Article(id=1172620563504840774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)01-0067-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694966400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757504128576, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757504128576, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757504128576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757504128576, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172620559834821232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='111', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757504127699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758625263309, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177322943446135256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177322943446135257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172620563735527495, articleId=1172620563504840774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Extraction of Ferrum and Copper from Leaching Solution of Spent Ternary Cathode Material by Cyanex 302, columnId=1152626641181700664, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Experiment Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The extraction and separation of ferrum and copper from waste ternary cathode material by Cyanex 302 (the main component is di (2,4,4-trimethylamyl) monothiophosphoric acid) was studied. The effects of H+ concentration, extractor concentration and temperature on the extraction and separation performance of Cyanex 302 were investigated. And the technological conditions for the stripping of ferrum and copper in supported organic phase were determined. The process flow of extracting ferrum and copper from waste ternary cathode material leaching solution is designed. The results show that the optimal extraction conditions are 0.1 mol/L Cyanex 302 concentration, 0.1 mol/L H+ concentration, room temperature.Under these conditions, the extraction rates of ferrum and copper are over 99.9%, while the extraction rates of Ni(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅱ), and Li(Ⅱ) are all below 0.003%. The optimal stripping agent for ferrum is 1 mol/L H2SO4, and that for copper is 1.5 mol/L HNO3.The process can effectively separate copper and ferrum from the leaching solution.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kai LIU, Xihong HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1172620841385869579, articleId=1172620563504840774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=CN, title=用Cyanex 302萃取废三元正极材料浸出液中铁铜试验研究, columnId=1152626641328501305, journalTitle=湿法冶金, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究了用Cyanex 302(主要成分为二(2,4,4-三甲基戊基)单硫代次磷酸)萃取分离废三元正极材料浸出液中的铁和铜,考察了H+浓度、萃取剂浓度、温度对Cyanex 302萃取分离性能的影响,确定了反萃取负载有机相中铁、铜的工艺条件,在此基础上设计了从废三元正极材料浸出液中萃取铁和铜的工艺流程。结果表明:最佳萃取条件为Cyanex 302浓度0.1 mol/L,H+浓度0.1 mol/L,室温;在该条件下,铁、铜萃取率均大于99.9%,镍、钴、锰、锂萃取率均低于0.003%;铁的最佳反萃取剂为1 mol/L H2SO4,铜的最佳反萃取剂为1.5 mol/L HNO3。该工艺能有效萃取分离浸出液中的铜、铁。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
何喜红(1984—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化。E-mail:
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刘凯(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冶金节能、环保与资源综合利用。

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刘凯(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冶金节能、环保与资源综合利用。

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刘凯(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冶金节能、环保与资源综合利用。

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keyword=分离), Keyword(id=1177673193658659258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=铜), Keyword(id=1177673193717379517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=铁), Keyword(id=1177673193797071296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=CN, orderNo=7, keyword=循环利用)], refs=[Reference(id=1177673195911000543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=11, pageStart=3303, pageEnd=3319, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=雷舒雅, 徐睿, 孙伟, journalName=中国有色金属学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=雷舒雅, 徐睿, 孙伟, 等. 废锂离子电池回收利[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2021, 31(11):3303-3319., articleTitle=废锂离子电池回收利, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1177673195978109408, 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a—1.0 mol/L硫酸;b—1.5 mol/L硝酸。

, figureFileSmall=2OsHuNqgkLpmg6UxvewHnA==, figureFileBig=zZCLYExnFEQIu/23ZgH/Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177673194854035924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cu2+ Fe3+ Co2+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Li+
0.796 0.247 6.86 2.06 1.70 1.37
), ArticleFig(id=1177673194942116309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

废三元正极材料模拟浸出液的化学组成 g/L

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Cu2+ Fe3+ Co2+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Li+
0.796 0.247 6.86 2.06 1.70 1.37
), ArticleFig(id=1177673195059556822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H+浓度/
(mol·L-1)
β(Cu2+/Co2+) β(Cu2+/Ni2+) β(Cu2+/Mn2+) β(Cu2+/Li+) β(Fe3+/Co2+) β(Fe3+/Ni2+) β(Fe3+/Mn2+) β(Fe3+/Li+)
0.01 >1.1×105 >8.1×104 >7.8×104 >4.6×104 >4.1×104 >3.1×104 >3.0×104 >1.8×104
0.05 >7.0×104 >5.3×104 >5.1×104 >3.0×104 >1.2×104 >9.4×103 >9.1×103 >5.3×103
0.10 >6.0×104 >4.6×104 >4.4×104 >2.6×104 >1.1×104 >8.6×103 >8.3×103 >4.9×103
0.50 >2.4×104 >1.8×104 >1.8×104 >1.0×104 >4.9×103 >3.7×103 >3.6×103 >2.1×103
), ArticleFig(id=1177673195130859991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同H+浓度下铜、铁与4种金属离子的分离因子

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H+浓度/
(mol·L-1)
β(Cu2+/Co2+) β(Cu2+/Ni2+) β(Cu2+/Mn2+) β(Cu2+/Li+) β(Fe3+/Co2+) β(Fe3+/Ni2+) β(Fe3+/Mn2+) β(Fe3+/Li+)
0.01 >1.1×105 >8.1×104 >7.8×104 >4.6×104 >4.1×104 >3.1×104 >3.0×104 >1.8×104
0.05 >7.0×104 >5.3×104 >5.1×104 >3.0×104 >1.2×104 >9.4×103 >9.1×103 >5.3×103
0.10 >6.0×104 >4.6×104 >4.4×104 >2.6×104 >1.1×104 >8.6×103 >8.3×103 >4.9×103
0.50 >2.4×104 >1.8×104 >1.8×104 >1.0×104 >4.9×103 >3.7×103 >3.6×103 >2.1×103
), ArticleFig(id=1177673195202163160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cyanex 302浓度/
(mol·L-1)
β(Cu2+/Co2+) β(Cu2+/Ni2+) β(Cu2+/Mn2+) β(Cu2+/Li+) β(Fe3+/Co2+) β(Fe3+/Ni2+) β(Fe3+/Mn2+) β(Fe3+/Li+)
0.05 >8.2×105 >6.3×105 >6.0×105 >3.6×105 >4.6×103 >3.5×103 >3.4×103 >2.0×103
0.10 >8.2×105 >6.3×105 >6.0×105 >3.6×105 >1.1×104 >8.6×103 >8.3×103 >4.9×103
0.20 >8.2×105 >6.3×105 >6.0×105 >3.6×105 >3.0×104 >2.3×104 >2.2×104 >1.3×104
0.30 >8.2×105 >6.3×105 >6.0×105 >3.6×105 >8.4×104 >6.4×104 >6.2×104 >3.7×104
), ArticleFig(id=1177673195277660633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同萃取剂浓度下铜、铁与4种金属的分离因子

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Cyanex 302浓度/
(mol·L-1)
β(Cu2+/Co2+) β(Cu2+/Ni2+) β(Cu2+/Mn2+) β(Cu2+/Li+) β(Fe3+/Co2+) β(Fe3+/Ni2+) β(Fe3+/Mn2+) β(Fe3+/Li+)
0.05 >8.2×105 >6.3×105 >6.0×105 >3.6×105 >4.6×103 >3.5×103 >3.4×103 >2.0×103
0.10 >8.2×105 >6.3×105 >6.0×105 >3.6×105 >1.1×104 >8.6×103 >8.3×103 >4.9×103
0.20 >8.2×105 >6.3×105 >6.0×105 >3.6×105 >3.0×104 >2.3×104 >2.2×104 >1.3×104
0.30 >8.2×105 >6.3×105 >6.0×105 >3.6×105 >8.4×104 >6.4×104 >6.2×104 >3.7×104
), ArticleFig(id=1177673195365741018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, articleId=1172620563504840774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
错流萃
取级数
萃余液中ρB/(mg·L-1) 萃取率/%
Fe3+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Cu2+
1级 9.12 <0.06 96.31 >99.99
2级 0.75 <0.06 99.70 >99.99
3级 <0.11 <0.06 >99.96 >99.99
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3级错流萃取试验结果

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错流萃
取级数
萃余液中ρB/(mg·L-1) 萃取率/%
Fe3+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Cu2+
1级 9.12 <0.06 96.31 >99.99
2级 0.75 <0.06 99.70 >99.99
3级 <0.11 <0.06 >99.96 >99.99
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Fe3+ Cu2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Li+
<0.11 <0.06 6 861 2 064 1 703 1 370
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3级错流萃余液的主要化学组成 mg/L

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Fe3+ Cu2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Li+
<0.11 <0.06 6 861 2 064 1 703 1 370
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用Cyanex 302萃取废三元正极材料浸出液中铁铜试验研究
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刘凯 , 何喜红
湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024,43(1): 67-73
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湿法冶金 | 试验研究 2024, 43(1): 67-73
用Cyanex 302萃取废三元正极材料浸出液中铁铜试验研究
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刘凯, 何喜红
作者信息
  • 西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院, 陕西 西安 710055
  • 刘凯(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为冶金节能、环保与资源综合利用。

通讯作者:

何喜红(1984—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化。E-mail:
Extraction of Ferrum and Copper from Leaching Solution of Spent Ternary Cathode Material by Cyanex 302
Kai LIU, Xihong HE
Affiliations
  • School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.011
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研究了用Cyanex 302(主要成分为二(2,4,4-三甲基戊基)单硫代次磷酸)萃取分离废三元正极材料浸出液中的铁和铜,考察了H+浓度、萃取剂浓度、温度对Cyanex 302萃取分离性能的影响,确定了反萃取负载有机相中铁、铜的工艺条件,在此基础上设计了从废三元正极材料浸出液中萃取铁和铜的工艺流程。结果表明:最佳萃取条件为Cyanex 302浓度0.1 mol/L,H+浓度0.1 mol/L,室温;在该条件下,铁、铜萃取率均大于99.9%,镍、钴、锰、锂萃取率均低于0.003%;铁的最佳反萃取剂为1 mol/L H2SO4,铜的最佳反萃取剂为1.5 mol/L HNO3。该工艺能有效萃取分离浸出液中的铜、铁。
废锂离子电池  /  三元正极材料  /  溶剂萃取  /  分离  /  铜  /  铁  /  循环利用

The extraction and separation of ferrum and copper from waste ternary cathode material by Cyanex 302 (the main component is di (2,4,4-trimethylamyl) monothiophosphoric acid) was studied. The effects of H+ concentration, extractor concentration and temperature on the extraction and separation performance of Cyanex 302 were investigated. And the technological conditions for the stripping of ferrum and copper in supported organic phase were determined. The process flow of extracting ferrum and copper from waste ternary cathode material leaching solution is designed. The results show that the optimal extraction conditions are 0.1 mol/L Cyanex 302 concentration, 0.1 mol/L H+ concentration, room temperature.Under these conditions, the extraction rates of ferrum and copper are over 99.9%, while the extraction rates of Ni(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅱ), and Li(Ⅱ) are all below 0.003%. The optimal stripping agent for ferrum is 1 mol/L H2SO4, and that for copper is 1.5 mol/L HNO3.The process can effectively separate copper and ferrum from the leaching solution.

spent lithium-ion battery  /  ternary cathode material  /  solvent extraction  /  separation  /  copper  /  ferrum  /  recycling
刘凯, 何喜红. 用Cyanex 302萃取废三元正极材料浸出液中铁铜试验研究. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (1) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.011
Kai LIU, Xihong HE. Extraction of Ferrum and Copper from Leaching Solution of Spent Ternary Cathode Material by Cyanex 302[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (1) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.011
随着电动汽车、电子产品等行业的快速发展,锂离子电池(LIBs)产量日益增加。然而,LIBs使用寿命通常为5~10年,导致废LIBs数量近些年急剧增加[1]。湿法冶金技术是回收废LIBs的主要方法,主要通过破碎、筛分、浸出等工序得到三元正极材料浸出液(含有少量铁和铜),再将金属元素进行组分离或各元素单独分离[2]。组分离是在去除浸出液中铁、铜等杂质元素后再将钴、镍、锰共沉淀生产三元正极材料前驱体的分离方法,相较于各元素单独分离,该法工艺流程更短,试剂耗量更少,是一种可行的分离纯化方法[3]
正极材料浸出液中铁、铜的分离方法主要包括沉淀法和萃取法[4]。沉淀法分离铁的试剂主要是氢氧化物,分离铜的试剂主要是硫化物,该法操作简单,生产成本低,但会造成部分镍、锰等元素损失。相较于沉淀法,萃取法的选择性更好。目前,常用的铁萃取剂主要包括酸性磷酸类萃取剂(P204[5-6]、P507[7]、Cyanex 272[8]),常用的铜萃取剂主要为醛肟或羟肟类(M5640[9]、Lix63[10]、LK-C2[11]、LIX 84-I[12])萃取剂[13-14]。酸性磷酸类萃取剂对三价铁离子的萃取能力强,但反萃取困难;肟类萃取剂对铜具有良好的选择性,对铁的萃取率很低[11]
为在低酸条件下从废三元正极材料的浸出液中同时去除铁和铜,试验研究了用Cyanex 302(主要成分为二(2,4,4-三甲基戊基)单硫代次膦酸)萃取剂从废三元正极材料浸出液中萃取分离铁、铜的影响,考察了H+浓度、萃取剂浓度、温度等因素对Cyanex 302萃取铁、铜的影响,以及分离铁铜与其他金属离子的效果,优化了萃取分离工艺流程,以期为废锂离子电池中金属元素的回收提供一种可选择的新方法。
废三元正极材料模拟浸出液:称一定量金属盐溶解于硫酸配制,溶液中金属离子的准确浓度通过ICP-OES测定。主要化学组成见表1,pH在1.0左右。
Cyanex 302:商业萃取剂,成分为85%二(2,4,4-三甲基戊基)单硫代次磷酸+15%TOPO(三(2,4,4-三甲基戊基)氧化膦),密度930 kg/m3,黏度19.5 kg/(m·S),pKa=5.63,麦克林。分别准确称取0.72、1.08、3.61、7.21 g Cyanex 302至100 mL容量瓶,用无水煤油定容,配制0.02、0.03、0.1、0.2 mol/L的Cyanex 302,作为萃取有机相。
无水煤油(化学纯,天津奥普升),浓硝酸(化学纯,昆山金城),九水合硝酸铁(≥99.5%,天津大茂),七水合硫酸钴(≥99.5%,天津大茂),五水合硫酸铜(≥99.5%,天津大茂),六水合硫酸镍(≥98.5%,西陇科学),硫酸锰(≥99.0%,天津永晟)和硝酸锂(≥99.0%,天津大茂)。所用试剂均未纯化,直接使用。
旋涡混合器(GL-88B型,海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司);离心机(800B型,金坛区西城新瑞仪器厂);恒温磁力搅拌器(79-1型,天津市赛得利斯试验分析仪器制造厂);ICP-OES(Optima 7300DV型,Perkin-Elmer公司)。
单级萃取:分别以铁、铜、钴、镍、锰、锂的盐溶液为水相(金属离子质量浓度约为500 mg/L),以Cyanex 302-煤油为有机相,在室温下等体积混合两相,振荡5 min。初步试验结果表明,萃取反应平衡时间为2 min,因此,所有样品均振荡5 min以确保萃取平衡。离心分相,分别取水相和有机相测定金属离子浓度。
单级反萃取:在H+浓度0.1 mol/L、有机相Cyanex 302浓度0.1 mol/L条件下萃取铁和铜,负载有机相中的铁、铜分别用不同浓度的硫酸和硝酸反萃取10 min。离心分相,分别取水相和有机相测定金属离子浓度。
错流萃取:调节废三元正极材料的模拟浸出液中H+浓度为0.1 mol/L,用0.1 mol/L Cyanex 302在室温下错流萃取3次,萃取相比为1∶1。离心分相,分别取每次萃取的水相和有机相测定金属离子浓度。
错流反萃取:将3次错流萃取得到的有机相合并,分别采用1.0 mol/L硫酸错流反萃取3次,再用1.5 mol/L硝酸错流反萃取2次,反萃取相比为1∶1。离心分相后,分别取每次反萃取的水相和有机相测定金属离子浓度。测定水相金属离子浓度时,用0.1 mol/L硝酸稀释一定倍数后采用ICP-OES测定;测定有机相金属离子浓度时,先用浓硝酸加热硝化,再用0.1 mol/L硝酸稀释一定倍数,采用ICP-OES测定。
按照式(1)计算萃取率EB:
${E}_{B}=\frac{{\rho }_{B0\left(aq\right)}-{\rho }_{B1\left(aq\right)}}{{\rho }_{B0\left(aq\right)}}\times 100\%。$
式中:ρB0(aq)—初始水相中金属离子质量浓度,mg/L;ρB1(aq)—萃取平衡时水相中金属离子质量浓度,mg/L。
按照式(2)、(3)分别计算分配比D和分离因子β,M1、M2分别代表不同金属离子:
$D=\frac{{\rho }_{B1\left(o\right)}}{{\rho }_{B1\left(aq\right)}};$
$\beta \left(\frac{{M}_{1}}{{M}_{2}}\right)=\frac{D\left({M}_{1}\right)}{D\left({M}_{2}\right)}。$
式中:ρB1(o)ρB1(aq)—萃取平衡时有机相、水相中金属离子质量浓度,mg/L。
按照式(4)计算反萃取率(s):
${s}_{B}=\left(1-\frac{{\rho }_{B2\left(o\right)}}{{\rho }_{B1\left(o\right)}}\right)\times 100\%。$
式中:ρB2(o)—反萃取平衡时有机相中金属离子浓度,mg/L。
分别以0.02、0.03、0.1、0.2 mol/L的Cyanex 302为萃取有机相,考察H+浓度对铁、铜萃取率的影响,试验结果如图1所示。
图1(a)看出:不同浓度Cyanex 302萃取铁,铁萃取率均随酸度增大呈下降趋势;相对于铜,Cyanex 302对铁的萃取能力较弱,萃取剂浓度为0.02 和0.03 mol/L时,即使H+浓度低于0.1 mol/L,铁萃取率仍低于30%。由图1(b)看出:Cyanex 302萃取铜的能力很强,萃取剂浓度大于0.1 mol/L时,铜萃取率均大于99.9%,酸度对铜萃取率影响不明显;相同酸度下,萃取剂浓度分别为0.02、0.03 mol/L时,前者的铜萃取率明显低于后者,随酸度增大,铜萃取率均呈下降趋势,且幅度较大。
在相同条件下,测定不同H+浓度下,Cyanex 302萃取钴、镍、锰、锂的分配比,结果表明,H+浓度在0.01~1.0 mol/L范围内,Cyanex 302对这4种金属离子的萃取分配比均小于0.001。根据分配比计算Cyanex 302对铜、铁与4种金属离子的分离因子,结果见表2所示。
表2看出:在不同酸度下,铜与其他金属离子的分离因子均大于104,铁与其他金属离子的分离因子均大于103。由此可知,Cyanex 302对铁和铜具有极强的选择性,在萃取铁、铜的同时,镍、锰、钴、锂等金属离子基本不被萃取。为确保铁的有效萃取,选择溶液中H+浓度为0.1 mol/L。
在H+浓度0.1 mol/L条件下,Cyanex 302浓度对萃取铁、铜性能的影响试验结果如图2所示。可以看出:铁、铜萃取率随Cyanex 302浓度增大均呈升高趋势;Cyanex 302浓度增至0.05 mol/L时,铜萃取率达99.9%,说明Cyanex 302对铜的萃取性能明显优于铁。
在H+浓度0.1 mol/L条件下,测定Cyanex 302对钴、镍、锰、锂的萃取分配比,并计算铜、铁与这4种金属离子的分离因子,结果见表3
表3看出:铁、铜与4种金属离子的分离因子均大于103,表明Cyanex 302浓度在0.05~0.20 mol/L范围内,都能实现铁、铜与钴、镍、锰、锂的有效分离。综合考虑萃取能力和分离效果,选择Cyanex 302浓度为0.1 mol/L。
在Cyanex 302浓度0.1 mol/L、H+浓度0.1 mol/L条件下,温度对铁萃取率的影响试验结果如图3(a)所示。可以看出:铁萃取率随温度升高而升高,表明反应为吸热反应。
Cyenex 302浓度为0.1 mol/L时,不同温度下的铜萃取率均大于99.9%,说明Cyenex 302浓度为0.1 mol/L时,温度对铜萃取性能影响不明显,因此,改变Cyanex 302浓度至0.03 mol/L,考察铜萃取率随温度的变化,试验结果如图3(b)所示。可以看出:随温度升高,铜萃取率升高,表明反应为吸热反应。温度升高虽有利于铁和铜的萃取,但影响幅度不大。考虑到升高温度会增大能耗,加大操作难度,增加成本,因此,选择在室温下进行萃取试验。
不同反萃取剂反萃取负载有机相中的铁、铜试验结果如图4所示。可以看出:以硫酸为反萃取剂时,铁单级反萃取率随硫酸浓度增大而升高,说明铁反萃取效果较好;但铜反萃取率均很低,硫酸浓度增至5 mol/L时,铜单级反萃取率仍低于0.1%,可能的原因是铜与硫的亲和力很强,易与Cyanex 302中的硫原子键合被萃取入有机相。在有机相中,Cu2+与其键合的硫原子之间发生电子转移被还原为Cu+;而铁与氧的亲和力较强,易与Cyanex 302中的氧原子键合。因此,Fe3+在有机相中的价态仍为三价,为此,铁可用硫酸反萃取到水相,而铜进一步采用氧化性的硝酸进行反萃取。由图4还可看出,硝酸对铁和铜的反萃取效果均较好:硝酸浓度大于1.5 mol/L后,铜反萃取率高于铁反萃取率;硝酸浓度为1.5 mol/L时,铜单级反萃取率接近100%,之后趋于稳定。综合考虑,先采用1 mol/L硫酸反萃取铁,再采用1.5 mol/L硝酸反萃取铜,以达到有效分离铁和铜的目的。
根据上述单级试验结果,设计从废三元正极材料浸出液中萃取分离铁和铜的工艺流程,如图5所示。首先,将浸出液的H+浓度调节至0.1 mol/L,在室温条件下采用0.1 mol/L Cyanex 302萃取铁和铜;其次,负载有机相先采用1 mol/L硫酸反萃取铁,再采用1.5 mol/L硝酸反萃取铜,反萃取后的有机相重复使用。
为验证上述工艺流程的合理性,以废三元正极材料模拟液为水相进行试验,萃取段采用3级错流萃取方式。萃取试验结果见表4。可以看出:铁萃取率大于99.96%,铜萃取率大于99.99%。负载有机相中的钴、镍、锰、锂测定结果表明,其含量均低于仪器检出限,说明这4种金属离子未萃取进入有机相。根据钴、镍、锰、锂元素检出限计算得出其萃取率均低于0.003%。
错流萃取级数对铁、铜萃取率的影响试验结果如图6所示。可以看出:经3级错流萃取,铁、铜萃取率均大于99.9%。根据三元前驱体产品质量要求,铁、铜质量分数需小于镍钴锰总质量分数的0.03%[15],而通过3级错流萃余液的主要离子质量浓度(见表5)计算得出,铁质量分数低于镍、钴、锰、锂质量分数的0.001%,铜质量分数低于镍、钴、锰、锂质量分数的0.000 6%,铁、铜含量符合制备三元前驱体要求。
负载有机相先采用1 mol/L硫酸进行3级错流反萃取,再采用1.5 mol/L硝酸进行2级错流反萃取,试验结果如图7所示。可以看出:以硫酸为反萃取剂进行3级反萃取后,铁反萃取率达96%,铜反萃取率几乎为0;以硝酸为反萃取剂进行2级反萃取后,铜反萃取率大于99.9%。说明采用硫酸和硝酸作为反萃取剂可有有效分离负载有机相中的铁和铜,且反萃取后的有机相可重复使用。
Cyanex 302作为酸性膦萃取剂,能有效萃取废三元正极材料浸出液中的铁和铜,且铁、铜与镍、钴、锰、锂之间的分离效果好,分离因子β(Cu2+/Co2+)、β(Cu2+/Ni2+)、β(Cu2+/Mn2+)、β(Cu2+/Li+)大于104,β(Fe3+/Co2+)、β(Fe3+/Ni2+)、β(Fe3+/Mn2+)、β(Fe3+/Li+)大于103。Cyanex 302对废三元正极材料浸出液中铜、铁萃取率均可达99.9%,萃余液中铜、铁含量可满足制备三元前驱体的要求。萃入有机相中的铁和铜分别采用1.0 mol/L硫酸和1.5 mol/L硝酸反萃取,铁、铜反萃取率分别为96%和99%,铜、铁分离效果较好。
  • 陕西省自然科学基金研究计划项目(2021JM-370)
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2024年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.011
  • 接收时间:2023-09-18
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-18
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陕西省自然科学基金研究计划项目(2021JM-370)
作者信息
    西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院, 陕西 西安 710055

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何喜红(1984—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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