Article(id=1172619710941249866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)03-0236-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757503925309, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757503925309, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757503925309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757503925309, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172619710446321994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='215', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757503925191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758768108393, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177922079165923462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177922079165923463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172619710446321994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=236, endPage=241, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172619711188713804, articleId=1172619710941249866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Leaching Niobium from Bayan Obo Ore with Hydrofluoric Acid and Its Kinetics, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the comprehensive utilization of niobium minerals in Bayan Obo tailings, the optimum parameters of niobium leaching process were determined by using HF as leaching agent, and the leaching kinetics was studied. The results show that the leaching rate of niobium-containing minerals can reach 90.91% under the conditions of reaction temperature of 90 ℃, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 7/1, HF concentration of 20 mol/L, reaction time of 2 h and stirring rate of 300 r/min. The leaching process of niobium is consistent with the nuclear shrinkage model, and the leaching process is controlled by chemical reaction and diffusion mixture, and the apparent activation energy of the leaching reaction is 35.459 kJ/mol. This method can effectively extract niobium from tailings and is beneficial to subsequent separation and purification.

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赵增武(1972—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿物加工。E-mail:
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孙盘石(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿物加工。

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孙盘石(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿物加工。

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孙盘石(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿物加工。

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总Fe CaO MgO SiO2 S ThO2 CaF2 K2O Na2O
14.00 18.22 2.21 29.08 2.694 0.017 29.76 0.47 2.67
REO Nb2O5 Sc2O3* MnO2 BaO P2O5 Al2O3 TiO2 磁性Fe
5.86 0.32 330.96 0.25 4.82 1.012 0.77 0.59 0.15
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尾矿主要化学成分 %

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总Fe CaO MgO SiO2 S ThO2 CaF2 K2O Na2O
14.00 18.22 2.21 29.08 2.694 0.017 29.76 0.47 2.67
REO Nb2O5 Sc2O3* MnO2 BaO P2O5 Al2O3 TiO2 磁性Fe
5.86 0.32 330.96 0.25 4.82 1.012 0.77 0.59 0.15
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物相 占比/%
磁铁矿 27.64
赤铁矿
黄铁矿
磁黄铁矿
铌矿物 0.49
稀土矿物 4.81
萤石 30.07
白云石
霓辉石 23.91
钠闪石
云母
磷灰石 8.55
重晶石
长石石英 4.52
其他 0.01
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尾矿矿物组成

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物相 占比/%
磁铁矿 27.64
赤铁矿
黄铁矿
磁黄铁矿
铌矿物 0.49
稀土矿物 4.81
萤石 30.07
白云石
霓辉石 23.91
钠闪石
云母
磷灰石 8.55
重晶石
长石石英 4.52
其他 0.01
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试剂与仪器 厂家名称
去离子水 实验室自制
HF 西陇科学股份有限公司
H2SO4 成都市科隆化学品有限公司
UPR-11-10T型优普系列超纯水机 四川优普超纯科技有限公司
DZKW-D-2型电热恒
温水浴锅
北京市永光明医疗仪器
有限责任公司
B90-S型电动搅拌器 上海梅颖浦仪器仪表制造
有限公司
SHZ-D(Ⅲ)循环水式真空泵 巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司
ML-3-4型可调式电热板 北京市永光明医疗仪器
有限责任公司
), ArticleFig(id=1177303616156221535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619710941249866, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验用试剂与仪器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试剂与仪器 厂家名称
去离子水 实验室自制
HF 西陇科学股份有限公司
H2SO4 成都市科隆化学品有限公司
UPR-11-10T型优普系列超纯水机 四川优普超纯科技有限公司
DZKW-D-2型电热恒
温水浴锅
北京市永光明医疗仪器
有限责任公司
B90-S型电动搅拌器 上海梅颖浦仪器仪表制造
有限公司
SHZ-D(Ⅲ)循环水式真空泵 巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司
ML-3-4型可调式电热板 北京市永光明医疗仪器
有限责任公司
), ArticleFig(id=1177303616248496224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619710941249866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总Fe CaO MgO SiO2 S ThO2 F K2O Na2O
5.82 24.85 3.60 1.27 3.85 0.032 37.53 0.053 2.59
REO Nb2O5 Sc2O3* MnO2 BaO P Al2O3 TiO2 磁性Fe
9.98 0.049 275.64 0.080 6.10 0.30 1.57 0.087 <0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1177303616328188001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619710941249866, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

浸出渣主要化学成分 %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总Fe CaO MgO SiO2 S ThO2 F K2O Na2O
5.82 24.85 3.60 1.27 3.85 0.032 37.53 0.053 2.59
REO Nb2O5 Sc2O3* MnO2 BaO P Al2O3 TiO2 磁性Fe
9.98 0.049 275.64 0.080 6.10 0.30 1.57 0.087 <0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1177303616391102562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619710941249866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 式(6) 式(7) 式(8)
70 0.950 1 0.953 0 0.964 7
80 0.979 2 0.979 3 0.985 3
90 0.774 3 0.777 2 0.777 6
), ArticleFig(id=1177303616470794339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172619710941249866, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同温度下3种动力学模型的拟合相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 式(6) 式(7) 式(8)
70 0.950 1 0.953 0 0.964 7
80 0.979 2 0.979 3 0.985 3
90 0.774 3 0.777 2 0.777 6
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用氢氟酸从白云鄂博矿中浸出铌及动力学研究
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孙盘石 1, 3, 4 , 赵增武 2 , 贾艳 1, 3, 4 , 贺宇龙 1, 3, 4 , 崔久龙 1, 3, 4 , 张文迪 1, 3, 4 , 汪文清 1, 3, 4
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(3): 236-241
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(3): 236-241
用氢氟酸从白云鄂博矿中浸出铌及动力学研究
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孙盘石1, 3, 4, 赵增武2 , 贾艳1, 3, 4, 贺宇龙1, 3, 4, 崔久龙1, 3, 4, 张文迪1, 3, 4, 汪文清1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古科技大学 矿业与煤炭学院, 内蒙古 包头 014000
  • 2 内蒙古工业大学 材料科学与工程学院, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
  • 3 内蒙古科技大学 内蒙古自治区碳中和协同创新中心, 内蒙古 包头 014000
  • 4 内蒙古科技大学 白云鄂博共伴生矿废弃物资源综合利用国家地方联合工程研究中心, 内蒙古 包头 014000
  • 孙盘石(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿物加工。

通讯作者:

赵增武(1972—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿物加工。E-mail:
Leaching Niobium from Bayan Obo Ore with Hydrofluoric Acid and Its Kinetics
Panshi SUN1, 3, 4, Zengwu ZHAO2 , Yan JIA1, 3, 4, Yulong HE1, 3, 4, Jiulong CUI1, 3, 4, Wendi ZHANG1, 3, 4, Wenqing WANG1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mining and Coal College, Inner Mongolia University of Science &Technology, BaoTou 014000, China
  • 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
  • 3 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Carbon Neutrality Collaborative Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, BaoTou 014000, China
  • 4 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Integrated Exploitation of Bayan Obo Associated Mineral Waste Resources, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, BaoTou 014000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.004
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针对白云鄂博尾矿中含铌矿物综合回收利用中存在的问题,研究了用氢氟酸浸出含铌矿物中的铌,确定了最佳工艺条件,并探讨了浸出动力学。结果表明:在反应温度90 ℃、液固体积质量比7/1、氢氟酸浓度20 mol/L、反应时间2 h、搅拌速率300 r/min条件下,铌浸出率达90.91%;铌的浸出过程符合核收缩模型,浸出过程由化学反应和扩散混合控制,表观活化能为35.459 kJ/mol。该法能有效提取尾矿中的铌,有利于后续分离提纯。
白云鄂博尾矿  /  含铌矿物  /  铌  /  氢氟酸  /  浸出  /  动力学

Aiming at the comprehensive utilization of niobium minerals in Bayan Obo tailings, the optimum parameters of niobium leaching process were determined by using HF as leaching agent, and the leaching kinetics was studied. The results show that the leaching rate of niobium-containing minerals can reach 90.91% under the conditions of reaction temperature of 90 ℃, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 7/1, HF concentration of 20 mol/L, reaction time of 2 h and stirring rate of 300 r/min. The leaching process of niobium is consistent with the nuclear shrinkage model, and the leaching process is controlled by chemical reaction and diffusion mixture, and the apparent activation energy of the leaching reaction is 35.459 kJ/mol. This method can effectively extract niobium from tailings and is beneficial to subsequent separation and purification.

Bayan Obo tailings  /  niobium minerals  /  niobium  /  hydrofluoric acid  /  leaching  /  kinetics
孙盘石, 赵增武, 贾艳, 贺宇龙, 崔久龙, 张文迪, 汪文清. 用氢氟酸从白云鄂博矿中浸出铌及动力学研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (3) : 236 -241 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.004
Panshi SUN, Zengwu ZHAO, Yan JIA, Yulong HE, Jiulong CUI, Wendi ZHANG, Wenqing WANG. Leaching Niobium from Bayan Obo Ore with Hydrofluoric Acid and Its Kinetics[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (3) : 236 -241 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.004
金属铌呈钢灰色,具有熔点高、抗腐蚀性强、导热率高、吸气性好、热中子俘获截面小、铌氧化膜的整流和介电性能好等优良特性,可广泛应用于冶金、航空航天、电子、光学、原子能及超导材料等高技术领域[1]。全球铌资源的分布高度集中,主要分布于巴西及加拿大,少量分布在澳大利亚、中国、埃塞俄比亚、尼日利亚、俄罗斯、美国、刚果(金)、肯尼亚等国家[2]。我国铌资源不足,市场供不应求,因此长期依赖进口。相对而言,包头白云鄂博矿床的铌资源储量较大、分布较广,但具有含铌品位低、嵌布粒度细、分散程度较高、铌矿物的种类多等特点[3-4],采用磁选法、浮选法、磁-重-浮联合法等传统选矿法均无法解决白云鄂博铌资源品位低、回收率低等选矿技术难题。为了提高铌回收率,一些研究人员以氢氟酸(HF)为浸出剂对铌矿物进行浸出研究,取得了较为满意的浸出效果。如采用草酸-HF浸出铌矿物时,在HF占比为9%、草酸占比15%条件下,铌浸出率可提升至90%[5];采用H2SO4-HF混合浸出铌矿物时,在HF占比为74%的条件下,铌浸出率可提升至98%[6];在HF浸出体系下,加入氟化铵作为辅助试剂,铌浸出率可提升至96%[7]
为进一步研究有机酸HF对铌矿物的浸出行为,采用HF对于白云鄂博尾矿进行浸出条件试验和浸出动力学探究,以期实现对铌矿物浸出试验参数的精准调控,为该物料的浸出生产工艺提供动力学模型作为理论依据,从而为白云鄂博尾矿的高效综合回收提出一种新思路。
试验原料为白云鄂博主东矿经选铁和稀土后所得尾矿,其主要化学成分及矿物组成见表12。由表1可知,尾矿中主要成分为SiO2和CaF2,Nb2O5品位为0.32%。由表2可知,尾矿中主要矿物为硅酸盐类矿物和萤石矿,铌矿物占比为0.49%,与主要化学成分一致。
试验用试剂与仪器见表3
试验原料中除含铌矿物外还含有硅酸盐矿物、长石、石英等,都会与氢氟酸发生反应。氢氟酸分解含铌矿物时,铌在氢氟酸溶液中通常会形成氟氧铌酸或氟铌酸而留在浸出液中,实现铌的浸出。发生的反应如下:
Nb2O5+10HF═══════2H2NbOF5+3H2O;
Nb2O5+14HF═══════2H2NbF7+5H2O;
Nb2O5+12HF═══════2HNbF6+5H2O;
SiO2+6HF═══════H2SiF6+2H2O。
首先,将一定量尾矿置于聚四氟乙烯烧杯中,加入氢氟酸,再将烧杯放在电热恒温水浴锅中,升温至设定温度后开启搅拌,浸出反应一定时间。反应结束后将浸出渣过滤、烘干并称重,测定浸出渣中Nb2O5含量,计算铌浸出率。计算公式如式(1)[8]所示:
x=(1-$\frac{{m}_{2}{w}_{2}}{{m}_{1}{w}_{1}}$)×100%。
式中:x—铌浸出率,%;m1—尾矿质量,g;m2—浸出渣质量,g;w1—尾矿中铌品位,%;w2—浸出渣中铌质量分数,%。
反应温度90 ℃,搅拌速率300 r/min,反应时间2 h,液固体积质量比7/1,选择H2SO4和HF两种酸作为浸出剂,考察不同酸混合比例对铌浸出率的影响,试验结果如图1所示。可以看出:以纯H2SO4为浸出剂时,铌浸出率为48.67%;以混酸为浸出剂时,铌浸出率在V(H2SO4)/V(HF=3/1)时最大,为88.96%;以纯HF为浸出剂时,铌浸出率为90.91%。纯H2SO4的铌浸出率最低是由于浓H2SO4密度和黏度较高,不利于固液传质,在一定程度上抑制了反应动力学;混酸浸出率虽较高,但仍均低于纯HF。综合考虑,选用纯HF进行后续浸出试验。
反应温度90 ℃,搅拌速率300 r/min,反应时间2 h,液固体积质量比7/1,HF浓度对铌浸出率的影响试验结果如图2所示。可以看出:HF浓度从12 mol/L升至20 mol/L,铌浸出率不断升高,最大为90.91%。这是因为相同浸出条件下,20 mol/L的HF含有更多的活性氢离子与氟离子,能更有效破坏矿物的晶体结构,促进有价元素浸出。因此,确定HF最佳浓度为20 mol/L。
反应温度90 ℃,搅拌速率300 r/min,反应时间2 h,HF浓度20 mol/L,液固体积质量比对铌浸出率的影响试验结果如图3所示。可以看出,铌浸出率随液固体积质量比增大而升高:液固体积质量比增至7/1时,铌浸出率为90.91%;之后继续增大液固体积质量比,铌浸出率逐渐趋于稳定。在液固体积质量比较小时,浸出剂用量相对较少,固体颗粒之间的空隙较少,溶液对固体的包裹和渗透能力较差,使浸出反应速度变慢,降低浸出率。因此,确定最佳液固体积质量比为7/1。
反应温度90 ℃,搅拌速率300 r/min,液固体积质量比7/1,HF浓度20 mol/L,反应时间对铌浸出率的影响试验结果如图4所示。
图4看出,铌浸出率随反应时间延长先升高后趋于稳定:反应时间从1 h延长至2 h时,铌浸出率由87.75%升至90.91%;继续延长反应时间,铌浸出率基本保持不变,说明反应2 h时铌基本浸出完全。综合考虑,确定最佳反应时间为2 h。
反应时间2 h,搅拌速率300 r/min,液固体积质量比7/1,HF浓度20 mol/L,反应温度对铌浸出率的影响试验结果如图5所示。可以看出:随温度升高,铌浸出率先升高后降低;温度升至90 ℃时,铌浸出率达最大,为90.91%;继续升温至100 ℃,此时因水浴沸腾,使得物料受热不均匀,导致浸出率明显降低。综合考虑,确定最佳反应温度为90 ℃。
反应温度90 ℃,反应时间2 h,液固体积质量比7/1,HF浓度20 mol/L,搅拌速率对铌浸出率的影响试验结果如图6所示。
图6看出,随搅拌速率的增加,铌浸出率呈先升高后降低趋势:搅拌速度增至300 r/min时,铌浸出率达最大,为90.91%;继续增大搅拌速度,铌浸出率变化较小;搅拌速率大于350 r/min后,由于搅拌过快,烧杯内物质离心速度过大,使矿浆分散到壁面附近,导致矿物表面无法与液体完全接触,从而降低反应效率,导致铌浸出率快速下降。综合考虑,确定最佳搅拌速率为300 r/min。
对原料和浸出渣进行XRD表征及多元素分析,结果如图7~8、表4所示。由图7看出:原料的主要物相为CaF2和SiO2,还含有少量Nb2O5。酸浸后矿渣中铌的特征峰基本消失(见图8),说明物料中铌浸出地较彻底,达到了预期效果。该结果与表4中酸浸渣的多元素分析结果一致。
浸出反应过程是液-固两相反应,其宏观反应分为3个阶段:首先,液相主体中的F-和H+通过液膜层向固体表面扩散;其次,F-和H+与固体进行化学反应;最后,固体反应区域表层生成产物,并扩散到液相主体。传统的动力学模型主要包括化学反应控制、内扩散控制、化学反应和扩散混合控制模型,方程式如下:
$1-(1-x)^{\frac{1}{3}}=k_{1} t$
$1-\frac{2}{3} x-(1-x)^{\frac{2}{3}}=k_{2} t ;$
$\frac{1}{3} \ln (1-x)+(1-x)^{\frac{1}{3}}-1=k_{3} t .$
式中:x—铌浸出率,%;k1k2k3—化学反应控制、内扩散控制、化学反应和扩散混合控制模型表观速率常数,min-1;t—反应时间,min。
在上述条件试验确定的最优工艺条件(液固体积质量比7/1,HF浓度20 mol/L,搅拌速率300 r/min)下考察不同温度下,铌浸出率随反应时间的变化情况,结果如图9所示。
根据前述浸出模型,结合图9所示铌浸出率,采用式(6)~(8)对试验数据进行拟合,得拟合相关系数(R2),结果见表5。不同温度下,[ln(1-x)]/3+(1-x)-1/3-1与t之间的关系曲线如图10所示。
表5图10看出,温度为70、80 ℃时,化学反应和扩散混合控制模型的拟合相关系数较高,可以初步判断反应受化学反应和扩散混合控制;结合条件试验结果,在温度90 ℃、浸出超过2 h时,铌浸出基本完成,因此温度为90 ℃时的拟合曲线的R2与70、80 ℃相比较小。
阿伦尼乌斯公式可用于描述表观速率常数k与温度T之间的关系,从而计算反应的表观活化能。阿伦尼乌斯公式如下:
$k=A \mathrm{e}^{\frac{-E_{\mathrm{a}}}{R T}}$
式中:k—速率常数,min-1;A—指前因子,min-1;Ea—反应活化能,kJ/mol;R—理想气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);T—热力学温度,K。
两边同时取自然对数,得到ln k与1/T的关系式(10),以ln k对1/T作图,如图11所示,所得直线的斜率为-Ea
$\ln k=\frac{-E_{\mathrm{a}}}{R T}+A$
根据图11中的斜率和截距计算得出表观活化能为35.459 kJ/mol,处于12~42 kJ/mol的范围内,符合化学反应和扩散混合控制的特征,进一步说明HF浸出铌的反应主要受化学反应和扩散混合控制。
以氢氟酸为浸出剂浸出白云鄂博主东矿经选铁和稀土后尾矿中的铌是可行的。在氢氟酸浓度20 mol/L、反应时间2 h、反应温度90 ℃、液固体积质量比7/1、搅拌速率300 r/min最优试验条件下,铌浸出率可达90.91%。HF对铌的浸出过程由化学反应和扩散混合控制,反应表观活化能为35.459 kJ/mol。该方法可有效提取尾矿中的铌,能为白云鄂博尾矿中铌的综合回收利用提供一条新的途径。
  • 国家重点专项项目(0901052102)
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023RCTD002)
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2024年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.03.004
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
基金
国家重点专项项目(0901052102)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023RCTD002)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古科技大学 矿业与煤炭学院, 内蒙古 包头 014000
    2 内蒙古工业大学 材料科学与工程学院, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
    3 内蒙古科技大学 内蒙古自治区碳中和协同创新中心, 内蒙古 包头 014000
    4 内蒙古科技大学 白云鄂博共伴生矿废弃物资源综合利用国家地方联合工程研究中心, 内蒙古 包头 014000

通讯作者:

赵增武(1972—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿物加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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