Article(id=1172619712321172092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)03-0242-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710259200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503925638, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503925638, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503925638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503925638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172619710446321994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='215', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503925191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758768108393, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177922079165923462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177922079165923463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=242, endPage=249, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172619712547664509, articleId=1172619712321172092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Analysis of Leaching Characteristics of the Impurity Potassium in Ammonium Molybdate Production, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of producing ammonium molybdate by roasting and ammonia leaching, the leaching rule of potassium in ammonia leaching process of molybdenum calcine was studied by ICP, XPS, SEM, etc., and the change of occurrence form of potassium in ammonia leaching process was investigated by MLA and Factsage thermodynamic software. The kinetic law of potassium release was investigated by using the unreacted kernel model, parabolic diffusion equation, double constant equation, Elovich equation and first-order kinetic equation. The results show that the leaching of potassium in the ammonia leaching process of washed molybdenum calcination can be divided into two stages:Preleaching stage is the leaching process of ionic potassium, which mainly occurred the ion exchange reaction of KCl and K2SiF6, and the leaching activation energy is 4.79 kJ/mol. The Elovich model is the best fit for this stage. Late leaching stage is mainly the leaching process of potassium from mineral potassium, the leaching activation energy is 34.55 kJ/mol, and the optimal kinetic model is a double constant model. At the late stage of leaching, the potassium release rate is slow, and the potassium release ability of the four potassium-containing minerals is from weak to strong in the order of illite<barium ferromica<mica<orthoclase.

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刘起航(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高炉炼铁、原燃料质量评价与控制等。

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刘起航(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高炉炼铁、原燃料质量评价与控制等。

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刘起航(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高炉炼铁、原燃料质量评价与控制等。

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Keyword(id=1177245273911865659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=钾), Keyword(id=1177245273962197308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, orderNo=7, keyword=低钾钼制品), Keyword(id=1177245274012528957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, orderNo=8, keyword=特征)], refs=[Reference(id=1177245276424253785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=25, issue=4, pageStart=58, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=居炎鹏, 王爱琴, journalName=粉末冶金工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=居炎鹏, 王爱琴. 钼合金研究现状[J]. 粉末冶金工业, 2015, 25(4):58-62., articleTitle=钼合金研究现状, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1177245276478779738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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a—温度;b—粒度;c—液固质量比;d—氨水浓度。

, figureFileSmall=tGQZ4Mdarv810W04NlyriQ==, figureFileBig=EyP/A6ZlZTX6Jn8lBQUMJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274322907456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2NCu4xvQRG7BXjbQHyHrXQ==, figureFileBig=31q3R+g26SLnYmZ0ui4OiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274381627713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=图2, caption=钼焙砂与氨浸渣SEM-EDS分析结果

a—钼焙砂;b—氨浸渣。

, figureFileSmall=2NCu4xvQRG7BXjbQHyHrXQ==, figureFileBig=31q3R+g26SLnYmZ0ui4OiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274457125186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cuheG37qf9qr4ZWrU1wwrQ==, figureFileBig=KsyzM0KiK6QnhOJAVns2kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274524234051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=图3, caption=钼焙砂的XPS分析结果

a—全谱;b—钾分峰。

, figureFileSmall=cuheG37qf9qr4ZWrU1wwrQ==, figureFileBig=KsyzM0KiK6QnhOJAVns2kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274578760004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Sg/9WZ8tb8C+PJNpBqkXwQ==, figureFileBig=AdckBM/L9zAiEhdbAVQMFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274629091653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=图4, caption=钼焙砂氨浸过程的热力学分析结果, figureFileSmall=Sg/9WZ8tb8C+PJNpBqkXwQ==, figureFileBig=AdckBM/L9zAiEhdbAVQMFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274683617606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cReMDT7f5J+jcMXNaOc6bw==, figureFileBig=7bG0f5krs7/HfKbj9pwZcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274738143559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=图5, caption=浸出过程示意, figureFileSmall=cReMDT7f5J+jcMXNaOc6bw==, figureFileBig=7bG0f5krs7/HfKbj9pwZcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274817835336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Awv078IGRP/0yqPtz9OBGg==, figureFileBig=7fXmwEc5Yvt3GgV6m6Ok2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245274897527113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同温度下不同动力学控制模型的拟合曲线

外扩散控制模型:a—氨浸前期;b—氨浸后期。界面化学反应控制模型:c—氨浸前期;d—氨浸后期。内扩散控制模型:e—氨浸前期;f—氨浸后期。

, figureFileSmall=Awv078IGRP/0yqPtz9OBGg==, figureFileBig=7fXmwEc5Yvt3GgV6m6Ok2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245275027550538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yGO4E5I1ouJjGz9lpP+rmA==, figureFileBig=psY7Cw7rBhqD4H/TbAp1gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245275119825227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=图7, caption=浸出反应的阿伦尼乌斯曲线

K浸出率:a—10%;b—20%。

, figureFileSmall=yGO4E5I1ouJjGz9lpP+rmA==, figureFileBig=psY7Cw7rBhqD4H/TbAp1gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177245275178545484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mo O Fe Si Al Ca K Ar
62.61 31.31 3.08 1.57 0.29 0.25 0.24 0.119
Cu Zn Pb Na Ag Ti Mg Th
0.119 0.106 0.087 0.05 0.047 0.046 0.034 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1177245275245654349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钼焙砂主要化学成分 %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mo O Fe Si Al Ca K Ar
62.61 31.31 3.08 1.57 0.29 0.25 0.24 0.119
Cu Zn Pb Na Ag Ti Mg Th
0.119 0.106 0.087 0.05 0.047 0.046 0.034 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1177245275358900558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含钾铝硅酸盐矿物名称 化学式 wB/%
钼焙砂中 氨浸渣中
独居石 La0.5Ce0.5(PO4) 0.02 0.04
铁钙闪石 Ca2MgFe2Al3FeSi6O22(OH)2 0.10 0.39
绿泥石 Fe2+3Mg1.5AlFe3+0.5Si3AlO12(OH)6 0.04 0.56
金红石 TiO2 0.14 0.43
伊利石 K0.6(H2O)0.4Al1.3Mg0.3Fe2+0.1Si3.5O10(OH) 0.01 1.53
萤石 CaF2 0.07 2.10
绿泥石黄铁矿混合 Fe2+3Mg1.5AlFe3+0.5Si3AlO12(OH)6,FeS2 0.02 1.01
正长石 KAlSi3O8 0.20 1.99
云母 KAl3Si3O10(OH)1.8F0.2 0.20 3.02
辉钼矿 MoS2 0.07 0.34
钼焙砂石膏混合 MoO3,SiO2 0.17 1.25
赤铁矿 Fe2O3 0.53 25.78
正长石黄铁矿混合 KAlSi3O8,FeS2 0.43 4.40
钡铁云母 Ba0.75K0.25Fe2+2.25Mg0.75Si3Al0.7Fe3+0.3O10S1.5(OH)0.5 0.72 21.34
黄铁矿钼焙砂混合 FeS2,MoO3 1.42 0.01
石英 SiO2 1.64 22.59
石英黄铁矿混合 SiO2,FeS2 0.34 2.19
水钼铁矿 Fe3+2(MoO4)3-7(H2O) 1.63 0.01
钼焙砂黄铁矿混合 MoO3,FeS2 0.84 2.36
钼焙砂石英混合 MoO3,SiO2 0.88 0.63
钼焙砂 MoO3 78.47 0.83
钼焙砂(少量Fe) MoO3 10.80 0.52
未知矿物 1.26 6.68
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钼焙砂与氨浸渣的MLA检测结果

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含钾铝硅酸盐矿物名称 化学式 wB/%
钼焙砂中 氨浸渣中
独居石 La0.5Ce0.5(PO4) 0.02 0.04
铁钙闪石 Ca2MgFe2Al3FeSi6O22(OH)2 0.10 0.39
绿泥石 Fe2+3Mg1.5AlFe3+0.5Si3AlO12(OH)6 0.04 0.56
金红石 TiO2 0.14 0.43
伊利石 K0.6(H2O)0.4Al1.3Mg0.3Fe2+0.1Si3.5O10(OH) 0.01 1.53
萤石 CaF2 0.07 2.10
绿泥石黄铁矿混合 Fe2+3Mg1.5AlFe3+0.5Si3AlO12(OH)6,FeS2 0.02 1.01
正长石 KAlSi3O8 0.20 1.99
云母 KAl3Si3O10(OH)1.8F0.2 0.20 3.02
辉钼矿 MoS2 0.07 0.34
钼焙砂石膏混合 MoO3,SiO2 0.17 1.25
赤铁矿 Fe2O3 0.53 25.78
正长石黄铁矿混合 KAlSi3O8,FeS2 0.43 4.40
钡铁云母 Ba0.75K0.25Fe2+2.25Mg0.75Si3Al0.7Fe3+0.3O10S1.5(OH)0.5 0.72 21.34
黄铁矿钼焙砂混合 FeS2,MoO3 1.42 0.01
石英 SiO2 1.64 22.59
石英黄铁矿混合 SiO2,FeS2 0.34 2.19
水钼铁矿 Fe3+2(MoO4)3-7(H2O) 1.63 0.01
钼焙砂黄铁矿混合 MoO3,FeS2 0.84 2.36
钼焙砂石英混合 MoO3,SiO2 0.88 0.63
钼焙砂 MoO3 78.47 0.83
钼焙砂(少量Fe) MoO3 10.80 0.52
未知矿物 1.26 6.68
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正长石 云母 伊利石 钡铁云母
12.57 -33.14 -1 251 -161.21
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含钾矿物的质量变化率 %

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正长石 云母 伊利石 钡铁云母
12.57 -33.14 -1 251 -161.21
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氨浸阶段 温度/℃ 外扩散控制 界面化学反应控制 内扩散控制
前期 30 0.853 0.856 0.855
40 0.900 0.923 0.891
50 0.956 0.958 0.969
60 0.965 0.946 0.982
后期 30 0.771 0.074
40 0.429 0.691 0.179
50 0.612 0.582 0.824
60 0.591 0.560 0.624
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不同动力学控制模型的拟合相关系数R2

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氨浸阶段 温度/℃ 外扩散控制 界面化学反应控制 内扩散控制
前期 30 0.853 0.856 0.855
40 0.900 0.923 0.891
50 0.956 0.958 0.969
60 0.965 0.946 0.982
后期 30 0.771 0.074
40 0.429 0.691 0.179
50 0.612 0.582 0.824
60 0.591 0.560 0.624
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氨浸阶段 温度/℃ 抛物线扩散模型 双常数模型 Elovich模型
a b R2 SD a b R2 SD a b R2 SD
前期 30 -0.14 4.07 0.995 148.69 3.89 0.52 0.995 149.33 0.04 5.65 0.999 149.33
40 -0.03 4.16 0.994 154.98 4.17 0.49 0.994 155.68 0.42 5.63 0.999 155.68
50 -0.08 4.28 0.998 163.76 4.15 0.51 0.998 164.06 0.31 5.83 0.998 164.07
60 -0.18 4.36 0.998 170.13 4.06 0.53 0.998 170.46 0.02 6.04 0.996 170.47
后期 30 18.15 0.75 0.982 0.029 17.75 0.01 0.992 0.056 17.73 0.19 0.992 0.058
40 21.04 0.2 0.978 0.079 18.15 0.03 0.994 0.139 20.86 0.08 0.987 0.14
50 24.01 0.12 0.882 0.024 20.86 0.51 0.898 0.018 22.84 0.52 0.738 0.018
60 26.13 0.13 0.889 0.03 22.93 0.53 0.998 0.06 24.96 0.53 0.996 0.061
), ArticleFig(id=1177245276088709461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同动力学模型的拟合参数

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氨浸阶段 温度/℃ 抛物线扩散模型 双常数模型 Elovich模型
a b R2 SD a b R2 SD a b R2 SD
前期 30 -0.14 4.07 0.995 148.69 3.89 0.52 0.995 149.33 0.04 5.65 0.999 149.33
40 -0.03 4.16 0.994 154.98 4.17 0.49 0.994 155.68 0.42 5.63 0.999 155.68
50 -0.08 4.28 0.998 163.76 4.15 0.51 0.998 164.06 0.31 5.83 0.998 164.07
60 -0.18 4.36 0.998 170.13 4.06 0.53 0.998 170.46 0.02 6.04 0.996 170.47
后期 30 18.15 0.75 0.982 0.029 17.75 0.01 0.992 0.056 17.73 0.19 0.992 0.058
40 21.04 0.2 0.978 0.079 18.15 0.03 0.994 0.139 20.86 0.08 0.987 0.14
50 24.01 0.12 0.882 0.024 20.86 0.51 0.898 0.018 22.84 0.52 0.738 0.018
60 26.13 0.13 0.889 0.03 22.93 0.53 0.998 0.06 24.96 0.53 0.996 0.061
), ArticleFig(id=1177245276151624022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
K浸出率/% 温度/K
303.15 313.15 323.15 333.15
10 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.2
20 79.9 32.1 25.6 22.2
), ArticleFig(id=1177245276201955671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619712321172092, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同温度下K浸出率达10%、20%所需时间 min

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
K浸出率/% 温度/K
303.15 313.15 323.15 333.15
10 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.2
20 79.9 32.1 25.6 22.2
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钼酸铵生产中杂质钾的浸出特征分析研究
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刘起航 , 翁石林 , 王苗 , 杨双平 , 李尚晋
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(3): 242-249
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(3): 242-249
钼酸铵生产中杂质钾的浸出特征分析研究
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刘起航, 翁石林, 王苗, 杨双平, 李尚晋
作者信息
  • 西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院, 陕西 西安 710055
  • 刘起航(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高炉炼铁、原燃料质量评价与控制等。

Analysis of Leaching Characteristics of the Impurity Potassium in Ammonium Molybdate Production
Qihang LIU, Shilin WENG, Miao WANG, Shuangping YANG, Shangjin LI
Affiliations
  • School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.005
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在采用焙烧―氨浸法生产钼酸铵过程中,通过ICP、XPS、SEM等手段研究了钼焙砂氨浸过程中钾元素的浸出规律,并借助MLA和Factsage热力学软件考察了氨浸过程中钾元素的赋存形态变化。采用未反应核模型、抛物线扩散方程、双常数方程、Elovich方程及一级动力学方程等动力学模型探讨了钾释放的动力学规律。结果表明:钼焙砂氨浸过程中钾的浸出可分为2个阶段:前期为离子钾的浸出过程,主要发生KCl、K2SiF6的离子交换反应,浸出活化能较小,仅为4.79 kJ/mol,Elovich模型对该阶段的拟合效果最好;后期主要为矿物钾中钾的浸出过程,浸出活化能较大,为34.55 kJ/mol,最优动力学模型为双常数模型。浸出后期,钾的释放速率较慢,4种含钾矿物的释钾能力由弱到强顺序为:伊利石<钡铁云母<云母<正长石。
钼酸铵  /  钼焙砂  /  氨  /  浸出  /  动力学  /  钾  /  低钾钼制品  /  特征

In the process of producing ammonium molybdate by roasting and ammonia leaching, the leaching rule of potassium in ammonia leaching process of molybdenum calcine was studied by ICP, XPS, SEM, etc., and the change of occurrence form of potassium in ammonia leaching process was investigated by MLA and Factsage thermodynamic software. The kinetic law of potassium release was investigated by using the unreacted kernel model, parabolic diffusion equation, double constant equation, Elovich equation and first-order kinetic equation. The results show that the leaching of potassium in the ammonia leaching process of washed molybdenum calcination can be divided into two stages:Preleaching stage is the leaching process of ionic potassium, which mainly occurred the ion exchange reaction of KCl and K2SiF6, and the leaching activation energy is 4.79 kJ/mol. The Elovich model is the best fit for this stage. Late leaching stage is mainly the leaching process of potassium from mineral potassium, the leaching activation energy is 34.55 kJ/mol, and the optimal kinetic model is a double constant model. At the late stage of leaching, the potassium release rate is slow, and the potassium release ability of the four potassium-containing minerals is from weak to strong in the order of illite<barium ferromica<mica<orthoclase.

ammonium molybdate  /  molybdenum calcine  /  ammonia  /  leaching  /  dynamics  /  potassium  /  low potassium molybdenum products  /  characteristic
刘起航, 翁石林, 王苗, 杨双平, 李尚晋. 钼酸铵生产中杂质钾的浸出特征分析研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (3) : 242 -249 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.005
Qihang LIU, Shilin WENG, Miao WANG, Shuangping YANG, Shangjin LI. Analysis of Leaching Characteristics of the Impurity Potassium in Ammonium Molybdate Production[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (3) : 242 -249 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.005
钼产品是现代高新技术发展的重要原料之一,广泛应用于石油、化工、电子等领域[1-2]。特别是在电子工业领域,高纯钼及其化合物越来越多地应用于薄膜半导体液晶显示屏、等离子显示屏、场发射显示器和传感器等方面[3-6],但由于碱金属离子(Na+、K+)易在绝缘层内发生迁移,使元器件性能下降,因此,严格控制这些杂质元素,最大程度地降低其在钼产品中的含量十分重要[7]。此外,近年来其他领域对钼产品中钾含量也提出了更高的要求[8-9]
钼酸铵是低钾钼制品的主要原料之一,钼酸铵中钾含量对钼制品品质会产生很大影响,因此制备低钾钼酸铵对进一步获得高质量低钾钼制品极其重要。焙烧―氨浸法是目前生产钼酸铵的主要工艺,但现有研究的关注点多集中在焙烧阶段,包括钼精矿的焙烧行为、焙烧对氨浸出速率的影响、焙烧过程中主要杂质元素的变化规律,以及对烧结行为的控制机制等[10-12],而有关氨浸过程除钾相关研究报道较少。
氨水浸出是钼酸铵生产关键工序,对钾含量和产品品质会产生直接影响。因此,试验以钼焙砂为研究对象,考察了温度、粒度、液固质量比、氨水浓度对钾浸出的影响,并研究了氨浸法中钾释放的动力学规律,以期为氨浸法进一步降低钾含量提供理论参考。
试验用钼焙砂样品来自某钼冶炼企业,通过XRF全元素检测其主要化学成分,结果见表1
采用X射线荧光仪(XRF)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)、扫描电镜-能谱分析仪(SEM-EDS)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)与矿物解离分析仪(MLA)等对矿物的微观结构、表面形态、物相成分进行观察和定量分析。
将40 g钼焙砂置于500 mL去离子水中洗涤3 h,之后于100 ℃下烘干至恒重。水洗后钼焙砂在氨水中浸出,过滤后用电热鼓风恒温干燥箱(101-1AB型)恒温干燥。
1)在50 g浓度为25%的氨水中,添加10 g钼焙砂至液固质量比为5/1,设置温度分别为30、40、50、60 ℃,采用ICP测定90 min内氨浸液中钾含量[13]
2)将10 g干燥后样品按照粒度筛分为-48 μm、-74~+48 μm、-150~+74 μm、-178~+150 μm、+178 μm,以及未筛分的原矿6组,分别置于25%氨水中,采用ICP测定90 min内氨浸液中钾含量。
3)将10 g干燥后样品分别放入浓度为25%的氨水中,其液固质量比分别为3/1、4/1、5/1、6/1,采用ICP测定90 min内氨浸液中钾含量。
4)将10 g干燥后样品置于浓度分别为10%、15%、20%、25%的氨水中,采用ICP测定90 min内氨浸液中钾含量。
根据式(1)[14]计算钾浸出率:
x=$\frac{\rho V}{m}$×100%。
式中:x—钾浸出率,%;ρ—氨浸液中钾质量浓度,mg/L;V—氨浸液体积,mL;m—钼焙砂中钾质量,g。
不同条件下K浸出率随浸出时间的变化如图1所示。
图1(a)看出:钼焙砂氨浸过程中K浸出率随温度升高而增大。随温度升高,氨浸液中粒子能量增加,粒子间的有效碰撞概率增大,促使反应正向进行,同时降低溶液黏度,加快反应传质。故低温条件下,即选择30 ℃对低钾钼酸铵的生产有利。
图1(b)看出:钼焙砂粒度对氨浸过程中K的浸出有一定影响,其中粒度范围为-178~+150 μm条件下的氨浸效果最好;相反,当粒度为-48 μm时K浸出率超过20%,对降低(NH4)2MoO4中钾含量十分不利。粒度对K的释放影响趋势为钾浸出率随粒径减小先增大后减小再增大,因此,在低钾钼酸铵制备过程中,选择合适的浸出粒度十分重要。
图1(c)看出:随液固质量比增大,钾释放率逐渐增加,这是由于液固质量比差距不大,随液体质量的增加,浸出液中K浓度越小,反应生成物浓度越低越有助于反应正向进行。
图1(d)看出:氨水浓度越大,钾释放量越大,说明增大氨浸液初始浓度可促进浸出过程中钾的释放,这主要是由于溶液中铵离子的活性提高,使溶液中传质推动力增强,从而促进反应进行。实际生产中,为保证钼浸出率,氨水浓度不宜过低,综合考虑,确定氨水浓度为20%较为适宜。
综上表明,氨浸时钾的释放可分为2个阶段,前期具有释钾快速和大量的特点,后期钾的释放相对缓慢,且释放量少。
钼焙砂与氨浸渣SEM-EDS分析结果如图2所示。可以看出:钼焙砂氨浸前、后主要元素为Mo、S、O、Al、Fe。
K含量相对较低,SEM-EDS分析无法了解其中K的存在状态,因此进一步采用XPS对钼焙砂进行检测分析,探究其中K的存在形态。图3(a)为钼焙砂的XPS全谱图,图3(b)为钾分峰处理图,结合全谱与NIST标准结合能位置判断,K的292.27 eV特征峰为KCl,289.37 eV和295.17 eV特征峰分别为K的铝硅酸盐和K2SiF6
87.33 g钼焙砂经氨浸后得7.7 g氨浸渣,为确定含钾铝硅酸盐矿物类别及数量,采用MLA对钼焙砂和氨浸渣进行分析,结果见表2
结合XPS与MLA检测结果可知,氨浸会显著影响钼焙砂的组织结构,其主要成分由MoO3变为石英及赤铁矿。钼焙砂中钾是以离子化合物KCl、K2SiF6,以及含钾铝硅酸盐的云母、正长石、伊利石、钡铁云母等形态存在,钼焙砂氨浸过程中可能会发生K的离子反应,同时也会发生钾矿物的解赋反应。
根据式(2)计算正长石、云母、伊利石和钡铁云母4种含钾矿物的质量变化率,结果见表3,y为正值表示减少,负值表示增加。
θ=$\frac{{m}_{1}{w}_{1}-{m}_{2}{w}_{2}}{{m}_{1}{w}_{1}}$×100%。
式中:θ—含钾矿物质量变化率,%;m1m2—钼焙砂、氨浸渣质量,g;w1w2—钼焙砂、氨浸渣中含钾矿物质量分数,%。
表3看出:在氨浸过程中,正长石减少12.57%,云母增加33.14%,伊利石增加12.51倍,钡铁云母增加1.61倍,说明4种含钾矿物在氨浸过程中的释钾能力由弱到强的顺序为伊利石<钡铁云母<云母<正长石。
表1可知钼焙砂中杂质金属元素较多,因此,推测其化学反应为:
KCl+Ag+═══════AgCl↓+K+;
K2SiF6+3H2O═══════2KF+4HF↑+H2SiO3;
KAlSi3O8+12HF═══════3SiF4↑+KOH+Al(OH)3+4H2O↑;
2Al(OH)3═══════Al2O3+3H2O。
通过Factsage7.0热力学软件对式(3)~(6)进行热力学分析,通过式(7)计算各反应的吉布斯自由能:
ΔGTHT-TΔST
式中:ΔGT—吉布斯自由能,MJ/mol;ΔHT—焓变,MJ/mol;T—热力学温度,K;ΔST—熵变,MJ/(mol·K)。
钼焙砂氨浸过程的热力学分析结果如图4所示。可以看出:温度在274~374 K范围内,反应(3)~(6)的标准吉布斯自由能均小于0,且式(3)、(4)均为放热反应,说明在室温条件下KCl与K2SiF6的释钾反应均可自发进行,故钼焙砂氨浸过程中KCl与K2SiF6的离子交换反应更易发生。综上,钼焙砂氨浸过程中快速释钾阶段主要是KCl与K2SiF6的离子交换反应,释钾量大且反应迅速;慢速释钾阶段主要是正长石与云母中矿物钾的解赋,反应缓慢且释钾量小。
钼焙砂氨浸过程中K的浸出反应属于典型的液固反应。图5为浸出过程示意图。
冶金中最常用的液固反应模型为未反应核模型[15],较常用的3个动力学方程如下[16]:
外扩散控制:
k1t=1-${(1-x)}^{\frac{2}{3}}$;
界面化学反应控制:
k2t=1-${(1-x)}^{\frac{1}{3}}$;
内扩散控制:
k3t=1-$\frac{2}{3}$x-${(1-x)}^{\frac{2}{3}}$。
式中:x—钾浸出率,%;k1k2k3—外扩散控制、界面化学反应控制、内扩散控制模型的反应速率常数,min-1;t—浸出时间,min。
采用式(8)~(10)对图1(a)数据进行拟合,结果如图6表4所示。
表4看出:外扩散控制模型、界面化学反应控制模型与内扩散控制模型对钼焙砂氨浸前期释K过程拟合度均较好,外扩散控制模型拟合度最高,说明钼焙砂氨浸前期释K反应受外扩散过程控制;而3种控制模型对氨浸后期释K过程的拟合度均不高,说明未反应核模型不能有效描述氨浸后期释K过程。
用于含钾矿物中K的释放动力学方程主要为抛物线扩散方程、双常数方程、Elovich方程及一级动力学方程,表达式如下[17-18]:
抛物线扩散模型:
y=a+bt0.5;
双常数模型:
y=atb;
Elovich模型:
y=a+bln t;
一级动力学模型:
y=a(1-e-bt)。
式中:yt时刻累积钾浸出率,%;t—浸出时间,min;ab—模型参数。模型的拟合度由相关系数R2与方差SD判断,R2越大,SD越小,模型的拟合度越高。
一级动力学模型拟合无法收敛,因此,仅探讨了其他3种动力学模型对氨浸释K过程的拟合,结果见表5。根据R2SD计算结果可知,氨浸前期拟合效果表现为Elovich模型>双常数模型>抛物线扩散模型,且3者拟合效果均高于未反应核模型,说明对氨浸前期K释放过程拟合效果最好的是Elovich模型;氨浸后期拟合效果表现为双常数模型>抛物线扩散模型>Elovich模型,可见对氨浸后期K释放拟合效果最好的为双常数模型。
在释K前期、后期分别选取一个浸出率,由等浸出率法求表观活化能[19-20]:
ln t=$\frac{{E}_{a}}{RT}$。
式中:t—K离子达规定浸出率时所需时间,min;Ea—表观活化能,kJ/mol;R—理想气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);T—热力学温度,K。
不同温度下,K浸出率达10%、20%所需时间见表6,通过ln t对1/T绘制反应的阿伦尼乌斯曲线,如图7所示。
图7看出:氨浸前期的表观活化能为4.79 kJ/mol,后期为34.55 kJ/mol。反应前期,K的释放所需活化能较小,反应速率较快;而在后期,含钾矿物中K的释放需较高活化能,发生难度较大,所需时间较长。
针对采用焙烧―氨浸法生产钼酸铵过程,研究了钼焙砂氨浸过程中钾元素的浸出规律及赋存形态变化,并探讨了浸出动力学,得出如下结论:
1)钾浸出率随反应温度、液固质量比与氨水浓度升高而增大,钼焙砂粒度在-178~+150 μm范围内,钾浸出率最低。
2)通过XRF、XPS、MLA检测及Factsage 7.0模拟分析发现,钼焙砂在氨浸过程中钾的赋存形态有2种,浸出前期以离子反应为主,发生KCl和K2SiF6的离子交换或分解反应;后期发生缓慢的含钾矿物释放反应,4种含钾矿物释钾能力由弱到强顺序为:伊利石<钡铁云母<云母<正长石。
3)钼焙砂氨浸过程中钾释放分为2个阶段,前期以Elovich模型为最佳拟合模型,表观活化能为4.79 kJ/mol,释钾速度较快;后期以双常数模型为最佳拟合模型,表观活化能为34.55 kJ/mol,释钾速率缓慢。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374345)
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2024年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.005
  • 接收时间:2024-03-13
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-13
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374345)
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    西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院, 陕西 西安 710055
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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