Article(id=1172620563999768649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)01-0093-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757504128693, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757504128693, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757504128693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757504128693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172620559834821232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='111', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757504127699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758625263309, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177322943446135256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177322943446135257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172620564347895882, articleId=1172620563999768649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Preparation of Activated Carbon from Coffee Grounds and Its Performance in Removing Cu(Ⅱ) from Copper-containing Wastewater, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The preparation of activated carbon from coffee grounds by activated roasting coffee grounds with NaOH and the adsorption and removal of Cu(Ⅱ) from wastewater containing copper were studied. The activated carbon of coffee grounds was characterized by SEM and EDS. The effects of initial pH of wastewater, initial mass concentration of Cu(Ⅱ), adsorption time and amounts of adsorbent on the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) were investigated. The results show that for the 50 mL simulated copper-containning wastewater with mass concentration of 50 mg/L and pH=6, under the optimal conditions of activated carbon from coffee grounds amounts of 10 mg, temperature of 25 ℃ and stirring speed of 150 r/min and adsorption time of 9 h, the Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption removal rate can reach 94.12%. Langmuir isothermal adsorption model and quasi-second-order kinetic model can describe the adsorption process well. The adsorption performance of Cu(Ⅱ) in wastewater is good.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun LIU, Hong WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1172620890585055806, articleId=1172620563999768649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=咖啡渣活性炭的制备及其去除含铜废水中Cu(Ⅱ)的性能研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了采用NaOH活化焙烧咖啡渣制备咖啡渣活性炭并用于吸附去除含铜废水中的Cu(Ⅱ)。通过SEM和EDS对咖啡渣活性炭进行表征,考察了废水初始pH、Cu(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量对Cu(Ⅱ)去除率的影响。结果表明:针对质量浓度50 mg/L、pH=6的50 mL模拟含铜废水,在咖啡渣活性炭投加量10 mg、温度25 ℃,搅拌速率150 r/min条件下吸附9 h,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率可达94.12%;Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型能较好地描述吸附过程。该吸附材料对废水中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附性能较好。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
武宏(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业水处理。E-mail:
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刘军(1964—),女,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为工业水处理。

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刘军(1964—),女,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为工业水处理。

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刘军(1964—),女,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为工业水处理。

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吸附前:a—放大500倍;b—放大1 000倍。吸附后:c—放大500倍;d—放大1 000倍。

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ρ(Cu(Ⅱ))/
(mg·L-1)
准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型
k1/min-1 qe/(mg·g-1) R2 k2/(mg·g-1·min-1) qe/(mg·g-1) R2
30 0.541 0 115.018 2 0.840 1 1.50×10-4 153.139 4 0.998 8
50 0.656 2 241.094 7 0.806 2 8.79×10-5 251.256 3 0.999 3
), ArticleFig(id=1177673262604632874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563999768649, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

准一级、准二级动力学模型拟合参数

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ρ(Cu(Ⅱ))/
(mg·L-1)
准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型
k1/min-1 qe/(mg·g-1) R2 k2/(mg·g-1·min-1) qe/(mg·g-1) R2
30 0.541 0 115.018 2 0.840 1 1.50×10-4 153.139 4 0.998 8
50 0.656 2 241.094 7 0.806 2 8.79×10-5 251.256 3 0.999 3
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Langmuir等温吸附模型 Freundlich等温吸附模型
qm/(mg·g-1) kL/(L·mg-1) R2 kF/(mg1-1/n·L1/n·g-1) 1/n R2
291.55 1.082 0 0.999 8 121.58 0.291 7 0.807 8
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Langmuir、Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合参数

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Langmuir等温吸附模型 Freundlich等温吸附模型
qm/(mg·g-1) kL/(L·mg-1) R2 kF/(mg1-1/n·L1/n·g-1) 1/n R2
291.55 1.082 0 0.999 8 121.58 0.291 7 0.807 8
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咖啡渣活性炭的制备及其去除含铜废水中Cu(Ⅱ)的性能研究
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刘军 , 武宏
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(1): 93-98
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(1): 93-98
咖啡渣活性炭的制备及其去除含铜废水中Cu(Ⅱ)的性能研究
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刘军, 武宏
作者信息
  • 沈阳建筑大学 市政与环境工程学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110168
  • 刘军(1964—),女,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为工业水处理。

通讯作者:

武宏(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业水处理。E-mail:
Preparation of Activated Carbon from Coffee Grounds and Its Performance in Removing Cu(Ⅱ) from Copper-containing Wastewater
Jun LIU, Hong WU
Affiliations
  • School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu Universtiy, Shenyang 110168, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.015
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研究了采用NaOH活化焙烧咖啡渣制备咖啡渣活性炭并用于吸附去除含铜废水中的Cu(Ⅱ)。通过SEM和EDS对咖啡渣活性炭进行表征,考察了废水初始pH、Cu(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量对Cu(Ⅱ)去除率的影响。结果表明:针对质量浓度50 mg/L、pH=6的50 mL模拟含铜废水,在咖啡渣活性炭投加量10 mg、温度25 ℃,搅拌速率150 r/min条件下吸附9 h,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率可达94.12%;Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型能较好地描述吸附过程。该吸附材料对废水中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附性能较好。
含铜废水  /  咖啡渣  /  活性炭  /  焙烧  /  Cu(Ⅱ)  /  吸附  /  去除

The preparation of activated carbon from coffee grounds by activated roasting coffee grounds with NaOH and the adsorption and removal of Cu(Ⅱ) from wastewater containing copper were studied. The activated carbon of coffee grounds was characterized by SEM and EDS. The effects of initial pH of wastewater, initial mass concentration of Cu(Ⅱ), adsorption time and amounts of adsorbent on the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) were investigated. The results show that for the 50 mL simulated copper-containning wastewater with mass concentration of 50 mg/L and pH=6, under the optimal conditions of activated carbon from coffee grounds amounts of 10 mg, temperature of 25 ℃ and stirring speed of 150 r/min and adsorption time of 9 h, the Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption removal rate can reach 94.12%. Langmuir isothermal adsorption model and quasi-second-order kinetic model can describe the adsorption process well. The adsorption performance of Cu(Ⅱ) in wastewater is good.

copper wastewater  /  coffee grounds  /  activated carbon  /  roasting  /  Cu(Ⅱ)  /  adsorption  /  removal
刘军, 武宏. 咖啡渣活性炭的制备及其去除含铜废水中Cu(Ⅱ)的性能研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (1) : 93 -98 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.015
Jun LIU, Hong WU. Preparation of Activated Carbon from Coffee Grounds and Its Performance in Removing Cu(Ⅱ) from Copper-containing Wastewater[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (1) : 93 -98 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.015
采矿、冶炼、化工、机械制造、金属加工、印染、钢铁制造、电镀等行业在生产过程中易产生高浓度含铜废水[1],而铜离子是一种重金属离子,会对人体健康和生态环境造成很大危害,因此去除废水中高浓度铜离子十分必要。目前,含铜废水的处理方法主要包括离子交换法、膜法、吸附法等[2-3]。离子交换法和膜法存在成本较高、易对环境造成二次污染等缺点[4];相对而言,吸附法因具有操作简单、成本较低等优点,越来越受到关注[5-6]。活性炭作为一种吸附剂,因具有发达的孔隙结构、较大的比表面积和超强的吸附性能等特点,能有效去除废水中的重金属离子,逐渐得到广泛应用[7-8]。咖啡渣是咖啡煮制后剩余的固体颗粒,随着咖啡销量增加,每年会产生大量咖啡渣,而目前对咖啡渣的处理主要以倾倒为主,不但污染环境还易造成资源浪费,因此,寻找一种有效的途径使咖啡渣“变废为宝”,对资源有效利用具有重要意义[9]
试验以NaOH为活化剂,采用焙烧法制备了咖啡渣活性炭,考察了吸附时间、Cu(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度、废水初始pH、咖啡渣活性炭投加量对废水中Cu(Ⅱ)去除率的影响,以期为咖啡渣提供一种资源化利用途径,同时为含铜工业废水的处理提供一种可选择的新型吸附材料。
模拟含铜废水:用1 000 mg/L铜标准溶液(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)稀释至试验所需Cu(Ⅱ)质量浓度。
试验材料及试剂:咖啡渣;甲醇、硫酸、盐酸羟胺、枸橼酸钠、乙酸、乙酸钠、氢氧化钠,国药集团;新铜试剂,上海麦克林有限公司。以上试剂均为分析纯。水为蒸馏水。
试验设备:V-5100型可见分光光度计(上海仪器有限公司),TF1200-60型真空管式炉(昆山艾科讯机械有限公司),pHS-3C型pH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司),BGZ-246型电热鼓风干燥箱(上海博讯实业有限公司医疗设备厂),EL-104型电子分析天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司)。
用蒸馏水冲洗咖啡渣,去除灰分和水溶性物质;将咖啡渣放入电热鼓风干燥箱中,调至105 ℃恒温干燥24 h;冷却后充分研磨过100目筛,备用。
准确称取预处理咖啡渣30 g于石英舟中,将石英舟放入真空管式炉中,用真空泵将真空管抽至真空度为-0.10 MPa;咖啡渣在300 ℃下恒温碳化2 h,冷却后取出称重。碳化咖啡渣与NaOH溶液(浓度为3 mol/L)按体积质量比30 mL/1 g混合,之后进行磁力搅拌加热活化,设置温度80 ℃,搅拌速度300 r/min。活化24 h后取出,冷却至室温,用蒸馏水反复冲洗活化产物至中性,用布氏漏斗抽滤后置于恒温鼓风干燥箱中,于105 ℃下干燥4 h,冷却后得咖啡渣活性炭,保存备用。
取50 mL不同质量浓度的模拟含铜废水放入100 mL锥形瓶中,加入咖啡渣活性炭,用0.1 mol/L盐酸和0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液调节pH,在温度(25±1)℃、搅拌速度300 r/min条件下吸附至平衡。反应结束后,静置10 min,用0.45 μm亲水式针孔滤膜过滤,测定Cu(Ⅱ)质量浓度,计算Cu(Ⅱ)去除率(r)和平衡吸附量(qe)。
$r=\frac{{\rho }_{0}-{\rho }_{e}}{{\rho }_{0}}\times 100\%;$
${q}_{e}=\frac{({\rho }_{0}-{\rho }_{e})V}{m};$
${q}_{t}\frac{({\rho }_{0}-{\rho }_{t})V}{m}。$
式中:ρ0—废水初始Cu(Ⅱ)质量浓度,mg/L;ρe—吸附平衡时废水中Cu(Ⅱ)质量浓度,mg/L;V—溶液体积,L;m—咖啡渣活性炭投加量,g;qe—吸附平衡时Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量,mg/g;qt—吸附t时间时Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量,mg/g;ρt—吸附t时间时废水中Cu(Ⅱ)质量浓度,mg/L。
利用SEM分析吸附Cu(Ⅱ)前、后咖啡渣活性炭的形貌,结果如图1所示。由图1(a)、(b)看出:咖啡渣活性炭表面呈大量不规则且发育良好的多孔结构,孔洞圆润光滑,比表面积较大,可提供大量吸附位点。由图1(c)、(d)看出:吸附Cu(Ⅱ)后,咖啡渣活性炭孔径减小,变得粗糙无光泽,洞口有闭合趋势,说明Cu(Ⅱ)被成功吸附到咖啡渣活性炭上。
利用EDS分析咖啡渣活性炭吸附Cu(Ⅱ)前、后的元素种类与含量,结果如图2所示。
图2(a)看出:咖啡渣活性炭由C、O和Na元素构成,其中C、O占90%以上,Na是由添加的活化剂氢氧化钠引入。由图2(b)看出:吸附后咖啡渣活性炭中出现Cu元素,说明咖啡渣活性炭已经成功吸附Cu(Ⅱ)。
取质量浓度50 mg/L模拟含铜废水50 mL,在温度25 ℃、搅拌速率150 r/min、废水pH=6条件下吸附9 h,考察咖啡渣活性炭投加量对吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响,试验结果如图3所示。
图3看出:咖啡渣活性炭投加量由1 mg增至10 mg,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率由49.24%升至94.06%,这是由于随咖啡渣活性炭投加量增大,活性位点增多,存在更多的孔洞和官能团,有利于对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附,促进去除率提高;咖啡渣活性炭投加量继续增大,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率略有下降,这是因为咖啡渣活性炭投加量过大而溶液体积不变,活性炭颗粒易发生聚集,使总表面积减小,仅会有部分官能团发挥吸附作用,造成Cu(Ⅱ)去除率降低;Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量随咖啡渣活性炭投加量增大而下降,由最初的1 231 mg/g降至23.11 mg/g,这是由于咖啡渣活性炭投加量增加,活性位点增多,而废水中Cu(Ⅱ)量不变,使得单位质量吸附剂对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量减小,造成吸附剂利用率降低。综合考虑成本等因素,后续试验选择咖啡渣活性炭投加量为10 mg。
取质量浓度50 mg/L、pH=6模拟含铜废水50 mL,在咖啡渣活性炭投加量10 mg、温度25 ℃、搅拌速率150 r/min条件下,考察吸附时间对咖啡渣活性炭吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响,试验结果如图4所示。
图4看出,随吸附时间延长,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率和吸附量均逐渐升高,在9 h左右达到吸附平衡:在吸附前1 h内,咖啡渣活性炭对铜的吸附速率较快,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率和吸附量快速升至61.78%和154.45 mg/g。9 h后基本不变,此时Cu(Ⅱ)去除率和吸附量分别为94.12%和235.3 mg/g。吸附开始后1 h内,咖啡渣活性炭表面活性位点较多,与Cu(Ⅱ)接触碰撞概率也较大,因此,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率快速升高;但随吸附时间延长,吸附位点空位减少,导致对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附速率逐渐变缓,直至达吸附平衡。综合考虑,后续试验选择吸附时间为9 h。
取质量浓度50 mg/L模拟含铜废水50 mL,在咖啡渣活性炭投加量10 mg、温度25 ℃,搅拌速率150 r/min条件下吸附9 h,考察废水初始pH对咖啡渣活性炭吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响,试验结果如图5所示。由于含铜废水pH≥7时,OH-会与Cu2+反应产生Cu(OH)2蓝色沉淀,因此,将废水初始pH考察范围设为pH<7。
图5看出:模拟含铜废水pH在2~5范围内,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率和吸附量缓慢升高;pH由5升至6时,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率和吸附量迅速升高。这是由于pH较低时,废水中存在高浓度流动性较强的H+,与Cu(Ⅱ)相比,咖啡渣活性炭会更优先吸附H+[10-11],随pH升高,咖啡渣活性炭表面官能团去质子化程度提高,废水中H+浓度降低,不存在与Cu(Ⅱ)的竞争吸附,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率和吸附量持续升高[12]。综合考虑,选择废水初始pH=6。
采用准一级和准二级动力学模型对咖啡渣活性炭吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的试验数据进行拟合。
准一级动力学模型:
ln(qe-qt)=ln qe-k1t;
准二级动力学模型:
$\frac{t}{{q}_{t}}=\frac{1}{{k}_{2}{q}_{e}^{2}}+\frac{t}{{q}_{e}}。$
式中:qt—吸附t时间时的吸附量,mg/g;qe—吸附平衡时的吸附量,mg/g;k1—准一级动力学吸附速率常数,min-1;k2—准二级动力学吸附速率常数,mg/(g·min)。
将试验数据带入上述公式,采用origin软件作图,拟合曲线如图67所示,拟合参数见表1
表1看出:在Cu(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度分别为30、50 mg/L时,准一级动力学模型的拟合相关系数分别为0.840 1和0.806 2,而准二级动力学模型的拟合相关系数为0.998 8和0.999 3,均接近于1。准二级动力模型拟合度相对较高,表明咖啡渣活性炭对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附过程是化学吸附[3]
取不同质量浓度模拟含铜废水50 mL,分别投加咖啡渣活性炭10 mg,绘制咖啡渣活性炭对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线,结果如图8所示。可以看出:随废水中Cu(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度增大,Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量不断升高。这是因为Cu(Ⅱ)质量浓度较低时,咖啡渣活性炭的活性位点相对较多,有利于吸附Cu(Ⅱ);随Cu(Ⅱ)质量浓度增大,活性位点逐渐被占据,废水中有更多Cu(Ⅱ)不能被吸附,吸附量先升高后基本保持不变,说明吸附达到平衡。
Langmuir等温吸附模型假设吸附剂表面均匀,并且相邻位置的吸附分子之间不存在相互作用;Freundlich等温吸附模型认为多层吸附参与了污染物的吸收[13-14]。采用上述2种模型对咖啡渣活性炭吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附数据进行拟合,拟合曲线如图910所示,拟合参数见表2
Langmuir等温吸附模型:
$\frac{{\rho }_{e}}{{q}_{e}}=\frac{{\rho }_{e}}{{q}_{m}}+\frac{1}{{k}_{L}{q}_{m}};$
Freundlich等温吸附模型:
$lg {q}_{e}=lg {k}_{F}+\frac{1}{n}lg {\rho }_{e}。$
式中:qe—吸附平衡时吸附量,mg/g;qm—理论最大吸附量,mg/g;ρe—吸附平衡时废水中Cu(Ⅱ)质量浓度,mg/L;kL—Langmuir等温吸附常数,L/mg;kF—Freundlich等温吸附常数,mg1-1/n·L1/n·g-1;n—Freundlich等温吸附强度相关常数。
图910表2看出:Langmuir等温吸附模型更能准确描述咖啡渣活性炭吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线,推测Cu(Ⅱ)在咖啡渣活性炭上的吸附过程以单层吸附为主;通过拟合所得Cu(Ⅱ)饱和吸附量为291.55 mg/g,与试验值更为接近。Freundlich等温吸附模型的1/n=0.291 7,处于0.1~0.5范围内,说明有利反应进行,因此推断,咖啡渣活性炭吸附Cu(Ⅱ)过程为多分子层吸附辅助。
以咖啡渣为原料、NaOH为活性剂可制备孔隙发达、官能团丰富的咖啡渣活性炭吸附材料。该材料制备成本低,可有效吸附废水中的Cu(Ⅱ)。在模拟废水Cu(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度50 mg/L、pH=6、体积50 mL、咖啡渣活性炭投加量10 mg、温度25 ℃,搅拌速率150 r/min条件下吸附9 h,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率可达94.12%。咖啡渣活性炭对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附过程适合用准二级动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型描述。该吸附材料来源广泛,制备成本较低,有望成为治理含Cu(Ⅱ)废水的一种新型吸附材料。
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.015
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
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辽宁省教育厅项目(lnfw202010)
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    沈阳建筑大学 市政与环境工程学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110168

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武宏(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工业水处理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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