
朱晓峰, 吕龙, 李天玉, 侯雪超, 冀颖, 彭文娟. 用H2TiO3型锂离子筛从盐湖卤水中提锂试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (3) : 275 -283 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.009
Xiaofeng ZHU, Long LYU, Tianyu LI, Xuechao HOU, Ying JI, Wenjuan PENG. Extraction of Lithium from Salt Lake Brine by H2TiO3 Lithium Ion Sieves[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (3) : 275 -283 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.009
锂是新能源电动汽车的重要原料,随着电动汽车的高速发展,锂资源市场供不应求,不断刺激上游锂资源的开发,带动锂资源开发技术的革新[1]。经探明,我国锂资源储量丰富,主要分布于硬岩矿物与盐湖卤水,其中盐湖卤水中的锂资源占比高达80%[2]。盐湖提锂技术主要有沉淀法、煅烧法、萃取法、膜分离法、吸附法[3-4]。其中,吸附法因具有选择性高、对环境污染小等优点逐渐成为研究热点。吸附法的核心是吸附材料,主要包括铝系吸附剂[5]、钛系[6]和锰系[7]锂离子筛等。钛系锂离子筛为锂钛氧化物,焙烧后通过酸洗,使H+取代其中的Li+,洗脱后得到具有特定尺寸的空位[8],由于尺寸效应,以及不同离子的水合离子半径不同,对Li+的选择性良好[9-10],且在使用过程中Ti溶损低,结构稳定,相较其他吸附材料具有良好的循环使用性能。但粉体吸附剂在应用过程中普遍存在固液分离困难、工艺条件复杂等问题。针对上述问题,研究人员提出通过造粒提高吸附量,增强应用便捷性,实现快速固液分离,提高吸附效率[11-12]。为实现造粒后吸附剂的工业应用,将造粒后吸附剂装填至吸附柱内,解决固液分离困难问题。连续离子交换装置拥有多个吸附柱,将多个吸附柱分配至吸附—洗料—解吸—洗酸4段工序同时吸附。该法吸附剂利用率较高,且连续离子交换装置占地面积小,自动化程度高,目前已成功应用于化工、医药等领域[13-15]
目前,关于钛系吸附剂用于盐湖卤水提锂的工业化应用研究较少,因此,试验研究了用成型钛系锂离子筛从西藏某碳酸型盐湖卤水中吸附—解吸提锂,探究了不同参数下钛系锂离子筛的性能及最佳工艺应用条件,考察了在连续离子交换装置中连续运行的稳定性,以期为钛系锂离子筛的工业化应用提供技术支持,对开发西藏碳酸型盐湖提供可选择的技术路线。
卤水:来自西藏某碳酸型盐湖,pH=9.5,水质分析结果见表1
钛系吸附剂为成型H2TiO3型锂离子筛[16],取自北京碧水源膜科技有限公司,中空纤维状,颗粒尺寸1~2 mm,堆积密度0.35 kg/L;吸附柱单柱为长度200 mm、内径30 mm的有机玻璃柱;连续离子交换装置配有30个吸附柱,每个吸附柱为长度400 mm、内径30 mm的有机玻璃柱。
将50 g造粒吸附剂装填到吸附柱内,对吸附时间、进料流速、串联级数、解吸时间、温度、盐酸浓度及洗酸和洗料过程进行一系列研究,获得吸附剂在单柱测试过程中的吸附—解吸性能,以此为基础在连续离子交换装置中合理分配30柱,进行稳定性工艺测试。
连续离子交换装置运行步序依次为吸附—洗料—解吸—洗酸4段步序,随连续离子交换装置的步进运行,吸附柱向设定方向转动,系统运行参数见表2
连续离子交换工艺流程如图1所示。4个功能区同时运行:吸附段采用六并三串联形式,正向进料,即自上而下进料,尾液从13#~18#吸附柱出口混合排出;洗酸与洗料段分别为三柱串联,自上而下进行冲洗;解吸段为六柱串联反向进料,即自下而上进行解吸,解吸过程中,盐酸同时从22#、25#进料,以确保盐酸利用率及离子交柱换内pH稳定。整个流程采用正反交替进料,避免长期运行过程上下两端出料口板结堵塞。
吸附量q计算公式如下:
q=$\frac{({\rho }_{in}-{\rho }_{out})V}{m}$。
式中:q—吸附量,mg/g;ρin—卤水进料液中锂质量浓度,mg/L;ρout—吸附尾液中锂质量浓度,mg/L;V—卤水进料量,L;m—吸附剂装填质量,g。
吸附收率η的计算公式如下:
η=$\frac{{\rho }_{in}-{\rho }_{out}}{{\rho }_{in}}$×100%。
解吸率θ计算公式如下:
θ=$\frac{{\rho }_{q}{V}_{q}}{qm}$×100%。
式中:ρq—解吸液中锂质量浓度,mg/L;Vq—解吸液体积,L。
Ti溶损率R计算公式如下:
R=$\frac{\rho \left(Ti\right){V}_{q}}{m\left(Ti\right)}$×100%。
式中:ρ(Ti)—解吸液中Ti质量浓度,mg/L;Vq—解吸液体积,L;m(Ti)—装填吸附剂中钛质量,g。
采用X射线衍射分析仪(X'pertPro型,荷兰帕纳科公司)分析成型钛系锂离子筛使用前后的晶体结构,扫描范围10°~80°。通过超高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(Gemini Sigma 300/VP型,德国卡尔蔡司股份公司)分析样品形貌结构。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(Optima 8000型,珀金埃尔默公司)分析测定溶液中离子含量。
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对H2TiO3型锂离子筛吸附锂前、后的微观形貌进行表征,结果如图2所示。可以看出:吸附前,H2TiO3型锂离子筛呈颗粒状,粒径为300~400 nm,有轻微团聚现象,颗粒具有疏松孔道,疏松孔道及较小的颗粒粒径有利于卤水中Li+在锂离子筛表面的接触与扩散,从而促进Li+与锂离子筛内H+位点的交换;吸附后,锂离子筛颗粒粒径减小至200~300 nm,具有良好的分散性,这是由于长周期的吸附—解吸使得材料表面发生磨损及酸洗导致。
采用X射线衍射(XRD)对H2TiO3型锂离子筛的结构进行表征,结果如图3所示。前驱体(Li2TiO3)衍射谱图在(002)、(110)、(-131)、(-133)、(-204)、(006)、(-206)、(062)处均表现出明显的衍射特征峰,与标准卡片JCPDS33-0831对比,具有良好的一致性,属于单斜晶相[17]。特征峰峰形尖锐,半峰宽较窄,说明结晶度较高。由于酸洗使得Li+与H+发生交换,导致(-133)、(006)、(062)处特征峰消失[18]。在长周期吸附—解吸过程中,H2TiO3锂离子筛材料晶体结构未发生明显改变,表明锂离子筛具有良好的稳定性。
在进料流速12 BV/h、温度20 ℃条件下,吸附时间对锂吸附量的影响试验结果如图4所示。可以看出:随吸附时间延长,吸附量逐渐提高;吸附过程集中在前3~4 h,吸附3 h时,吸附量达8 mg/g;继续延长吸附时间,吸附量提高缓慢,经过24 h后吸附量趋于平衡,吸附48 h时,吸附量为13.56 mg/g。综合考虑锂离子筛利用率,确定吸附时间以控制在3~4 h为宜。
为进一步明确H2TiO3锂离子筛的吸附行为,采用准一级动力学和准二级动力学模型[10]对吸附过程进行拟合,准一级和准二级动力学模型方程如式(5)、(6)所示:
ln(qe-qt)=ln qe-k1t;
$\frac{t}{{q}_{t}}$=$\frac{1}{{k}_{2}{q}_{e}^{2}}$+$\frac{t}{{q}_{e}}$。
式中:qe—平衡吸附量,mg/g;qt—吸附t时间时的吸附量,mg/g;k1—准一级动力学模型平衡速率常数,h-1;k2—准二级动力学模型平衡速率常数,g/(mg·h-1)。
准一级和准二级动力学拟合曲线如图5所示,拟合参数见表3。可以看出:准二级动力学相关系数R2为0.998,高于准一级动力学相关系数,且吸附量试验值约13.56 mg/g,与理论平衡吸附量12.903 mg/g接近。表明准二级动力学更适合模拟钛系锂离子筛对Li+的吸附行为,且吸附主要通过化学作用完成。
在进料速度12 BV/h、吸附时间3 h条件下,温度对锂吸附量的影响试验结果如图6所示。可以看出:随温度升高,加快Li+在卤水和锂离子筛之间的扩散速度,即使在0 ℃时锂吸附量仍可达3.73 mg/g。
在温度20 ℃、吸附时间3 h条件下,锂吸附量及锂吸附率随进料流速的变化曲线如图7所示。
图7看出,随进料流速增大,吸附量逐渐升高,吸附率下降:卤水进料流速由3 BV/h增至16 BV/h时,吸附量由3.4 mg/g提高至8.8 mg/g,吸附率由92.15%降至31.77%;流速进一步增大,吸附量基本趋于稳定。该结果与熊福军等[19]的研究结论一致,锂离子筛吸附剂未达到饱和状态,吸附剂中存在大量的Li+-H+交换位点,一定时间内较低的进料流速导致可交换的Li+不足,吸附量较低,但吸附率较高;随进料流速增大,吸附量逐渐增加,但同时吸附尾液中大量Li+未与吸附剂进行离子交换即排出,导致Li+吸附率较低。
为提高锂离子筛的利用效率,对连续离子交换装置30个吸附柱进行合理分配。在温度20 ℃、进料流速12 BV/h、吸附时间3 h条件下,串联级数对锂吸附量和锂吸附率的影响试验结果如图8所示。
图8看出:两柱串联吸附量8.03 mg/g,吸附率67.5%;三柱串联吸附量约6.8 mg/g,吸附率约81.18%,四柱串联吸附量5.73 mg/g,吸附率94.99%,锂离子筛利用率较低。综合考虑吸附量及吸附率,确定吸附柱串联级数为三级。
解吸过程是解吸液中H+与吸附剂中吸附的Li+进行置换,锂离子筛失去Li+获得H+完成转型。采用0.1 mol/L盐酸在30~40 ℃条件下循环解吸,解吸率随时间的变化曲线如图9(a)所示。可以看出:解吸率随时间延长而提高,解吸过程集中在10~45 min,至1 h趋于平稳。采用0.1 mol/L盐酸循环解吸1 h,解吸率与Ti溶损率随温度的变化如图9(b)所示。可以看出:随温度升高,解吸越来越彻底,但Ti溶损率逐渐提高;温度为20~30 ℃时,解吸率为80%~90%,Ti溶损率<0.006%;温度升至40 ℃时,解吸率为90%~100%,Ti溶损率约0.013 2%。可见温度变化对Ti溶损的影响明显,控制解吸温度在30~40 ℃之间较为合适。
图10为不同盐酸浓度,在30~40 ℃循环解吸1 h条件下,解吸率和Ti溶损率随盐酸浓度的变化曲线。可以看出:解吸率与Ti溶损率均随盐酸浓度增大而提高,这是因为H+浓度影响解吸率及材料寿命,钛系锂离子筛为Li—Ti—O层间结构,Ti作为骨架支撑结构,当酸浓度过高时,会导致H+与Li+交换的同时出现Ti溶损[20]。在不同盐酸浓度下解吸时,可用Ti溶损率间接评价锂离子筛使用寿命:盐酸浓度增至0.02 mol/L时,Ti溶损率较低,但不能完全解吸;盐酸浓度增至0.1 mol/L时,解吸率提高至90%左右,Ti溶损率提高至0.005 2%;进一步提高盐酸浓度至0.3 mol/L,可保证完全解吸,但锂离子筛的Ti溶损加剧,严重影响材料的稳定性。此变化趋势与文献[20]的研究结论一致。酸浓度是造成Ti溶损的关键因素之一,增大盐酸浓度导致材料晶型由锐钛矿型向金红石型转化,影响吸附剂的吸附量和稳定性[21]。综合考虑解吸效率及Ti溶损程度,控制盐酸浓度在0.05~0.1 mol/L之间为宜。
为提高解吸合格液中Li+质量浓度,缩短解吸时间,降低Ti溶损率,对比研究了5个周期过流解吸和循环解吸对解吸效果的影响,结果如图11所示。可以看出:循环解吸效果的解吸率和解吸液中Li+质量浓度高于过流解吸,同时还能避免过流解吸因使用高浓度酸作为解吸剂导致的Ti溶损加剧问题。
吸附过程结束后,执行吸附功能的离子交换柱步进至洗料段,采用纯水自上而下彻底清洗柱内残余卤水,洗脱大量杂质离子,同时将柱内的碱性环境洗至偏中性,可有效减少解吸过程因中和碱而消耗的酸量,有利于解吸快速进行。洗料流速和时间对洗料效果的影响试验结果如图12所示。可以看出:洗料流速在8~12 BV/h条件下,冲洗30~45 min即可保证材料表面吸附的Li+质量浓度降至较低水平。综合考虑冲洗效果及耗水量,选择洗料流速为8~12 BV/h,冲洗时间为30 min。
解吸过程结束后,离子交换柱步进至洗酸段,采用纯水自上而下冲洗柱内残余解吸液,实现离子交换柱内环境由酸性转至中性,以利于吸附过程快速进行,冲洗水回流至富锂解吸液收集Li+。洗酸流速和时间对洗酸效果的影响试验结果如图13所示。可以看出:洗酸流速在4 BV/h条件下冲洗30 min,洗酸出口仍有较高浓度的Li+;流速增至8 BV/h,冲洗30 min,洗酸出口中Li+质量浓度明显降低,洗至45 min可基本冲洗干净。综合考虑洗酸水量及解吸液中Li+质量浓度,选择洗酸流速为8~12 BV/h,冲洗时间为30 min。
为考察锂离子筛在连续离子交换装置中的运行稳定性,根据上述吸附—解吸研究结果,确定最佳试验条件为:连续离子交换装置中30柱按6∶1∶2∶1比例分配,即18柱吸附(六并三串),3柱串联洗料,6柱并联循环解吸,3柱串联洗酸,控制步进时间为10 min;吸附过程中进料流速12 BV/h,吸附时间3 h,洗料流速10 BV/h,冲洗时间30 min;解吸过程盐酸浓度0.1 mol/L,循环解吸1 h,解吸温度30~40 ℃,洗酸流速8 BV/h,冲洗时间30 min。在该条件下连续运行30个周期所得解吸液水质元素质量浓度比如图14所示。可以看出:ρ(Li+)/ρ(Na+)约为1,ρ(Li+)/ρ(K+)约为3、ρ(Li+)/ρ(Mg2+)约为3.5、ρ(Li+)/ρ(Ca2+)约为9.5。运行稳定性评价结果如图15所示。可以看出:锂平均吸附量约6.67 mg/g,吸附率约80%。说明锂离子筛性能未发生衰减,解吸液水质稳定。
研究了采用吸附法对H2TiO3型锂离子筛在碳酸型盐湖中提锂,在连续离子交换装置中考察了运行工艺稳定性和材料的循环使用性能,得出如下结论:
1)成型后钛系锂离子筛颗粒粒径约300~400 nm,经过长周期循环使用后的颗粒粒径减小至200~300 nm,归结于多次吸附—解吸导致材料表面磨损及酸洗导致。前躯体Li2TiO3经过酸洗脱Li+后得到具有特定位点的H2TiO3型锂离子筛,形成的吸附位点在尺寸效应下,限制水合离子半径较Li+大的离子进入锂离子筛,实现在含有多种阳离子的卤水中选择性吸附Li+。XRD结果表明,在Li+的循环嵌入和脱出过程中,仍保持稳定的晶体结构,具有良好的循环使用性能。
2)钛系锂离子筛在碳酸型盐湖中饱和吸附量达13. 56 mg/g。在吸附时间3 h、进料流速12 BV/h、温度约20 ℃条件下,采用三柱串联方式,锂吸附率约81.18%,吸附量约6.8 mg/g;解吸率随解吸时间延长可完全解吸,在盐酸浓度0.1 mol/L、解吸温度30~40 ℃条件下循环解吸时间1 h,锂解吸率大于90%,Ti溶损小于0.006%;洗料过程以10 BV/h流速冲洗吸附后离子交换柱30 min可彻底清洗柱内残余卤水,洗脱大量杂质离子,有利于快速进入解吸过程,降低H+中和碱过程的损耗从而降低成本;洗酸过程以8 BV/h流速冲洗解吸后离子交换柱30 min,可彻底清洗柱内残余解吸液,实现离子交换柱内环境由酸性转至中性,有利于吸附的快速进行。
3)根据吸附—洗料—解吸—洗酸工序的特性及确定的最佳试验条件,合理分配30柱连续离子交换装置,将各步序整合到一个系统中连续稳定运行30个周期,H2TiO3型锂离子筛表现出良好的稳定性和循环使用性能,锂吸附量约6.67 mg/g,吸附率约80%,富锂解吸液锂质量浓度约1.2 g/L,各元素质量浓度比为ρ(Li+)/ρ(Na+)≈1,ρ(Li+)/ρ(K+)≈3、ρ(Li+)/ρ(Mg2+)≈3.5、ρ(Li+)/ρ(Ca2+)≈9.5。该法可为钛系锂离子筛的应用工艺及工业化推广提供一条新途径。
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2024年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.009
  • 接收时间:2024-02-23
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-23
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    1 北京华特源科技有限公司, 北京 100089
    2 北京碧水源膜科技有限公司, 北京 101400

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吕龙(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为盐湖资源综合利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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