Article(id=1172620564708602541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, articleNumber=1009-2617(2024)01-0009-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694793600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757504128862, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757504128862, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757504128862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757504128862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172620559834821232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, year='2024', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='111', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1757504127699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758625263309, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177322943446135256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177322943446135257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, issueId=1172620559834821232, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172620564993815219, articleId=1172620564708602541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120122248306696, language=EN, title=Research Status and Development Direction of Defluorination Technology of Wet-process Phosphoric Acid, columnId=1152626642049446094, journalTitle=Hydrometallurgy of China, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The influence of fluorine on the production wet-process phosphoric acid is described. The principle, application status, advantages and disadvantages of the main defluorination process of wet phosphoric acid are reviewed. The problems existing in the current defluorination process of wet phosphoric acid are pointed out, and the future development direction is put forward in order to provide reference for the comprehensive utilization of fluorine resources in wet phosphoric acid in our country.

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阐述了氟对湿法磷酸生产工艺的影响,综述了针对湿法磷酸的主要脱氟工艺的原理、应用现状及优缺点。指出了目前湿法磷酸脱氟工艺存在的问题,并分析了未来的研究发展方向,以期为我国湿法磷酸中氟资源的综合利用提供参考。

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陈迎新(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为湿法磷酸氟回收。E-mail:
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哀鹏鹏(2004—),男,本科,主要研究方向为湿法磷酸氟回收。

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湿法磷酸脱氟工艺的研究现状与发展方向
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哀鹏鹏 , 彭朝凯 , 刘成龙 , 陈迎新 , 翁孝卿 , 李洪强
湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024,43(1): 9-14
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湿法冶金 | 综合评述 2024, 43(1): 9-14
湿法磷酸脱氟工艺的研究现状与发展方向
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哀鹏鹏, 彭朝凯, 刘成龙, 陈迎新 , 翁孝卿, 李洪强
作者信息
  • 武汉工程大学 资源与安全工程学院, 湖北 武汉 430205
  • 哀鹏鹏(2004—),男,本科,主要研究方向为湿法磷酸氟回收。

通讯作者:

陈迎新(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为湿法磷酸氟回收。E-mail:
Research Status and Development Direction of Defluorination Technology of Wet-process Phosphoric Acid
Pengpeng AI, Zhaokai PENG, Chenglong LIU, Yingxin CHEN , Xiaoqing WENG, Hongqiang LI
Affiliations
  • School of Resource and Safety Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.002
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阐述了氟对湿法磷酸生产工艺的影响,综述了针对湿法磷酸的主要脱氟工艺的原理、应用现状及优缺点。指出了目前湿法磷酸脱氟工艺存在的问题,并分析了未来的研究发展方向,以期为我国湿法磷酸中氟资源的综合利用提供参考。

湿法  /  磷酸  /  脱氟  /  去除  /  回收  /  现状  /  进展  /  发展方向

The influence of fluorine on the production wet-process phosphoric acid is described. The principle, application status, advantages and disadvantages of the main defluorination process of wet phosphoric acid are reviewed. The problems existing in the current defluorination process of wet phosphoric acid are pointed out, and the future development direction is put forward in order to provide reference for the comprehensive utilization of fluorine resources in wet phosphoric acid in our country.

wet-process  /  phosphoric acid  /  defluorination  /  removal  /  recovery  /  status  /  progress  /  development direction
哀鹏鹏, 彭朝凯, 刘成龙, 陈迎新, 翁孝卿, 李洪强. 湿法磷酸脱氟工艺的研究现状与发展方向. 湿法冶金, 2024 , 43 (1) : 9 -14 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.002
Pengpeng AI, Zhaokai PENG, Chenglong LIU, Yingxin CHEN, Xiaoqing WENG, Hongqiang LI. Research Status and Development Direction of Defluorination Technology of Wet-process Phosphoric Acid[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2024 , 43 (1) : 9 -14 . DOI: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.002
磷酸是制备新能源电池、肥料、饲料等产品的关键性原料[1-2]。当前,磷酸生产工艺主要分为湿法和热法2种,其中湿法磷酸工艺因具有操作流程简单、适用性更广等优点,已成为我国磷酸生产的主流工艺[3-4]。在湿法磷酸工艺中应用最为广泛的工艺为二水硫酸法。据统计,目前采用二水硫酸法生产的磷酸产量已占世界磷酸总产量的80%左右[5-7]
湿法磷酸产品质量关键取决于生产原料磷矿石的品位。我国磷矿资源丰富,储量位居世界前列,但存在丰而不富的缺点[8],磷矿石平均品位仅为17%左右,属于中低品位矿石[9]。矿石中杂质,如氟、硅、镁、铝、铁等含量较高,在湿法磷酸生产过程中,上述杂质会不可避免地进入到磷酸中影响产品质量,相较而言,氟元素对湿法磷酸工艺的影响更为突出[10]。氟的存在不仅会降低湿法磷酸产品质量,还有可能污染环境,危害人体健康[11]。因此,高效脱除湿法磷酸中的氟化物在磷化工领域一直被重点关注,其对磷化工行业和氟化工行业而言均具有重要意义。
二水硫酸法适于处理中低品位磷矿石,主要是将硫酸和磷矿粉混合,在一定温度下反应一定时间后,将所得产物进行固液分离即可得到磷酸溶液[12-13]。总反应方程式可表示为
Ca5F(PO4)3+5H2SO4+10H2O═══════3H3PO4+5CaSO4·2H2O+HF↑。
但在实际工业生产过程中,上述反应一般分两步进行:第一步是磷矿溶解在过量的磷酸溶液中,生成磷酸一钙;第二步是磷酸一钙料浆和稍过量的硫酸继续反应,生成二水硫酸钙结晶和磷酸溶液[14-15]。两步化学反应方程式如下:
Ca5F(PO4)3+7H3PO4═══════5Ca(H2PO4)2+HF↑;
Ca(H2PO4)2+H2SO4+2H2O═══════2H3PO4+CaSO4·2H2O↓。
我国磷矿石品位大多为中低品位,其中伴生的氟品位约为2%~4%。采用二水硫酸法生产磷酸时,磷矿石中65%~70%的氟化物进入到磷酸,15%~30%的氟化物进入到磷石膏,仅有5%~10%以气体形式逸出[16]。当大部分氟进入到磷酸时,磷酸中的硅氟物质的量比会大大降低,使得磷酸料浆变黏稠,石膏结晶变细变长,导致石膏结晶过滤困难,对生产带来极大影响[17]。氟会在磷矿酸解液中生成氟硅酸盐、氟磷酸盐等配合物,这些配合物在增大磷酸黏度的同时,还会对二水硫酸钙的结晶和过滤产生不利影响,造成磷酸运输和储存困难;除此之外,磷矿石酸解过程中产生的HF腐蚀性很强,易造成设备损坏,还有可能对人体健康造成巨大威胁[18-19]。此外,磷矿石中的伴生氟除了对湿法磷酸生产过程产生较大影响外,还会对磷肥、饲料等后续产品造成很大影响[20-22]。因此,脱除湿法磷酸工艺中的氟化物十分重要。
目前,湿法磷酸脱氟的常用方法主要有化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、汽提法、蒸发浓缩法、膜分离法、吸附法等。
化学沉淀法是目前技术最成熟、湿法磷酸工业应用最广泛的脱氟方法之一。主要原理是在磷酸处理过程中,向磷酸中加入碱金属盐作为沉淀剂,如钠盐、钾盐等,其与氟化物反应生成氟硅酸钠或氟硅酸钾等沉淀,过滤分离含氟沉淀后,即可达到脱除氟化物的目的。一般情况下,为了强化脱除效果,还可加入助脱氟剂,如硅藻土、白炭黑等[23]。其反应方程式如下:
2Na++$\mathrm{SiF}_{6}^{2-}$═══════Na2SiF6↓;
2K++$\mathrm{SiF}_{6}^{2-}$═══════K2SiF6↓。
肖冠斌等[24]以Na2SO4为脱氟剂脱除湿法磷酸中的氟化物,重点研究了Na2SO4用量、反应温度、反应时间及搅拌速度等对氟化物脱除率的影响。结果表明,最佳试验条件下,磷酸中氟化物脱除率为42.68%。王保华[25]研究了以K2CO3为脱氟剂脱除湿法磷酸工艺中的氟,结果表明,在搅拌速度250 r/min、K2CO3加入量为理论用量130%、反应时间90 min、反应温度50 ℃条件下,脱氟率可达80%以上。侯琳琳等[26]以Na2CO3为脱氟剂、硅藻土为助脱氟剂,研究了Na2CO3用量、硅藻土用量、反应时间、反应温度等对磷酸中氟化物脱除率的影响,结果表明,磷酸中氟化物质量分数由初始的0.740%降至0.149%,脱氟效果较好。任孟伟等[27]在磷矿酸解过程中加入钠盐,降低磷酸中的残余氟含量,考察了脱氟剂种类、用量、反应时间及反应温度对磷酸中氟化物脱除效果的影响,结果表明,钠盐中Na2CO3脱氟效果最好,在Na2CO3用量为理论用量、反应时间120 min、反应温度60 ℃最优条件下,磷酸中氟化物质量分数降至0.160%,可满足制备饲料级磷酸中氟化物的要求。
化学沉淀法对设备要求不高,操作简便,且生产成本较低,已成为当前湿法磷酸工艺脱氟的主要工艺;但该法会引入杂质离子,无法实现对磷酸的深度除氟,从而导致脱氟渣的处理存在一定困难。此外,氟化物以沉淀形式脱除,难以得到有效回收,易造成氟资源浪费等[28]
溶剂萃取法脱氟主要是根据氟离子和磷酸在有机溶剂中溶解度不同实现二者有效分离。该法是在分离器中,磷酸和非水溶性萃取剂进行逆流接触,磷酸被萃取进入有机相,而氟离子留在水相中实现分离,含氟水相进行回收处理,而有机相中的磷酸用水反萃取,经提纯后得磷酸产品[29-30]。目前,溶剂萃取法脱氟常用萃取剂主要包括环乙醇、正丁醇、二丁亚砜、磷酸三丁脂及胺类等。
李春丽等[31]采用在水溶液中溶解性较低的磷酸三丁脂(TBP)及萃取性能较好的二异丙醚组成的萃取体系提取湿法磷酸中的氟化物,并研究了TBP体积分数、相比、萃取时间、搅拌速度及反萃取剂加入量对氟脱除的影响。结果表明:最优工艺条件为TBP体积分数50%,萃取相比Va/Vo=4/1,萃取时间5 min,搅拌速度300 r/min,反萃取剂加入量为萃取剂质量的10%;该条件下反萃取后的净化磷酸中氟化物分配系数仅为0.1%,氟化物含量处于最低水平,约为0.051%。Zou Y.H.等[32]以磷酸三丁脂(TBP)和硅油(SIO)萃取磷酸中氟离子,研究了相比(Vo/Va)、有机相组成(V(TBP)/V(SIO))、pH、反应温度和时间对磷酸中氟脱除的影响,结果表明,在Vo/Va=1/5、pH=0.46、V(TBP)/V(SIO)=7/3、反应温度90 ℃优化条件下,氟可完全脱除。Amin等[33]以正辛醇、正乙醇和正丁醇为萃取剂,对比研究了3种有机相对磷酸中氟化物的萃取效果,结果表明,相同萃取条件下,正辛醇对氟的萃取效果最好,萃取后磷酸中氟质量分数可降至0.001%。徐浩川等[34]以TBP为萃取剂,再分别以磺化煤油、异戊醇、二异丙醚为稀释剂,研究了氟萃取机制,以及氟元素赋存状态对脱氟的影响。结果表明:TBP对氟的萃取机制主要是通过P══O中的O与HF发生氢键缔合作用,同时,异戊醇和二异丙醚中的O也会与HF产生氢键,起到协同萃取氟作用;在有机相中,氟化物主要以HF·TBP形式存在,在煤油、异戊醇和二异丙醚溶剂环境中的萃合物组成分别为0.900HF·TBP、1.400HF·TBP和1.600HF·TBP;TBP可有效萃取磷酸中的F-、MgF+、CaF+,但不适用于脱除磷酸中的$\mathrm{SiF}_{6}^{2-}$、$\mathrm{AlF}_{x}^{3-x}$(x=1~6)。
溶剂萃取法具有脱氟深度大、不引入其他杂质离子、产品纯度高、对环境污染小等优势;但也存在溶剂价格昂贵且用量较大、损失率难以控制、设备投资成本高、大量余酸难以利用等问题[35]
湿法磷酸中氟化物的存在形式主要为H2SiF6和HF,在磷酸后续浓缩时,H2SiF6可受热分解为HF和SiF4气体,向外逸出。汽提法脱氟是将高压过饱和蒸汽通入反应釜,使磷酸溶液温度升高,溶液中的氟化物在高温下被气化,并随水蒸汽一起被真空泵抽走,同时少量HF气体也会进入到气相中,从而实现氟的脱除。汽提法脱氟过程中,有时需加入活性二氧化硅物质(如硅藻土、白炭黑等),使磷酸溶液中HF转化为挥发性更强的SiF4,进而提高磷酸中氟化物的逸出率[36-37]。该法的反应方程式如下:
H2SiF6═══════SiF4+2HF↑;
SiO2+4HF═══════SiF4↑+2H2O。
黄平等[38]采用汽提法脱除湿法磷酸中的氟化物,研究了真空度、脱氟时间、原料酸浓度对脱氟效果及磷损失率的影响。结果表明:真空度和脱氟时间对脱氟率影响较大,最佳真空度为0.065~0.070 MPa,最佳汽提时间为1.5 h,而磷酸浓度对脱氟率几乎没有影响;磷酸中P2O5浓度为52%时,能耗最小,时间最短,此时磷酸中磷损失率在0.600%以下;随汽提时间延长,磷酸中氟化物质量浓度下降,1.5 h后可降至10 mg/L,能满足食品级磷酸对氟化物的要求。何宾宾等[39]对比研究了常压空气脱氟、减压脱氟、蒸汽脱氟3种方式对脱氟的影响,并考察了汽提时间、磷酸温度、磷酸浓度及真空度的影响。结果表明:减压脱氟方式的脱氟效果最好;在磷酸质量分数50%、磷酸温度100 ℃、真空度20 kPa条件下汽提1 h,磷酸中磷氟比可达286.970,能满足饲料级磷酸氢钙对磷酸氟化物的要求。蒲江涛等[40]采用常压空气脱氟,研究了汽提温度、汽提时间、空气流量及SiO2用量对脱氟效果的影响,结果表明,在SiO2用量为理论用量3倍、汽提温度110 ℃、汽提时间230 min、空气流量200 L/h最优条件下,磷酸中磷氟质量比可达700以上,优于生产饲料级磷酸二氢钙用磷酸的质量标准。目前,汽提法脱氟技术已经在云天化集团有限公司得到产业化应用。
汽提法脱氟效果优异,可获得高纯度磷酸,同时磷酸中氟化物也能被有效回收;但该法存在设备投资大、效果不稳定,蒸汽用量较大及成本较高等缺点[41]
蒸发浓缩法脱氟也是目前工业上最常用的脱氟方法之一,首先通过加入过量富硅物质(如硅藻土等),将磷酸中F-转化为H2SiF6,之后再通过加热浓缩磷酸溶液,提高磷酸浓度和温度,将H2SiF6分解成SiF4和HF气体,向外逸出;而磷酸溶液中HF会与富硅物质再次反应生成H2SiF6,H2SiF6再分解成SiF4气体,向外逸出,上述流程不断重复,最终实现高效脱氟。磷酸中除氟外还含有铁、铝、钙、镁等杂质,这些杂质在浓缩过程中多会以偏磷酸盐或焦磷酸盐形式沉淀,因此,通过过滤即可简单除去[42]。该法的主要化学反应方程式为
H2SiF6═══════SiF4↑+2HF↑。
目前,针对浓缩法脱氟已有大量研究。程德富[43]研究了湿法磷酸浓缩过程中气相中氟化物的组成。结果表明:氟逸出率及气相中氟化物的组成与磷酸的P2O5浓度密切相关;气相中SiF4和HF气体的物质的量比主要取决于磷酸浓度,磷酸浓度较低(≤40%)时,氟逸出率较小,气相中主要是SiF4;随磷酸浓度升高,氟逸出率增大,气相中HF含量增大;磷酸浓度增至52%时,SiF4和HF物质的量比接近2,此时氟化物较易逸出;气相中HF含量占比过低时,浓缩反应过程中会有硅胶产生,进而影响氟吸收系统的稳定运行,因此,浓缩时磷酸终点浓度需控制在50%以上。刘荣等[44]研究了不同表面活性剂及其用量对磷酸中氟逸出率、沸点和蒸发强度的影响,结果表明,以聚丙烯酰胺和十二烷基苯磺酸钠为表面活性剂时,磷酸浓缩蒸发强度较大,二者用量分别为7、300 mg/kg时,可使磷酸沸点降低4~5 ℃,磷酸蒸发强度提高7%~12%,氟逸出率提高23%~25%。赵淑贤等[45]采用强制循环蒸发系统进行磷酸浓缩,研究了浓缩出口浓度、酸循环流量、脱氟剂种类及其添加量对脱氟效果的影响。结果表明:硅藻土的脱氟效果较好,最佳用量为理论用量,改变系统酸循环流量几乎对脱氟效果无影响;脱氟率与浓缩出口浓度呈正相关关系,出口磷酸浓度约为55.1%时,脱氟率约为88.6%。石书敬等[46]考察了磷酸分段浓缩对脱氟率的影响,结果表明,在两段浓缩条件下,磷酸浓度浓缩至46%左右时,磷氟比可达450以上,能完全满足生产饲料磷酸盐对氟化物含量的要求。
蒸发浓缩法可将湿法磷酸中的氟化物降至较低水平,实现深度脱氟,并能有效回收磷酸中的氟资源;但目前仍存在氟回收效率较低,设备损失严重等缺陷[47]
除上述方法外,近些年研究人员还提出了一些湿法磷酸脱氟方法,如吸附法、电凝聚法、反渗透法、离子交换法等[48-50];但这些方法目前都具有很大局限性,仅停留在实验室阶段,尚未在实际工业中推广应用。
氟化工产品广泛应用于电子行业、轻工业、矿物冶金、农业和医药等领域,氟资源日益得到重视,是重要的战略资源。萤石是提取氟元素的主要来源,但由于不断被开采,资源日渐紧缺,特别是酸级萤石已面临枯竭。而我国磷矿资源储量较大,磷矿中伴生氟资源占全球总氟资源的87%左右[51],蕴藏量巨大,因此,回收利用磷矿和湿法磷酸中的伴生氟资源具有重要意义。
经过几十年的发展,我国的湿法磷酸脱氟工艺已取得非常大的突破,已开发出化学沉淀、溶剂萃取、汽提、蒸发浓缩等一系列脱氟方法,且都已进行工业化应用。化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法在一定程度上忽略了氟资源的回收和再利用;汽提法可回收利用磷酸中的氟资源,但操作复杂,效果不稳定,目前仅在部分企业中应用,很难在工业上推广;蒸发浓缩法也可回收利用磷酸中氟资源,且工艺流程短,操作简单,已成为当前工业上磷酸脱氟的首选方法,但该法目前仍存在氟回收率低、氟资源不能充分利用等缺点。据统计,目前我国领先的磷化工企业,在湿法磷酸脱氟处理过程中,氟回收率也仅为40%左右[52],因此,对氟的回收利用还有待进一步加强研究。
针对目前湿法磷酸脱氟工艺存在的问题,建议今后应从以下几方面加强研究:
1)加强对新型高效的助脱氟药剂的研发。当前常用的硅藻土、白炭黑等助脱氟剂,虽可在一定程度上提升氟化物脱除率,但效果欠佳,大量氟资源仍得不到有效脱除、利用。因此,有必要进一步加强对氟化物与活性硅类物质的表观与微观作用机制的研究,研发更高效的助脱氟剂。
2)开发原位氟回收工艺。通过在湿法磷酸酸解萃取过程中加入富含活性硅类物质,实现湿法磷酸氟化物在萃取阶段的高效回收。该工艺的优势在于在萃取阶段脱除湿法磷酸中氟化物,可在一定程度上消除氟化物对后续磷酸及相关产品质量的影响,且能降低脱氟能耗,节约成本。因此,原位氟回收工艺具有一定的发展前景。
3)开发湿法磷酸脱氟耦合工艺。湿法磷酸脱氟是一个复杂的过程,特别是随着新能源电池等产业的迅速发展,对磷酸的品质要求也越来越高,单一方法很难将氟化物处理至达标水平。因此,有必要在当前湿法磷酸脱氟工艺基础上,加强对新型高效的氟脱除药剂的研发,开发多工艺联合脱氟技术,如汽提-浓缩法共脱氟、溶剂萃取-浓缩法共脱氟等联合工艺,取长补短。
脱氟对于湿法磷酸生产工艺十分重要,是保证磷酸产品质量的关键。目前工业上常用的化学沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、汽提法、蒸发浓缩法等脱氟工艺均能降低湿法磷酸中氟化物含量,但同时也存在氟化物回收率低、大量氟资源浪费等缺陷。因此,建议今后应在现有脱氟工艺基础上,研发高效的助脱氟剂,加强对原位氟回收工艺的研究,开发多工艺联合脱氟工艺,从而降低脱氟能耗,节约成本,实现湿法磷酸氟化物的深度脱除与高效回收。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51904208)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51974205)
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2024年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.002
  • 接收时间:2023-09-16
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51904208)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51974205)
作者信息
    武汉工程大学 资源与安全工程学院, 湖北 武汉 430205

通讯作者:

陈迎新(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为湿法磷酸氟回收。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sfyj/CN/10.13355/j.cnki.sfyj.2024.01.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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